英语_高中英语阅读理解精读荟萃(中级篇)3

——

具有长波的电磁场

——

和白血病，淋巴瘤及脑癌之间有着难

以确定的联系，见难句注释

3

。

A.

电确实致癌，不对。

C.

有争议的。说的不够清楚，争议什么。

D.

< br>低频磁场是一个可

能致癌因素。这只是论点的一面。

- 5 -

3.

B.

现代军事的任何部门都一直依赖于应用大量应用电子设备。五角大楼和白宫所以

反对环保 署公布报告之理由就在此。空军方面的专家所以说环保署方面的报告

“

< br>歪曲了整个文

件以证明两者之间的关系

”

也在此。

见难句注释

4

。

所以文内说

“

角大楼的关注是可以理解的。

”

A.

报 告会在布什政府内引起大规模的辩论，

这是结果。

C.

五角大楼的关注是可以理解的，

这不是原因。

D.

他们有不同的观点。

4.

磁场力太弱不会产生有害作用。 答案在第四段第二，三句，当电流通过电缆，产生

磁场，对周围物体产生（影响）力。许 多年来，科学家把任何有关

“

这些力可能有害的想法

置于一边（不予考虑）

，主要是因为它们（所产 生的力）非常弱。

B.

磁场力比细胞产生的电磁场弱。只是明确指出的事实。

C.

磁场力对人的健康有害。不

对。

D.

只有更强的辐射才能把人体中的电子击出来。不对。

5.

C.

他们会采取谨慎小心避开电器的途径。因为他们不可能象

A

项那 样漠不关心。这

种问题直接影响人的生命。

B.

他们非常担忧。

D.

他们感到震惊，这两项都不可能，因为还在争议中，唯一的途径是

尽量避 开和电器接触。

Passage Two

Religion and Rationality

Yet the difference in tome and language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks:

that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide, this

function

is

performed

in

the

two

cases

by

very

different

organs.

Religions

are

many,

reason

one.

Religion

consists

of

conscious

ideas,

hopes,

enthusiasms,

and

objects

of

worship;

it

operates

by

grace and flourishes by prayer. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on

which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress

of

any

kind.

We

conform

or

do

not

conform

to

it;

it

does

not

urge

or

chide

us,

not

call

for

any

emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in

their

true

nature

and

proportion.

Religion

brings

some

order

into

life

by

weighting

it

with

new

materials. Reason adds to the natural materials only the perfect order which it introduces into them.

Rationality is nothing but a form, an ideal constitution which experience may more or less embody.

Religion

is

a

part

of

experience

itself,

a

mass

of

sentiments

and

ideas.

The

one

is

an

inviolate

principle, the other a changing and struggling force. And yet this struggling and changing force of

religion seems to direct man toward something eternal. It seems to make for an ultimate harmony

- 6 -

within the soul and for an ultimate harmony between the soul and all that the soul depends upon.

Religion, in its intent, is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society,

science,

or

art,

for

these

approach

and

fill

out

the

ideal

life

tentatively

and

piecemeal,

hardly

regarding the foal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive aims. Religion also has an

instinctive

and

blind

side

and

bubbles

up

in

all

manner

of

chance

practices

and

intuitions;

soon,

however, it feels its way toward the heart of things, and from whatever quarter it may come, veers in

the direction of the ultimate.

w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*m

Nevertheless,

we

must

confess

that

this

religious

pursuit

of

the

Life

of

Reason

has

been

singularly abortive. Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves, to express

satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of

hope

for

the

future;

but

any

one

regarding

the

various

religions

at

once

and

comparing

their

achievements

with

what

reason

requires,

must

feel

how

terrible

is

the

disappointment

which

they

have one and all prepared for mankind. Their chief anxiety has been to offer imaginary remedies for

mortal ills, some of which are incurable essentially, while others might have been really cured by

well-directed effort. The Greed oracles, for instance, pretended to heal out natural ignorance, which

has

its

appropriate

though

difficult

cure,

while

the

Christian

vision

of

heaven

pretended

to

be

an

antidote

to

our

natural

death

—

the

inevitable

correlate

of

birth

and

of

a

changing and

conditioned

existence.

By

methods

of

this

sort

little

can

be

done

for

the

real

betterment

of

life.

To

confuse

intelligence

and

dislocate

sentiment

by

gratuitous

fictions

is

a

short-sighted

way

of

pursuing

happiness.

Nature

is

soon

avenged.

