-
SAT
写作素材（
1~11
页：美国概况；
12~
末页：名人素材）
< br>
第一章、美国概况
Chapter 1 American History ( I )
(1600-1900)
1.
Discovery of the New World
*The ―first Americans‖:
Indians
*Christopher
Columbus:
An
Italian
navigator
supported
by
Spanish
Queen
led
his
men
to
sail
across
the
vast
ocean
in
1492
and
reached
some
small
islands
in
the
now
West
Indies.
He
thought
he
had
reached
Aisa
and
didn‘t
know
he
had
discovered
a
New
Continent.
（哥伦布是个粗心大意的家伙
[
意大利
人
]
，本来要去西藏
[
西班牙赞助
]
，却在西印度群岛上，看到一座寺庙就饿
[1492]
了，不想走了。
[
哥伦布的老家和赞助商要记清
]
）
*Amerigo
Vespucci:
The
navigator
who
proved
that
the
land
was
no
India,
but
a
new
continent.
Therefore,
the
land
was
named
America after him.
2.
The Colonial
Period
*The first English colony at
Jamestown, Virginia
（
1607
）
[6
形状是大象的鼻子，这么记：一头大象
用鼻子（
16
）吹泡泡（
0
）
，
泡泡飘得很高，挂满了整面旗帜（
7
）
，在
Jamesto
wn
的上空迎风飘扬，猎猎作响。
]
*The
original
13
colonies:
along
the
east
coast of
North
America:
Virginia,
Maine,
New
Hampshire,
Massachusetts,
Connecticut,
New York, Rhode Island, Maryland, North
Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania
and Georgia. (13:
雨伞。谐音想象：
一把
大花伞下面，你系着一条花围裙
[Virginia=
维吉尼亚
]
在和面
[Maine]
，面里放满了崭新的火腿
[New Ham+pshire]
，然后你
吃着火腿面骑着马
[
马萨诸塞
]
，牵
[Connectic
u]
着牛
[
纽约
]
上路
[Road=Rhode]
了
，路上看到隆重的婚礼
[Maryland]
，北方和南
方的孪生姐妹坐在彩车
[car]
里
[North Carolina and South
Carolina]
，新郎
[New Jersey]
和男傧相
[
宾州
]
站在桥
[
乔治亚州
]
上迎接
新娘。
)
*Causes for the
colonization of the New World
(
理解记忆
)
Opportunity was the magic word that
drew people to America. It drew English nobles and
skilled workmen to America and most of
all it drew the poor and the homeless
from the farmlands and villages of Europe. It
offered people a chance to live a better life than
they could hope for in the Old World.
*The Pilgrims: To escape
religious persecution
, they
left England and lived in Leyden, Holland, but
they feared their children might
become
Dutchmen, so in 1620, 201 them sailed to the New
World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at
Plymouth and built the
Plymouth colony.
(
他们刚到的那个冬天，有一半人都死了，后来印第安人教他们
种
玉米
，丰收后，举行了第一个
“
感恩节
”
，
Tha
nksgiving celebration,
其实他们应该感谢印第安人。
)
（
201
个英国人装在一朵有一艘船那么大
的五月花里，一溜
[16]
烟钻进了美国的天鹅洞
[20]
。
）
[The Pilgrims were artisans and
peasants.]
*The Puritans
and the Massachusetts Bay
The puritans
were wealthy and well-educated gentlemen. They
wanted to purify the Church of England. The
Puritans leaders saw the
New World as a
refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.
So in March 1630, the great
Puritan
migration began. From
1630
to
1643,
some
200
ships
transported
over
20,000
Englishmen
to
Massachusetts
Bay
colony.
(
下
午
四
点
半
[PM4:
30=Puritans+Massachusetts; 4: 30=16:30=
1630]
开始，
13
分钟之内
[1630+13=1643]
，
200
条船运了
2
万个英国佬到马萨诸塞！
)
*Features of the
new colonies
(
可以出选择题，结合后来的美国文化，容易理解
)
The features were representative form
of government, rule of law, respect of individual
rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit
of individual enterprise.
3.
The War of
Independence
*Conflicts between the
British government and the American people
随着经济的发展，殖民地人民要更多的权利；英国政府要控制殖民地的发展，并且要征收更多的税。贸易
价格不公平。实施
Stamp Tax
给养军队。允许东印度公
司低价销售茶叶，抢走美国茶商的生意。
*The
―Boston Tea Party‖
In 1773,
when ships of tea reached Boston, several dozen
Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the
ships at night and threw
$$75,000 worth
of tea into the harbor. This came to be known as
the ―Boston Tea Party‖.
