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考研英语从句分类

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2021-02-10 20:41
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2021年2月10日发(作者:investment)


考研英语从句分类


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例句剖析

< br>


一、考研英语【定语从句】典型例句剖析



1. Active learning, in which students write essays or perform experiments and then


have their work evaluated by an instructor, is far more beneficial for those who


have not yet fully learned how to learn.



【参考译文】



积极的学习,即学生们写文章或做实验,然后让一位老师评估他们的作业,对


那些还没有完全学会如何学习的学生来说要更为有益得多。



【结构分析】


该句可分为两大部分:


Active


learning,


(in


which


students


write


essays


or


perform


experiments


and


then


have


their


work


evaluated


by


an


instructor,)is


far


more


beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn.


括号外的容是主句,


括号里的容是介词


+which


模式的定语从句;主句的主语是


Active learnin g


,谓语是


is


,表

< br>语是


beneficial



f ar


more


是状语,其中


far< /p>


是程度副词,相当于


much



for


those


是状语,

< br>其后


who


引导的定语从句中,主语是

< br>who


,谓体是


have not yet fully learned


,宾语结构



how


to


learn


。括号的定语从句修 饰前面的


Active


learning

,由三部分构成,即


or



and


连接的三个并列句,第一个并列句的主语是


students< /p>


,谓语是


write


,宾语是

< p>
essays


,第二


个并列句的谓语是

< p>
perform



宾语是


experiments



第三个并列句的谓语是


have




< p>
evaluated



宾语是

work



by an instructor


是状语结构。



【知识】


active


积极的;


essay


文章;


perform an experiment


做实验;


evaluate


评估


instructor


指导者,老师;


be beneficial for


...对……有益。



2.


The


American


version


of


the



individual


prefers


an


atmosphere


of


freedom,


where neither the government nor any other external force or agency dictates what


the individual does.



【参考译文】


美国版的“理想个人”更喜欢一种自由的氛围,在这种氛围中政府或者任何别


的外部 力量都不会强行规定个人该做什么。



【结构分析】



该句可分为两大部分:


(The American version of the


prefers an atmosphere of freedom,)(where neither the government nor any other


external force or agency dictates what the individual does.)


,第一部分是主句,第


二部分是以


where


引导的非限定定语从句 ,修饰前面的


atmosphere


;主句的主语是

< p>
The


American version


,谓 语是


prefers


,宾语是


an atmosphere



of the



ideal individual

< br>”



version


的后定语,


of freedom



atmosp here


的后定语;第二部分的主语是由


neither


...


nor



or


...连接的并列名词短语,谓语是


dictates


,宾语是


what


引导的


从句。



【知识】


versio n


版本;


ideal


理想的;


prefer


更喜欢,联想记忆:


prefer


...


to


...宁

< br>要……而不要……;


atmosphere


氛围;


external


外部的,联想记忆:


int ernal


部的;


agency


机构;


dictate


命令,强制规定。



3.


Conflict,


defined


as


opposition


among


social


entitles


directed


against


each


other,


is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entitles


independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply.



【参考译文】



冲突不同于竞争,前者 指彼此对立的社会群体间的对抗,后者指独自争夺匮乏


资源的社会群体间的对抗。



【结构分析】



该句可分为三部分:


Conflict,


(defined


as


opposition


among


social


entities


directed against each other, )is distinguished from competition, (defined as


opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in


inadequate supply.)


,括号外的容


Conflict


...


is distinguished from competition


< br>主句,


Conflict


是主语,


is


是谓语,


distinguished from co mpetition


是表语;两个括号


里的容均是过去分词短语 ,


分别作前面


Conflict



competition


的后置定语;


第一 个定语结


构中前省略了


which


is


,谓语是


be


defined


as


,宾语是


opposition



介词短语

< p>
among


social


entities< /p>


作前面


opposition


的定语,< /p>


directed against each other


是过 去分词


+


介词短语


结构,作前面


social entities


的定语;第二个定语结构的前半部分 与第一个完全相同,


striving for something


是现在分词短语,作


social ent ities


的定语,


independently



strive for


的状语,最后的

< p>
which


引导


something


的定语从句,


in inadequate supply

< br>是


is


的表语结构。这个句子翻译时要先译主句,然后再 分别译两个后置定语结构。



【知识】


conflict


冲突;


be defined as


...被定义为……;


opposition


对 立,对抗;



entities


实体,群体;


be directed against


...与....对立;


be distinguished


from




与.





不同;


competition


竞争;


independently


独 立地,


独自地;


strive


for






求……;


sth



is


in


supply


供应……;


inadequate


不充足的,匮乏的,联想记忆:


adequate


充足的,充分的。



4. The resulting situation--in


which


most


people


would not


be


working


in


their


jobs


for more than two or three short days a week--could hardly continue to be one in


which employment was still regarded as the only truly valid form of work.