An

unhealthy

exaltation

and

a

one-sided

morality

have

to

be

followed by regrettable reactions. When these come. The real rewards of life may seem vain to a

relaxed

vitality,

and

the

very

name

of

virtue

may

irritate

young

spirits

untrained

in

and

natural

excellence.

Thus

religion

too

often

debauches

the

morality

it

comes

to

sanction

and

impedes

the

science it ought to fulfill.

What is the secret of this ineptitude? Why does religion, so near to rationality in its purpose, fall

so short of it in its results? The answer is easy; religion pursues rationality through the imagination.

When it explains events or assigns causes, it is an imaginative substitute for science. When it gives

precepts,

insinuates

ideals,

or

remoulds

aspiration,

it

is

an

imaginative

substitute

for

wisdom

—

I

mean for the deliberate and impartial pursuit of all food. The condition and the aims of life are both

represented

in

religion

poetically,

but

this

poetry

tends

to

arrogate

to

itself

literal

truth

and

moral

- 7 -

authority,

neither

of

which

it

possesses.

Hence

the

depth

and

importance

of

religion

becomes

intelligible

no

less

than

its

contradictions

and

practical

disasters.

Its

object

is

the

same

as

that

of

reason, but its method is to proceed by intuition and by unchecked poetical conceits.

1.

As used in the passage, the author would define “wisdom” as

A. the pursuit of rationality through imagination.

B. an unemotional search for the truth.

C. a purposeful and unbiased quest for what is best.

D. a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness

2.

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?

A. Religion seeks the truth through imagination, reason, in its search, utilizes the emotions.

B.

Religion has proved an ineffective tool in solving man’s problems

.

C.

Science seeks a piece meal solution to man’s questions

.

D. The functions of philosophy and reason are the same.

3.

According to the author, science differs from religion in that

A. it is unaware of ultimate goals. B. it is unimaginative.

C. its findings are exact and final. D. it resembles society and art.

4.

The author states that religion differs from rationality in that

A. it relies on intuition rather than reasoning .

B. it is not concerned with the ultimate justification of its instinctive aims.

C. it has disappointed mankind.

D. it has inspired mankind.

5.

According to the author, the pursuit of religion has proved to be

A. imaginative.

B. a provider of hope for the future.

C. a highly intellectual activity

D. ineffectual.

Vocabulary

1. grace

恩赐，仁慈，感化，感思祷告

2. chide

责备

3. sentiment

情感

- 8 -

4. inviolate

不受侵犯的，纯洁的

5. intent

意义，含义

6. piecemeal

一件件，逐渐的，零碎的

7. bubble up

起泡，沸腾，兴奋

8. veer

改变方向，转向

9. abortive

夭折的，失败的，中断的，流产的。

10. pale

范围，界限

11. draught

要求

12. oracle

神谕宣誓，预言，圣言

13. antidote

解毒药，矫正方法

14. correlate

相互关系

15. dislocate

使离开原来位置，打乱正常秩序

16. gratuitous

无偿的，没有理由的。

w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*m

17. debauch

使失落，放荡

18. sanction

支持，鼓励，认可

19. impede

妨碍，制止

20. ineptitude

不恰当，无能，愚蠢

21. insinuate

暗示

22. remould

重塑，重铸

23. aspiration

抱负，壮志

24. arrogate

没来由反把

……

归于（

to

）

25. literal

朴实的，字面的

26. intelligible

可以理解的。

27. conceit

幻想，奇想

难句译注

1.

Yet

the

difference

in

tome

and

language

must

strike

us,

so

soon

as

it

is

philosophy

that

speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide,

this function is performed in the two cases by very different organs.

【参考译文】可是音调和语言的差异必然很快的给我们深刻的印象，就象哲学所说的那

- 9 -

样：那种差异应提乡我们，即使宗教的 功能和理性的功能恰好相符的话，其功能也是通过不

同的器官在两种不同的情况下完成的 。

2.

Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may

come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind.

【参考译文】另一方面，理性知识一种 原则或者是潜在的秩序，我们确实可以在此基础

上存在于我们心中，没有种种变化，或任 何压力。

3.

We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, not call for any emotions

on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true

nature and proportion.

【参考译文】不论我们是否遵循理 性，它不会极力或责备我们，除了以事物的本来面目

和比例揭示各种事物而自然而然的激 起我们的感情，它并不需要我们付出任何感情。

4.

Religion, in its intent, is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is

society, science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly

regarding the foal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive aims.