(
在一个黑漆漆的晚上
[1773]
，几十个
波斯顿人上船倒掉了价值
7
万
5
千美金的茶叶，他们一边倒茶，一边高兴地翩翩起舞。
[75
，可以记住
7
万
5])
*The First Continental Congress
In
September
1774,
the
First
Congress
was
held
in Philadelphia encouraging
Amercians to
refuse
to
buy
British
goods.
Colonial
militia units were organized.
(
第一次代表大会
1774
在费城
召开，组建民兵组织，口号是
“
让英国货一起去死吧！
”[1774]
，再也不花费
[
费城
]
一分钱买英
国货！
)
*Lexington and Concord
The shot of Lexington (1775) marked the
start of the War of Independence.
*The Second Continental
Congress
Three weeks after the battles
of Lexington and Concord, the Second Continental
Congress was held in Philadelphia. The delegates
agreed
to
support
the
war.
The
Congress
founded
a
Continental
Army
and
Navy
and
appointed
a
committee
to
draft
a
formal
declaration.
*George Washington: The Congress
founded a Continental Army and Navy under the
command of George Washington, a Virginian
0
SAT
写作素材（
1~11
页：美国概况；
1
2~
末页：名人素材）
militia (
民兵
)
commander.
*Thomas
Jefferson: Tomas Jefferson of Virginia drafted the
Declaration of Independence. On July 4, 1776, the
Congress adopted the
declaration.
(Independence Day!
记忆
1776
：美国人个个是牛仔，喜欢一起骑牛
[177
6]
庆祝独立。
)
*The Declaration of Independence and
the political theory behind the American
Revolution
The Declaration is a clear
explanation of the political theory behind the
revolution and this theory came from the British
philosopher
John Locke.
(
独立宣言的理论来自英国哲学家约翰。洛克
) [
独立的意思约
[
约翰
]<
/p>
等于一把锁
[Locke]
，把门锁上，
就算是独立
了。
]
(In September 1783, the Treaty of Paris
was signed. Britain recognized the independence of
the United States.)
[1783,
巴
黎条约签定，英国承认美国独立。美国正式独立了，人们高兴得一起爬山（
1783
）庆祝，拍着巴（巴黎条约）掌
说
give
me five!]
*The American War of
Independence and its significance
（意义：
理解记忆）
The
American
War
of
Independence
shows
that,
in
a
just
war,
a
weak
nation
can
defeat
a
strong one.
It
was
a
historic
event:
by
smashing
the
fetters[
束缚
]
of
colonial
rule,
the
American
people
gained
independence,
which
gave
capitalism
a
chance
for
freer
development.
It
had
great
international
influence.
For
instance,
the
colonies
in
Spanish
America
rose
up
one
after
another
to
overthrow Spanish colonial rule.
4.
A New Form of
Government
*The Articles of
Confederation
With the approach of
independence, it was obvious that a more permanent
and legitimate union of the states was necessary.
A draft of
a confederation was accepted
by Congress in November 1777 and was presented to
the states for their separate approaval or
rejection.
The document was accepted by
all the states by March 1781. It was called the
Articles of Confederation.
*The Constitutional Convention
A confernce was held in Philadelphia in
May 1787 to consider what should be done to make
the Articales of Confederation adequate.
All of the states except Rhode Island
were represented at the Constitutional Convention.
[The Articles of
Confederation
和
The
Constitutional
Convention
是有因果关系的，理解记忆。
]
*The ―Great Compromise‖
The ―Great Compromise‖ gave each state
an equal vote in the Senate but making
representation in the House reflect the size
of
each
state‘s
population.
*Federalists and the Federalist Papers
Those
who
took
the
lead
in
urging
constitution
ratification
called
themselves
Federalists.
The
Federalist
Papers
were
Alexander
Hamilton, James
Madison and John Jay.
(
想象：字头
A
。
H=
啊！
J
。
M=
加盟
，
J
。
J=
举
起的双手
—
>
啊，我们高举双手赞成加
盟
联邦！
！
)
*The Bill of Rights
In
1791,
the
firs
t
ten
amendments
to
the
constitution
were
ratified.
It‘s
called
the
Bill
of
Rights.
By
then,
it‘s
agreed
that
the
foundation of the American
constitutional system was completed.
(1791: 10
个改正错误的人
[amendments]
为了一部宪法一起就义
[1791]
！
)
*The first
federal government of the United States
1788: the first general election;.
1789, George Washington was chosen the President
and took the oath of office in New York where
housed the government. 1790, the
government moved to Philadelphia.
