-
考研英语从句分类
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例句剖析
< br>
一、考研英语【定语从句】典型例句剖析
1. Active learning, in which students
write essays or perform experiments and then
have their work evaluated by an
instructor, is far more beneficial for those who
have not yet fully learned how to
learn.
【参考译文】
p>
积极的学习,即学生们写文章或做实验,然后让一位老师评估他们的作业,对
那些还没有完全学会如何学习的学生来说要更为有益得多。
【结构分析】
该句可分为两大部分:
Active
learning,
(in
which
students
write
essays
or
perform
experiments
and
then
have
their
work
evaluated
by
an
instructor,)is
far
more
beneficial for those
who have not yet fully learned how to learn.
括号外的容是主句,
括号里的容是介词
+which
模式的定语从句;主句的主语是
Active learnin
g
,谓语是
is
,表
< br>语是
beneficial
,
f
ar
more
是状语,其中
far<
/p>
是程度副词,相当于
much
,
for
those
是状语,
< br>其后
who
引导的定语从句中,主语是
< br>who
,谓体是
have not yet fully
learned
,宾语结构
是
how
to
learn
。括号的定语从句修
饰前面的
Active
learning
,由三部分构成,即
or
…
and
连接的三个并列句,第一个并列句的主语是
students<
/p>
,谓语是
write
,宾语是
essays
,第二
个并列句的谓语是
perform
,
宾语是
experiments
,
第三个并列句的谓语是
have
.
.
.
evaluated
,
宾语是
work
,
by an
instructor
是状语结构。
【知识】
active
积极的;
p>
essay
文章;
perform an
experiment
做实验;
evaluate
评估
instructor
指导者,老师;
be beneficial
for
...对……有益。
2.
The
American
version
of
the
individual
prefers
an
atmosphere
of
freedom,
where neither the
government nor any other external force or agency
dictates what
the individual does.
【参考译文】
美国版的“理想个人”更喜欢一种自由的氛围,在这种氛围中政府或者任何别
的外部
力量都不会强行规定个人该做什么。
【结构分析】
该句可分为两大部分:
(The American
version of the
prefers an atmosphere of
freedom,)(where neither the government nor any
other
external force or agency dictates
what the individual does.)
,第一部分是主句,第
二部分是以
where
引导的非限定定语从句
,修饰前面的
atmosphere
;主句的主语是
The
American version
,谓
语是
prefers
,宾语是
an
atmosphere
,
of
the
“
ideal individual
< br>”
作
version
的后定语,
of freedom
作
atmosp
here
的后定语;第二部分的主语是由
neither
...
nor
…
or
...连接的并列名词短语,谓语是
dictates
,宾语是
what
引导的
从句。
【知识】
versio
n
版本;
ideal
理想的;
prefer
更喜欢,联想记忆:
prefer
...
to
...宁
< br>要……而不要……;
atmosphere
氛围;
external
外部的,联想记忆:
int
ernal
部的;
agency
机构;
dictate
命令,强制规定。
3.
Conflict,
defined
as
opposition
among
social
entitles
directed
against
each
other,
is
distinguished from competition, defined as
opposition among social entitles
independently striving for something
which is in inadequate supply.
【参考译文】
冲突不同于竞争,前者
指彼此对立的社会群体间的对抗,后者指独自争夺匮乏
资源的社会群体间的对抗。
【结构分析】
该句可分为三部分:
Conflict,
(defined
as
opposition
among
social
entities
directed against each other, )is
distinguished from competition, (defined as
opposition among social entities
independently striving for something which is in
inadequate supply.)