【参考译文】宗教在其意义上，比社会，科学，艺术更自觉， 更直接的追求

“

理性生活

”

因为这些东西（社会，科学，艺术）暂时而又零星的接近和填补理想的生 活，无视目的，也

不管其本能的目标是否最终证明正确。

5. one and all

各个都，全部

6.

Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves, to express satisfaction

with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hope for the

future; but any one regarding the various religions at once and comparing their achievements with

what

reason

requires,

must

feel

how

terrible

is

the

disappointment

which

they

have

one

and

all

prepared for mankind.

【参考译文】处于宗教领域范围 之内的人民也许会说服自己对其结果表示满意，这要感

谢他们在结实过去和对未来希望宽 宏要切上的一种偏爱。可是任何迅速关注宗教的人，把其

成就和理性所要求的一切做一比 较，必然感到这种种宗教为全人类作好的失望是实在太可怕

了。

7.

To

confuse

intelligence

and

dislocate

sentiment

by

gratuitous

fictions

is

a

short- sighted

way of pursuing happiness.

【参考译文】以无理的幻想混淆智力，弄乱正常的情感是一种 短视的追求幸福的方法。

- 10 -

8.

Thus

religion

too

often

debauches

the

morality

it

comes

to

sanction

and

impedes

the

science it ought to fulfill.

【参考译文】因此，宗教常常会使它要支持的道德堕落沦丧， 并妨碍它应该执行的科学

任务。

9.

The

condition

and

the

aims

of

life

are

both

represented

in

religion

poetically,

but

this

poetry tends to arrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses.

【参考译文】生活的目标和条件在宗教中诗一般的呈现，但这 种诗意往往把宗教所并不

具有的朴实真理和道德威力没有来由的归于宗教。

写作方法与文章大意

这是一篇用对比手法写出宗教和理性之差异并着重描述宗教的文章。有各种中焦，理性< /p>

只有一个，纵然两者在功能和目的上有不相同之处，但由于宗教以直觉，想象力，情感为主 ，

无视目的，虽比科学，社会或艺术更自觉，更直接追求理性生活，结果却是失败和失望 ，而

理性则相反。

答案详解

1.

C.

一种有目的而又不带偏见对最佳事物的探索。答案在最后一段，这种愚蠢的秘密

是什么？ 为什么宗教在目的上那么接近真理，在其结构和结果上，却没有理性的一切？答案

很简单 ：宗教是通过想象来追逐理性，当它解释事件或阐明原因时，以虚构的想象来取代科

学， 当它训诫，暗示理想或者重塑抱负时，以想象代替智慧

——

智慧 的意思是指有意识而又

公正的追求一切好东西。

w*w*w*k *s*5*u*c*o*m

A.

通过想象力追求理性。

B.

不带感情的探询真理。

C.

追求幸福的短视的方法。

2.

A.

宗教通过想象力寻求真理，而理性的探索却运用感情。见难句译注

3

，理性（智）

是非感情的。

B.

在解决人类问题上的宗教是一种无效的工具。

C.

科学寻求逐步解决对人类的问题。

D.

哲学和理性的功能是一样的。

3.

A.

宗教没有意识（不知道）其最终目的的。见难句译注

4

，说明宗 教不管（几乎不

关注）其目的，或不关心其本能的目标最终真确与否。

< br>

B.

宗教没有想象力。

C.

其成果是确切的，最终的。

D.

宗教很象科学和艺术。

4.

D.

它激起人类情感。

第一段中说

“

宗教的 挣扎与不断变化的力量似乎促使人追求某种

- 11 - < /p>

永恒的东西，它似乎追求灵魂的最终和谐以及灵魂与灵魂所依赖的一起事物之间的永恒的和

谐。

”

A.

宗教依赖于直觉而不是推理。第一段最后一句：宗教也有本能和盲目的一面，在各种

各样的偶然实践和直觉中沸腾。可不久它又向事物内心摸索前进，然而不论从哪个方向来，< /p>

都转想最终方向（最终多转想这个方向

——

直觉）

，文章的最后一句：宗教的目的和理想的目

的一样，而 其实现目的方法是通过直觉和无限止的诗一般的幻想来进行的。

B.

它不关心其本

能的目标最终是否真确。

C.

它使人类很失望。

5.

D.

无效。

第二段开始就点出：

我们得承认宗教追求理性生活一直是 很失败

（流产了）

。

A.

有想象力的。

B.

为未来提供希望的。

C.

是一个高度的智力活动。

Passage Three

Cryptic Coloring

Cryptic

coloring

is

by

far

the

commonest

use

of

color

in

the

struggle

for

existence.