【参考译文】


最终的情形将是:


大多数人在 其岗位上的工作时间一周不会超过短短的两三天,


这将使得就业不再被视作唯一真正有效 的工作方式。



【结构分析】



该句可分为三大部分:


The resulting situation-- ( in which most people


would not be working in their jobs for more than two or three short days a week)



could


hardly


continue


to


be


one


(in


which


employment


was


still


regarded


as


the


only


truly valid form of work.)


;括号外的容是主句,即


The resulting situation...could


hardly continue to be one


,其中的


one


指代前面的


situation


;两个括号里 的容均是定语


从句;第一个定语从句属于介词


in+

< p>
关系代词


which


的模式,其中


which


指代前面的


situation

< p>
,该从句的主语是


employment


,谓语是


was regarded as


,宾语是

the


...


form


of w ork


;第二个括号里的定语从句与第一个定语从句的结构相同,修饰前面的

< p>
one


,该从句


的主语是


most


people


,谓语是


would


not


be


working



in


their


jobs


作地点状语,


for


more


than two or three short days a week


作时间状语。翻译时要将主句的否定词


hardly


后移



was

< p>


regarded as


之间,才会顺畅自如。



【知识 】


resulting


最终的;


emp loyment


就业,联想记忆:


unemployment< /p>


失业;


be


regarded


as


...被认为是……;


valid


有效的,联想记忆:


invalid


无效的;


form of work


工作方


式。



5. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry into the male-dominated


job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning


the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan



s rigid social ladder to


good schools and jobs.



【参考译文】



随着战后生育高峰期出 生的孩子长大成人,


以及妇女进入男性主宰的就业市场,


限制了 青少年的发展机遇。这些青少年已经开始质疑是否值得做出巨大的个人牺牲去攀登日


本等 级森严的社会阶梯以进入好学校,找到好工作。



【结构分析】



该句可拆分为两大部分:


(The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and


an entry into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of


teenagers) (who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in


climbing Japan



s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs)


,第一部分是主句,

< p>
第二部分是


who


引导的定语从句,修饰前面的< /p>


teenagers


;主句的主干结构是


The


coming


Of


age


and


an


entry



have


limited


the


opportunities


of


teenagers


,介词短语


of


the


postwar


baby boom



into the male-dominated job market


分别作


The coming of age



an entry


的定语;< /p>


who


定语从句的主干结构是


who are already questioning the heavy personal


sacrifices


,过去分词


involved< /p>



sacrifices


的后置定语,介 词短语


in climbing Japan



s


rigid


social


ladder


作时间状语,


to


good


schools


and


jobs


也是介词短语,


作前面


ladder


的后置定语。



【知识】


coming


of


age


长大成人;


postwar


战后的,联想记忆:


prewar


战前的;


baby


boom


生育高峰期

< p>
(


指二战后美国出现的


1947

< br>—


1961


年婴儿出生高峰期


)



male-dominated


男性 主


宰的;


job market


就业市 场;


teenagers


青少年;


pe rsonal sacrifice


个人牺牲;


rigid



格的,森严的。



6. The situation may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to


qualify for the


avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products.


【参考译文】

这种状况将会在


2008


年彻底改变,届时肯尼亚的经济状 况将稍有改善,


不再具


有“最不发达国家”的地位,该地位允许 非洲制造商不必支付欧洲对指定农产品所征收的过


高的进口关税。



【结构分析】



该句可拆分为三大部分:


(The


situation


may


all


change


in


2008,)


(when


Kenya


will be slightly too


rich to


qualify


for the



status)(that


allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected


agricultural


products.

< p>
)


,第一部分是主句,结构比较简单,第二部分是


when


引导的定语


从句,修饰前面的


2008


,第三部分是


that


引导的 定语从句,修饰前面的


status



when


定语


从句的主语是


Kenya


,谓语是


will be


,表语是


slightly rich


too


与后面的


to qualify


for





构成固定结构,


意为:


太……而不……;


that


定语从句的主语是


that



谓语是


allow s



宾语是


African


producers


,不定式


to < /p>


avoid


...作宾语补足语,动名词结构

paying


stiff


European import duties



avoid

的宾语,介词短语


on selected agricultural products


作前面


import duties


的后置定语。



【知识】


Kenya


肯尼亚


(


非洲


)


< p>
qualify


for


…够资格做……;


the



least-developed


country



最不发达国家;


status


地位,身份;


stiff


严厉的,过高的;


import


duty


进口税;


selected


指定的;< /p>


agricultural product


农产品。



二、考研英语【表语从句】典型例句剖析



1.


Perhaps


the


most


commonly


voiced


objection


to


volunteer


participation


during


the


undergraduate years


is that


it


consumes time


and energy that the


students


might


otherwise devote to



academic



pursuits.