(
第一次大选，一起发发财
[1788]
，一起把
酒
[1789]
喝，庆祝华盛顿当选总统，总统骑在牛
[
纽约
]
背上，嫌费事
，把总统府打
包，放在一起就拎
[1790]
< br>到了费城
)
5.
The War of
1812
（可以出问答题）
*Causes of the war
(
< br>记三个关键字把三个原因串起来：
blockade[
封
锁
]
，
seamen[
海员
]
，
territori
ial expansion[
领土扩张
],
< br>联想：
1812
年战争
=
一只叭儿狗
[18]
和一只鹅
[12]
打仗，把各自的地盘
封锁
起来，然后带着无数的海员去占领别国的
领土
。
)
The causes leading to the war
were the following:
(1)
A war was going on in Europe
between
Britain and France
.
The United States maintained neutrality and
benefited from its
trade with both
sides. As the war intensified, both Britain and
France started to
blockade
.
Many Amercan merchant ships were
seized. In 1811, the United States, on
its understanding that France would drop its
blockade against American shipping, lifted
the
ban
. This
angered the Britain
.
(2)
The Americans resented the
British practice
of
impressing or forcibly removing
seamen
from American ships
on the grounds
that they were British
subjects.
(3)
After President Jefferson bought the
Louisiana territory from France, there was a
desire for
territorial expansion
among many
frontiersmen.
They wanted to take the advantage of the war in
Europe, when British and France had no time to
look after their
interests in the New
World, to expand into Canada or Spanish Florida.
This
harmed the interests of the
Britain
.
*
Result of the war: In December 1814, British and
American diplomats signed a peace treaty which
said that all was to be as it had
been
before the war. (
美国的国会大厦和白宫都被烧了。
。
)
*Impact of the war on
the development of the United States
(1)
The war made
people realize the importance of a
strong national government
.
(2)
The war
strengthened the feeling of
national
unity and patriotism
. This feeling of
nationalism was particularly strong in the
western part of the United States.
(3)
For almost 10 years after the war, the
Americans turned their attention to the
development of the
western
part of the continent.
(4)
It made both
Britain and the United States realize that their
disputes should be solved through
negotiation
. A shaky peace
in
1
SAT
< br>写作素材（
1~11
页：美国概况；
12~
末页：名人素材）
1814 turned into a lasting peace
between the two countries.
（一只叭儿狗和一只鹅打完仗之后，认识到
强大政府
的重要性，
觉得还是要
团结，爱国，
不要再打架了，要共同做好
西部
大开发，有什么事情就好好
商量
，这样才能长久和平共处。
）
6.
Territorial Expansion and Westward
Movement
*The Old Northwest
Present-day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Michigan, and Wisconsin.
*The Louisiana Purchase
The
Americans‘ crossing
of the Mississippi
in the 1790s helped persuade Napoleon to sell the
Louisana Territory to the United States
for only 15 million dollars.
*Armed uprising of the
Americans in Texas
An armed uprising of
the Americans in Texas, supported by the
volunteers from the United States, defeated the
Mexican army and
won independence in
1836. In 1845, Texas was added to the Union.
*Implications
of the ―Manifest Destiny‖
(1)
The
inevitability of the
founding
of the United
States of America; (2) The
legitimacy
of the expanstion
of American
Territory;
(3) The spread of American
democracy
being
the task of American people who were chosen to do
the ―Lord‘s‖ work.
*The War with Mexico
The
War
with
Mexico
started
in
1846
and
ended
in
1848.
As
a
result
of
the
peace
treaty,
Mexico
was
forced
to
agree
to
give
California and New
Mexico to the United States. In return, the United
States agreed to pay Mexico 15 million U.S
dollars.
7.
The Civil War
*Slavery in America
Slavery
existed before the War of Independence.
*Slavery and the plantation
system in the south
To meet a rising
worldwide demand for cotton and tobacco, the
planters farmed large areas of land. Slave labour
seemed best suited
for producing these
crops.
*Extension of
slavery and the Compromise of 1850
With
the territorial expansion towards the west, the
problem of whether slavery should be allowed to
spread tion these areas arose
again.
The Compromise of 1850 was passed which allowed
California to be accepted as a free state, New
Mexico and Utah to be
organized as
territories without legislation either for or
against slavery and the more efficient machinery
to be set up for returning
runaway
slaves to their masters.
*Abolitionist movement and anti-slavery
reformers
Garrison / Frederick Douglass
*Harriet Beecher
Stowe‘s
Uncle Tom‘s
Cabin
(
记书和作者名字：汤姆
大伯的小屋。可以出选择题，记住
Bee
和
< br>Stow[
装载
]
和小屋就能回
忆起来。想象：汤姆大伯是个养
蜂的老人，他的小屋里装满
[s
tow]
了蜂蜜，到处有蜜蜂
[bee]
在飞。
)
*Abraham Lincoln
When Abraham Lincoln was elected
president, the southern states broke away and
formed a new nation, the Confederate States of
America. However, Lincoln was
determined to maintain the Union, so the Civil War
broke out on April 12, 1861.
