-
新编简明英语语言学教程
-
第二版
-
整理
Chapter
1: Introduction
stics:
语言学
It is generally defined
as the scientific study of language.
(
Linguistics
studies
not
any
particular
language
,but
it
studies
language
in
general)
l
linguistics:
普通语言学
The study of language as a whole is
called
general linguistics.
(language is a complicated entity with
multiple layers and facets )
ge:
Language
is
a
system
of
arbitrary
vocal
symbols
used
for
human
communication.
ptive
(
描述性
):
A
linguistic
study
aims
to
describe
and
analyze
the
language people actually use.
5.
prescriptive(<
/p>
规定性
):
It
aims
to
lay
down
rules
for
“correct
and
standard”
behaviors.
i.e. what they should say
and what they should not to say.
6.
sy
nchronic(
共时语言学
):
the description of language at some
point of time
in hiatory
7.
diachronic
(
历时语言学
)
:the
description of language as it changes through
time
3)
speech
(口语)
Writing
(书面语)
These
the
two
media
of
communication.
Modern
linguistics
regards
the
spoken language as primary, not the
written.
(speech is prior to writing)
(
语言
):
refers to abstract linguistic system shared by all
the members
of the speech community.
It is the set
of conventions and rules which language users all
have to abide
by. Such as: In English
sentence must have subject and predicate.
9.
parole(
言语
):
refers to the
realization of langue in actual use.
It
is
concrete
use
of
the
conventions
and
the
application
of
the
rules.
(Saussure )
10.
co
mpetence(
语言能力
):
the
ideal
user’s
knowledge
of
the
rules
of
his
language
11.
performance(
语
言
应
用
):
the
actual
realization
of
this
knowledge
in
linguistic communication.
(Chomsky)
traditional grammar and modern
linguistics
stics is descriptive,while
traditional grammar is prescriptive
linguistics regards the spoken language as
primary,not the writer.
3. also in that
it does not force languages into a latin-based
framework.
Functions of language.
1
/
9
新编简明英语语言学教程
-
第二版
p>
-
整理
descriptive function.
2. the expressive
function
social function
Chapter 2:
Phonology
音系学
phonetics
:
the
study of the phonic medium of language;
it is concerned with all
the sounds that occur in the world’ s
languages
9.
The
three branches of phonetics
(1).Articulatory phonetics
(
发音语音学
) (longest history)
(2.)Auditory phonetics
(听觉语音学)
(3)Acoustic phonetics
(
声学语音学)
2. Speech organs: three important areas
⑴
Pharyngeal
cavity
咽腔
---- the
throat;
⑵
The
oral cavity
口腔
---- the mouth;
⑶
Nasal cavity
–
鼻腔
--- the nose.
The principle source such
modifications is the tongue.
The tongue
is the most flexible.
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
[IPA]:
the
basic
principle
of
the
IPA
is
using
one
letter
selected
from
major
European
languages
to
represent
one
speech sound.
Broad
transcription
宽式音标
. The transcription of
speech sounds with letter
symbols only.
Narrow
transcription
窄式音标
The
transcription of speech sound with letters
symbols and the diacritics.
Aspirated and unaspirated
1).
phonology:
音系学
It aims to discover how
speech sounds in a language form
patterns
and
how
these
sounds
are
used
to
convey
meaning
in
linguistic
communication.
4.
Phone, phoneme, allophone
A
phone
音素
is a phonetic unit or segment.
The speech sounds we hear
and produce during linguistic communication are
all
phones.
Phones
do
not
necessarily
distinguish
meaning,
some
do,
some
don’t, e.g. [ bI:t ] &
[ bIt ], [spIt] & [spIt].
A
phoneme
音位
is a phonological unit;
it is a unit of distinctive value; an
abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is
represented by a certain phone in
certain phonetic context, e.g. the phoneme
/p/ can be represented differently in
[pIt], [tIp] and [spIt].
Allophones
音
素
变
体
----
the
phones
that
can
represent
a
phoneme
in
different phonetic environments
2
/
9
新编简明英语语言学教程
-
第二版
-<
/p>
整理
sequential
rule
,
⑴
Sequential
rule
(
序列规则
): rule
governing the combination of sounds in a
particular language.