,括号外的容
Conflict
...
is
distinguished from competition
是
< br>主句,
Conflict
是主语,
is
是谓语,
distinguished from co
mpetition
是表语;两个括号
里的容均是过去分词短语
,
分别作前面
Conflict
和
p>
competition
的后置定语;
第一
个定语结
构中前省略了
which
is
,谓语是
be
defined
as
,宾语是
opposition
,
介词短语
among
social
entities<
/p>
作前面
opposition
的定语,<
/p>
directed against each other
是过
去分词
+
介词短语
结构,作前面
social entities
的定语;第二个定语结构的前半部分
与第一个完全相同,
striving for
something
是现在分词短语,作
social ent
ities
的定语,
independently
作
strive for
的状语,最后的
which
引导
something
的定语从句,
in inadequate supply
< br>是
is
的表语结构。这个句子翻译时要先译主句,然后再
分别译两个后置定语结构。
【知识】
conflict
冲突;
be defined as
...被定义为……;
opposition
对
立,对抗;
entities
实体,群体;
be
directed
against
...与....对立;
be
distinguished
from
.
.
.
与.
.
.
.
不同;
competition
竞争;
independently
独
立地,
独自地;
strive
for
.
.
.
追
p>
求……;
sth
.
is
in
supply
供应……;
inadequate
不充足的,匮乏的,联想记忆:
adequate
充足的,充分的。
4. The resulting situation--in
which
most
people
would not
be
working
in
their
jobs
for more than two or
three short days a week--could hardly continue to
be one in
which employment was still
regarded as the only truly valid form of work.
p>
【参考译文】
最终的情形将是:
大多数人在
其岗位上的工作时间一周不会超过短短的两三天,
这将使得就业不再被视作唯一真正有效
的工作方式。
【结构分析】
该句可分为三大部分:
The resulting
situation-- ( in which most people
would not be working in their jobs for
more than two or three short days a
week)
—
could
hardly
continue
to
be
one
(in
which
employment
was
still
regarded
as
the
only
truly
valid form of
work.)
;括号外的容是主句,即
The
resulting situation...could
hardly
continue to be one
,其中的
one
指代前面的
situation
;两个括号里
的容均是定语
从句;第一个定语从句属于介词
in+
关系代词
which
的模式,其中
which
指代前面的
situation
,该从句的主语是
employment
,谓语是
was regarded as
,宾语是
the
...
form
of w
ork
;第二个括号里的定语从句与第一个定语从句的结构相同,修饰前面的
one
,该从句
的主语是
most
people
,谓语是
would
not
be
working
,
in
their
jobs
作地点状语,
for
more
than two or three short
days a week
作时间状语。翻译时要将主句的否定词
hardly
后移
至
was
和
regarded
as
之间,才会顺畅自如。
【知识
】
resulting
最终的;
emp
loyment
就业,联想记忆:
unemployment<
/p>
失业;
be
regarded
as
...被认为是……;
valid
有效的,联想记忆:
invalid
无效的;
form of
work
工作方
式。
5. The coming of age of the postwar
baby boom and an entry into the male-dominated
job market have limited the
opportunities of teenagers who are already
questioning
the heavy personal
sacrifices involved in climbing
Japan
’
s rigid social ladder
to
good schools and jobs.
【参考译文】
随着战后生育高峰期出
生的孩子长大成人,
以及妇女进入男性主宰的就业市场,
限制了
青少年的发展机遇。这些青少年已经开始质疑是否值得做出巨大的个人牺牲去攀登日
本等
级森严的社会阶梯以进入好学校,找到好工作。
【结构分析】
该句可拆分为两大部分:
(The coming of
age of the postwar baby boom and
an
entry into the male-dominated job market have
limited the opportunities of
teenagers)
(who are already questioning the heavy personal
sacrifices involved in
climbing
Japan
’
s rigid social ladder
to good schools and jobs)
,第一部分是主句,
第二部分是
who
引导的定语从句,修饰前面的<
/p>
teenagers
;主句的主干结构是
The
coming
Of
age
and
an
entry
…
have
limited
the
opportunities
of
teenagers
,介词短语
of
the
postwar
baby
boom
和
into the male-dominated
job market
分别作
The coming of
age
和
an entry
的定语;<
/p>
who
定语从句的主干结构是
who
are already questioning the heavy personal
sacrifices
,过去分词
involved<
/p>
作
sacrifices
的后置定语,介
词短语
in climbing
Japan
’
s
rigid
social
ladder
作时间状语,
to
good
schools
and
jobs
也是介词短语,
作前面
ladder
的后置定语。
【知识】
coming
of
p>
age
长大成人;
postwar
战后的,联想记忆:
prewar
战前的;
p>
baby
boom
生育高峰期
(
指二战后美国出现的
1947
< br>—
1961
年婴儿出生高峰期
)
;
male-dominated
男性
主
宰的;
job market
就业市
场;
teenagers
青少年;
pe
rsonal sacrifice
个人牺牲;
rigid
p>
严
格的,森严的。
6. The situation may all change in
2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to
qualify for the
avoid paying
stiff European import duties on selected
agricultural products.