【参考译文】


反 对在大学期间自愿参加社会服务的最普遍的呼声也许是认为社会服务占


去了学生的时间和 精力,否则,学生会利用这些时间去做学术研究。



【结构分析】



这是一个主从复合句,主句的主干结构是:


Perhaps the most commonly


voiced


objection


is


that


...,主句的主语


objection


之前的


the


most


commonly


voiced


和之后的介词短语


to


volunteer


participation

< p>
均作定语,


during


the


under-graduate


years

< br>是时间状语;


that


表语从句的主干结构是让


consumes time and energy(that the students


might otherwise devote to



academic



pursuits)< /p>


,其主语是


it


,指代前面的

< p>
volunteer


participation



谓语是


consumes



宾语是


time


and

< br>energy



括号的


that


引导


time


and


energy


的定语从句,其主语是


the students


,谓语是


might otherwise devote


,宾语是


that


,指< /p>


代前面的


time


and


energy



to



academic



pur suits


是介词短语,作宾语补足语,实际上,


devote


...


to


...已构成固定词组,< /p>


otherwise


作状语。



【知识】


voiced


说出来的;


Objection


to





反对……;


volunteer


志愿者;


undergraduate


大学生;


consume


消耗,消费;


otherwise


否则,若不然;


devote


...


to


...把……奉献


给;


academic pursuits


学术研究。



2.


The


blunt


truth


of


the


matter


is


that


human


beings


are


not


designed


for


tasks


which require relentless vigilance: for the sophisticated human brain these are


fatiguing and boring.



【参考译文】



此事说明了一个真切的道理:


人类并不是生来就适合做不间断的高度 警觉


的工作。对于复杂的大脑来说,这些工作太乏倦无味了。



【结构分析】



这是一个主从复合句,主句的主干结构是:


The truth is that


...,


that


引导 的表语从句的主干结构是:


human beings are not designed for tasks


,之后的


which< /p>


引导定语从句,修饰前面的


tasks


, 其主干结构是


which require


..;


vigilance



relentless



vigilance


的定语;冒号后面的容 是一个独立的句子,是对前面容的解释,其


主语是


these< /p>


,指代前面的


tasks


,谓语是


are


,表语是


fatiguing and boring, for the


sophisticated human brain


是介词短语,作围状语。



【知识】


blunt


率直的,坦率的 ;


relentless


连续的,不间断的;

< br>vigilance


警觉;


sophisticated


复杂的;


fatiguing


令人疲倦 的;


boring


乏味的。



3.


All


that


happened


is


that


we


have


substituted


identifying


and


labeling,


which


can be done very rapidly, for the tactile sort of feel-seeing that requires much


more time and concentration.



【参考译文】


所发生的一切仅仅是我们用识别和作标记替代了触觉类的感知,前者可以


很迅速 地完成,而后者则需要多得多的时间和专注。



【结构分析】



这是一个主从复合句,可以切分为


All that happened is that we have


substituted


identifying


and


labeling



(which


can


be


done


very


rapidly



)for


the


tactile


sort


of


feel-seeing


(that


requires


much


more


time


and


concentration)



that


happened


作主 语


All


的定语从句,难点在于


tha t


引导的表语从句;该从句的主干结构是:


we have < /p>


substituted


...


for< /p>


..


+


谓语动词


have substituted


...


for


...是固定搭配;第一


个括号是


which


引导的定语从句,


修饰前面的


identif ying


and


labeling



第二个括号是


that


引导的定语从 句,修饰


the tactile sort of feel



seeing


。该句翻译时要先译主干结构,


which


定语从句和


that


定语从句要放在最后处理。



【知识】


substitute


.. .


for


...用……替代……;


id entifying


识别;


labeling

< br>作标记;


tactile


触觉的;


feel-seeing


感知;


concentration


专注。




4. What we should like to know is whether life originated as the result of some


amazing accident or succession of coincidences, or whether it is the normal event


for inanimate matter to produce life in due course, when the physical environment


is suitable.



【参考译 文】


我们想知道的是生命究竟是起源于某个惊人的事件,


或是一 系列的巧合呢


?


还是当自然环境适合,无生命的物质经过相当一 段时间就自然而然地产生了生命呢


?


【结构分析】



这是一个主从复合句,主干结构是:


What we should like to know is


whether


...


or whet her


...,


What


引导主语从句 ,


whether


...


or whe ther


...引


导并列的表语从句;第一个表语从句的主语是


life


,谓语是


originate d



as the result


o f


...


or


...

< br>coincidence


是介词短语,作


origina ted


的方式状语;第二个表语从句的


主语是山指代后面的不定 式


to


produce


...


course


,谓语是


is

< br>,表语是


the


normal


event



for inanimate matter


是介词短语,作围状语;句末的

when


引导非限定定语从句,修饰前


面的


course


。翻译时应将


when

< br>从句置于主句的前面,这也是英译汉时常用的原则,即次要


信息在前,主要信息在 后。



【知识】


originate


起源;


as the result of


...作为……的结果;


amazing


令人惊


奇的;


accident


事故 ,事件’


succession


连续;


coincidence


偶然事件;


inanimate


无生命


的;


due


适 当的,


适合的;


course


过程;< /p>


physical


environment

自然环境;


suitable


适当的。



5.


The


problem


is


that


modern


man


seems


unable


to


redesign


his


institutions


fast


enough to accommodate the new demands, the new intelligence, the new abilities of


segments of society which, heretofore, have not been taken seriously.


-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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