It

is

employed for the purpose of attack (aggressive resemblance or anticryptic coloring ) as well as of

defense (protective resemblance or procryptic coloring ). The fact that the same method concealment,

may

be

used

both

for

attack

and

defense

has

been

well

explained

by

T.

Belt

who

suggests

as

an

illustration the rapidity of movement which is also made use of by both pursuer and pursued, which

is similarly raised to a maximum in both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series of

generations. Cryptic coloring is commonly associated with other aids in the struggle for life. Thus

well-concealed

mammals

and

birds,

when discovered, will

generally

endeavor

to

escape

by

speed

and will often attempt to defend themselves actively. On the other hand, small animals which have

no means of active defense, such as large, numbers of insects, frequently depend upon concealment

alone.

Protective

resemblance

is

far

commoner

among

animals

than

aggressive

resemblance,

in

correspondence

with

the

fact

that

predaceous

forms

are

as

a

rule

much

larger

and

much

less

numerous than their prey. In the case of insectivorous Vertebrata and their prey such differences exist

in an exaggerated form. Cryptic coloring, whether used for defense of attack, may be either general

or

special.

In

general

resemblance

the

animal,

in

consequence

of

its

coloring,

produces

the

same

effect

as

its

environment,

but

the

conditions

do

not

require

any

special

adaptation

of

shape

and

outline.

General

resemblance

is

especially

common

among

the

animal

inhabiting

some

uniformly

colored expanse of the ear

th’s surface, such as an ocean or a desert

. In

the former, animals of all

shapes are frequently protected by their transparent blue color, on the latter, equally diverse forms

- 12 -

are defended by their sandy appearance. The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a

combination of tints in startling contrast. Thus the black and white stripes of the zebra blend together

at a little distance, and “their proportion is such as exactly to match the pale tint which arid ground

possesses when seen by moonlight.

” Special resemblance is far commoner than general and is the

form which is usually met with on the diversified surface of the earth, on the shores, and in shallow

water, as well as on the floating masses of algae on the surface of the ocean, such as the Sargasso

Sea. In these environments the cryptic coloring of animals is usually aided by special modifications

of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particular attitudes. Complete stillness and

the

assumption

of

a

certain

attitude

play

an

essential

part

in

general

resemblance

on

land;

but

in

special

resemblance

the

attitude

is

often

highly

specialized,

and

perhaps

more

important

than

any

other element in the complex method by which concealment is effected. In special resemblance the

combination of coloring, shape, and attitude is such as to produce a more or less exact resemblance

to some one of the objects in the environment, such as a leaf of twig, a patch of lichen, a flake of

bark.

In

all

cases

the

resemblance

is

to

some

object

which

is

of

no

interest

to

the

enemy

or

prey

respectively. The animal is not hidden from view by becoming indistinguishable from its background

as in the case of general resemblance, but it is mistaken for some well-know object.

In seeking the interpretation of these most interesting and elaborate adaptations, attempts have

been made along two lines. The first seeks to explain the effect as a result of the direct influence of

the environment upon the individual (G. L. L. Buffon), or by the inherited effects of efforts and the

use and disuse of parts (J. B. P. Lamarck). The second believes that natural selection produced the

result

and

afterwards

maintained

it

by

the

survival

of

the

best

concealed

in

each

generation.

The

former

suggestion

breaks

down

when

the

complex

nature

of

numerous

special

resemblances

is

appreciated. Thus the arrangement of colors of many kinds into an appropriate pattern requires the

cooperation

of

a

suitable

shape

and

the

rigidly

exact

adoption

of

a

certain

elaborate

attitude.

The

latter is instinctive and thus depends on the central nervous system. The cryptic effect is due to the

exact cooperation of all these factors; and in the present state of science, the only possible hole of an

interpretation lies in the theory of natural selection, which can accumulate any and every variation

which tends toward survival. A few of the chief types of methods by which concealment is effected

may be briefly described. The colors of large numbers of vertebrate animals are darkest on the back

and

become

gradually

lighter

on

the

sides,

passing

into

white

on

the

belly.

Abbot

H.

Thayer

has

- 13 -

suggested that this gradation obliterates the appearance of solidity, which is due to shadow. The color

harmony, which is also essential to concealment, is produced because the back is of the same tint as

the environment (e. g. earth), bathed in the cold blue-white of the sky, while the belly, being cold

blue-white

and

bathed

in

shadow

and

yellow

earth

reflections

produces

the

same

effects.