【参考译文】
这种状况将会在
2008
年彻底改变,届时肯尼亚的经济状
况将稍有改善,
不再具
有“最不发达国家”的地位,该地位允许
非洲制造商不必支付欧洲对指定农产品所征收的过
高的进口关税。
【结构分析】
该句可拆分为三大部分:
(The
situation
may
all
change
in
2008,)
(when
Kenya
will
be slightly too
rich to
qualify
for the
status)(that
allows African producers to avoid
paying stiff European import duties on selected
agricultural
products.
)
,第一部分是主句,结构比较简单,第二部分是
when
引导的定语
从句,修饰前面的
2008
,第三部分是
that
引导的
定语从句,修饰前面的
status
;
when
定语
从句的主语是
Kenya
,谓语是
will
be
,表语是
slightly rich
,
too
与后面的
to
qualify
for
.
.
.
构成固定结构,
意为:
太……而不……;
that
定语从句的主语是
that
,
谓语是
allow
s
,
宾语是
African
producers
,不定式
to <
/p>
avoid
...作宾语补足语,动名词结构
paying
stiff
European
import duties
作
avoid
的宾语,介词短语
on selected agricultural
products
作前面
import
duties
的后置定语。
【知识】
Kenya
肯尼亚
(
非洲
)
;
qualify
for
…够资格做……;
the
“
least-developed
country
”
最不发达国家;
p>
status
地位,身份;
stiff
p>
严厉的,过高的;
import
duty
进口税;
selected
指定的;<
/p>
agricultural
product
农产品。
二、考研英语【表语从句】典型例句剖析
1.
Perhaps
the
most
commonly
voiced
objection
to
volunteer
participation
during
the
undergraduate years
is that
it
consumes time
and energy
that the
students
might
otherwise devote to
“
academic
”
pursuits.
【参考译文】
反
对在大学期间自愿参加社会服务的最普遍的呼声也许是认为社会服务占
去了学生的时间和
精力,否则,学生会利用这些时间去做学术研究。
【结构分析】
这是一个主从复合句,主句的主干结构是:
Perhaps
the most commonly
voiced
objection
is
that
...,主句的主语
objection
之前的
the
most
commonly
voiced
和之后的介词短语
to
volunteer
participation
均作定语,
during
the
under-graduate
years
< br>是时间状语;
that
表语从句的主干结构是让
consumes time and energy(that the students
might otherwise devote to
“
p>
academic
”
pursuits)<
/p>
,其主语是
it
,指代前面的
volunteer
participation
,
谓语是
consumes
,
宾语是
time
and
< br>energy
,
括号的
that
引导
time
and
energy
的定语从句,其主语是
the
students
,谓语是
might otherwise
devote
,宾语是
that
,指<
/p>
代前面的
time
and
energy
,
to
“
academic
”
pur
suits
是介词短语,作宾语补足语,实际上,
devote
...
to
...已构成固定词组,<
/p>
otherwise
作状语。
【知识】
voiced
说出来的;
Objection
to
.
.
.
反对……;
volunteer
志愿者;
undergraduate
大学生;
consume
消耗,消费;
otherwise
否则,若不然;
devote
...
to
...把……奉献
给;
academic
pursuits
学术研究。
2.
The
blunt
truth
of
the
matter
is
that
human
beings
are
not
designed
for
tasks
which require
relentless vigilance: for the sophisticated human
brain these are
fatiguing and
boring.