⑵
Assimilation
rule
(同化规则)
: rule
assimilating one sound to another by
copying features of sequential
phoneme,thus making the two phones
similar.
⑶
Deletion
rule
(省略规则)
:
rule
governing
the
deletion
of
a
sound
in
a
certain phonetic context
although it is represented in spelling.
6. Suprasegmental
features
(超切分特征)
⑴
Stress
Word stress and sentence stress
p>
⑵
Tone
声调
Tones are pitch variations,which are
caused by the differing rates of vibration
of the vocal cords.
English
is not a tone language, but Chinese is.
p>
⑶
Intonation
语调
When pitch, stress and length
variations are tied to the sentence rather than
to the word, they are collectively
known as intonation.
English has three
types of intonation that are most frequently used:
falling tone (matter of fact statement)
rising tone (doubts or question)
the fall-rise tone (implied message)
the frise-fall tone (not frequently
used)
For instance,
“That’s not the book he
wants.
Chapter
3: Morphology
1).
Morphology
形态学
:
refers
to
the
the
study
of
the
internal
structure
of
words
and the rules by which
words are formed
2).
Morpheme
词素
:
It is the smallest meaningful unit of
language.
3).
Free
morpheme
自由词素
:a
morpheme can be a word by itself.
4).
Bound
morpheme
.
p>
黏着词素
:
a
morpheme
that
must
be
attached
to
another
one.
5).
Allmorphs
词素变体
:the
variant forms of a morpheme
Chapter 4: Syntax
Syntax
句法学
:
Syntax is a branch of linguistics that
studies the rules that
govern the
formation of sentences.
Word-level categories
1,Major lexical categories
2. minor lexical categories
3
/
9
新编简明英语语言学教程
-
第二版
-<
/p>
整理
To determine a
word
’
s categorie,three
critera are usually employed
g tion
bution.
Phrase
:syntactic units that
are built around a centain word category
complementizers
words which introduce the sentence
complement
complement
clause
the sentence introduced by the
cmomplementizers
D-structure:
formed by the XP
rule in accordance with the
head
’
s
subcategorization properties
S-structure:
corresponding to
the final syntactic form of the sentence which
results form appropriate transformation
.
Chapter 5:
Semantics
Semantics:
语义学
can be simply defined as
the study of meaning.
1
)
The naming
theory(
命名论
)
Oldest notions concering primitive
one.
It was proposed by the
ancient Greek scholar
Plato.
words are just names or
labels for things.
2
)
The
conceptualist view
(意念论)
It holds that there is no direct link
between a lin-guistic form and what it refers
to. In the interpretation of meaning,
they are linked through the mediation of
concepts in the mind.
3)Contextualism
(语境论)
①
Meaning
should
be
studied
in
terms
of
situation,
use,
context
—
elements
closely linked with language behavior.
Two types of contexts are recognized:
②
Situational context:
spatiotemporal situation
③
Linguistic context: the
probability of a word’s co
-occurrence
or collocation.
④
For
example, “black” in black hair & black coffee, or
black sheep differs in
me
aning; “The president of
the United States” can mean either the president
or presidency in different situation.
4)
Behaviorism
(行为主义论)
Bloomfield
①
Behaviorists
attempted
to
define
meaning
as
“the
situation
in
which
the
speaker
utters it and the response it
calls
forth in the hearer”.
②
The story of Jack and Jill:
Jill
Jack
S_________r
--------s_________R
3.
Sense and reference
①
Sense-
--- is
concerned with the inherent meaning of the
linguistic form. It is
the
collection
of
all
the
features
of
the
linguistic
form;
it
is
abstract
and
de-
contextualized.
②
Reference
----what
a
linguistic
form
refers
to
in
the
real,
physical
world;
it
deals
with
the
relationship
between
the
linguistic
element
and
the
non-
linguistic world of
experience.
4. Major sense
relations
Synonymy
(同义关系)
Synonymy refers to the sameness or
close similarity of meaning.
Words that are close in meaning are
called
synonyms.
同义词
4
/
9