This

method

of

neutralizing

shadow

for

the

purpose

of

concealment

by

increased

lightness

of

tint

was

first suggested by E. B. Poulton in the case of a larva and a pupa, but he did not appreciate the great

importance

of

the

principle.

In

an

analogous

method

an

animal

in

front

of

a

background

of

dark

shadow

may

have

part

of

its

body

obliterated

by

the

existence

of

a

dark

tint,

the

remainder

resembling, e. g. , a part of a leaf. This method of rendering invisible any part which would interfere

with the resemblance is well know in mimicry.

1.

The black and white stripes of the zebra are most useful form

A. hunters.

B. nocturnal predators

C. lions and tigers.

D. insectivorous Vertrbrata

2.

Aggressive resemblance occurs when

A. a predaceous attitude is assumed.

B. special resemblance is utilized.

C. an animal relies on speed.

D. an animal blends in with its background.

3.

Special resemblance differs from general resemblance in that the animal relies on

A. its ability to frighten its adversary. B. speed.

C. its ability to assume an attitude. D. mistaken identify

4.

The title below that best expresses the ides of this passage is

A. Cryptic coloration for Protection.

B. How Animals Survive.

C. The uses of Mimicry in Nature.

D. Resemblances of Animals.

5.

Of the following which is the least common?

w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*m

A. protective resemblance.

B. General resemblance.

C. Aggressive resemblance.

D. Special resemblance.

Vocabulary

1. cryptic

隐藏的，保护的

cryptic coloring

保护色，隐藏色

- 14 -

2. predaceous

食肉的，捕食其他动物的。

3. vertebrate

脊椎动物门

4. tint

色泽，色彩

5. zebra

斑马

6. Sargasso

果本马尾藻

7. twig

嫩枝

8. lichen

地衣

9. flake

一片

10. gradation

等级，层次，分等

11. obliterate

涂抹，擦去，使消失

12. larva

幼虫，幼体

13. pupa

蛹

14. mimicry

模仿，拟态

15. nocturnal

夜间发生的，夜出的

16. insectivorous

食虫的

17. procryptic

有保护色的，保护性的

难句译注

1.

…the rapidity of movement which is also made use of by both pursuer and pursued, which

is similarly raised to a maximum in both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series of

generations.

【参考 译文】追捕动物和被追的动物也利用快速的动作。这种快速的运动同样是通过几

代更迭， 逐渐消除了慢速，而发展到快速顶峰。

2.

Protective resemblance is far commoner among animals than aggressive resemblance, in

correspondence

with

the

fact

that

predaceous

forms

are

as

a

rule

much

larger

and

much

less

numerous than their prey.

< /p>

【参考译文】保护性模仿远比侵犯行模仿要普遍得多，这是和下述的情况想配合的：食

肉的（形式）动物，按惯律总是比他们捕食的对象要大而且多得多。

3.

The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a combination of tints in startling

contrast.

- 15 -

【参考译文】在惊人的对比中，色泽的综合可能 产生外形一致的效果。

4.

…their propor

tion is such as exactly to

match the pale tint which arid ground possesses

when seen by moonlight.

【参考译文】

（这里指斑马的黑白条）比例正好和在月光下观看贫瘠土地所具有的苍白色

泽相吻合。

5.

In

these

environments

the

cryptic

coloring

of

animals

is

usually

aided

by

special

modifications of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particular attitudes.

【参考译文】在这些环境中，动物的保护色常常得到特定的形状变化和本能的协作，这

种本能会使动物采取特定的姿势。

6.

Complete stillness and the assumption of a certain attitude play an essential part in general

resemblance on land; but in special resembl

ance the attitude is often highly specialized…

【参考译文】

绝对静态和采取一般姿 势在陆地的一般模仿中起很大作用，而在专门模

仿中，姿势常常是高度专门化的。

7.

Thus

the

arrangement

of

colors

of

many

kinds

into

an

appropriate

pattern

requires

the

cooperation of a suitable shape and the rigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude.

【参考译文】因此许多类颜色排列成恰当的模式

/

形式，要求 把合适的外形和严格的采用

一定的精心设计的姿势相结合。

8.

The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation of all these factors; and in the present

state

of

science,

the

only

possible

hole

of

an

interpretation

lies

in

the

theory

of

natural

selection,

which can accumulate any and every variation which tends toward survival.

【参考译文】保护效果 是由于所以这些因素确切合作而形成。根据目前科学水平，唯一

的解释（此种现象）就是 自然选择理论，它可以累积要生存的各种变异

/

变种。