【参考译文】
p>
此事说明了一个真切的道理:
人类并不是生来就适合做不间断的高度
警觉
的工作。对于复杂的大脑来说,这些工作太乏倦无味了。
【结构分析】
这是一个主从复合句,主句的主干结构是:
The truth
is that
...,
that
引导
的表语从句的主干结构是:
human beings are not
designed for tasks
,之后的
which<
/p>
引导定语从句,修饰前面的
tasks
,
其主干结构是
which require
..;
vigilance
,
relentless
是
vigilance
的定语;冒号后面的容
是一个独立的句子,是对前面容的解释,其
主语是
these<
/p>
,指代前面的
tasks
,谓语是
are
,表语是
fatiguing and
boring, for the
sophisticated human
brain
是介词短语,作围状语。
【知识】
blunt
率直的,坦率的
;
relentless
连续的,不间断的;
< br>vigilance
警觉;
sophisticated
复杂的;
fatiguing
令人疲倦
的;
boring
乏味的。
3.
All
that
happened
is
that
we
have
substituted
identifying
and
labeling,
which
can be done very
rapidly, for the tactile sort of feel-seeing that
requires much
more time and
concentration.
【参考译文】
所发生的一切仅仅是我们用识别和作标记替代了触觉类的感知,前者可以
很迅速
地完成,而后者则需要多得多的时间和专注。
【结构分析】
这是一个主从复合句,可以切分为
All that
happened is that we have
substituted
identifying
and
labeling
,
(which
can
be
done
very
rapidly
,
)for
the
tactile
sort
of
feel-seeing
(that
requires
much
more
time
and
concentration)
,
that
happened
作主
语
All
的定语从句,难点在于
tha
t
引导的表语从句;该从句的主干结构是:
we have <
/p>
substituted
...
for<
/p>
..
+
谓语动词
have substituted
...
for
...是固定搭配;第一
个括号是
which
引导的定语从句,
修饰前面的
identif
ying
and
labeling
,
第二个括号是
that
引导的定语从
句,修饰
the tactile sort of feel
—
seeing
。该句翻译时要先译主干结构,
which
定语从句和
that
定语从句要放在最后处理。
【知识】
substitute
..
.
for
...用……替代……;
id
entifying
识别;
labeling
< br>作标记;
tactile
触觉的;
feel-seeing
感知;
concentration
专注。
4. What we should like to know is
whether life originated as the result of some
amazing accident or succession of
coincidences, or whether it is the normal event
for inanimate matter to produce life in
due course, when the physical environment
is suitable.
【参考译
文】
我们想知道的是生命究竟是起源于某个惊人的事件,
或是一
系列的巧合呢
?
还是当自然环境适合,无生命的物质经过相当一
段时间就自然而然地产生了生命呢
?
【结构分析】
这是一个主从复合句,主干结构是:
What we
should like to know is
whether
...
or whet
her
...,
What
引导主语从句
,
whether
...
or whe
ther
...引
导并列的表语从句;第一个表语从句的主语是
life
,谓语是
originate
d
,
as the result
o
f
...
or
...
< br>coincidence
是介词短语,作
origina
ted
的方式状语;第二个表语从句的
主语是山指代后面的不定
式
to
produce
...
course
,谓语是
is
< br>,表语是
the
normal
event
;
for
inanimate matter
是介词短语,作围状语;句末的
when
引导非限定定语从句,修饰前
面的
course
。翻译时应将
when
< br>从句置于主句的前面,这也是英译汉时常用的原则,即次要
信息在前,主要信息在
后。
【知识】
originate
起源;
as the result of
...作为……的结果;
amazing
令人惊
奇的;
accident
事故
,事件’
succession
连续;
coincidence
偶然事件;
inanimate
无生命
的;
due
适
当的,
适合的;
course
过程;<
/p>
physical
environment
自然环境;
suitable
适当的。
5.
The
problem
is
that
modern
man
seems
unable
to
redesign
his
institutions
fast
enough to accommodate the new demands,
the new intelligence, the new abilities of
segments of society which, heretofore,
have not been taken seriously.
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