（
1865
年内战结
束）
（林肯和一只叭儿狗过六一儿童节
[1861]
，南方人看了不高兴，于是就打起来了。
）
*Ulysses S. Grant
(
格兰特将军，后来成为总统。
)
*Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
盖茨
堡战役成为内战的转折点。林肯的演说。
。
*The Emancipation Proclamation
*Robert E. Lee
（
在西点军校的时候，李将军是格兰特的前辈，而且，格兰特从来不是个好学生！可是格兰特赢了！
）
th
*The
13
Amendment, which banned slavery, was
added to the Constitution in December 1865.
8.
Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the
Civil War
（可以出问答题）
After the Civil War, the United States
saw great developments in industry, agriculture,
science and technology, and population. There
were many reasons.
(1)
With the war
over, the United States again achieved a
stable political
environment
. As a result, both foreign
and domestic
capital became available
for
investmen
t.
(2)
Black slaves
were free, and waves of European and Asian
immigrants poured into the U.S. So there was
enough
labour
supply for the development of
industries.
(3)
Scinence and invention
played a very important role in
accelerating America‘s
industrial
development.
(4)
The federal government put
high taxes on foreign
imports
. This encouraged Americans to
buy American-made goods.
(5)
The United
States was rich in
natural
resource
s.
During this period both
production and capital became
increasingly
concentrated.
Monopoly by big business became a
strong
trend in the American economy.
（内战后资本主义快速发展的原因：政治环境
+
劳动力
+
科技
+
税收
+
自然资源。记住这
五个关键字，加上理解，自己组织语
言就可以回答了。想象：打完内战，正
[
政治环境
]
是劳
[
劳动力
]
累的时候，
打瞌
[
科技
]
睡
[
税收
]
也
是很自然
[
自然资源
]
的事！
）
2
SAT
写作素材（
1~11
页：美国概况；
12~
末页：名人素材）
Chapter 2 American History (2)
(1900-1945)
必背细节
1
．
In
1913,the U.S ranked first in the world in the
production of steel; in 1900,the U.S. produced
245million tons of coal, ranking
first
in the world.1913
年美国钢产量世界第一，
1900
年煤产量世界第一。
（
1913+
钢：谐音想象，一瓶酒
[19]
大得想一座山
[13]
，酒香扑鼻，方
圆几百里的人都能闻到。奇特的是酒瓶是钢做的，很牢
固。
19
00+
煤：我的姨舅
[19]
在美国挖
煤，只挖了两个煤洞
[00]
，产量就名列世界第一！
）
2
．
Large
corporation
,urbanization
and
new
technology
were
the
three
features
in
the
growth
of
American
economy
at
the
beginning
of the 20 th century
.
大公司的出现，
城市化及新技术的迅速发展是美国
20
世纪初经济增长出现的三
大特点。
3
．
In
1903,the Wright brothers flew a plane for a brief
12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. This was
the beginning of the
appearance of the
plane.
In 1911,Glenn designed and flew
a successful plane.
1903
年，莱特
兄弟发明了第一架飞机，
但只飞行了
12
秒。
1911
年格伦。
E
。库利斯设计了一架飞机，并成功试飞。
（
191
1
年，一架穿着一件旧衣
[1911]
的飞机成功
试飞，那件衣服是花
格
子涤
纶
料的。
）
4
．
At the beginning of the WWI, the
impartial neither in action, nor in pursued a
policy of
pro-Ally partiality
.
第一次世界大战开始时，美国宣布保持中立，但在行动和思想上都没有做到中立，美
国真正奉行的是支持同盟国的政策。
5
．
The
1920s
in
the
U.S. has
been
described
by
many
historians as a
period
of
material
success
and
spiritual
frustration
or
confusion
and
purposelessness.
许多历史学家都把美国的二
十世纪二十年代描写成一个物质上成功，精神是迷惘或漫无目标
的时期。
（看过那本
―
了不起的盖茨比
‖
吗，写的就是二十年代）
6
．
The
stock
market
crash
was
the
beginning
of
long
economic
depression
in
the
late
1920S
and
1930S.
股票市场的崩溃
是
1929-1933
年的经济大萧条的开端。
7
．
The
aim of President Roosevelt‘s
New
measures was to
save American democracy
and the capitalist system.
罗斯福总统
< br>―
新
政：措施的目的在于
‖
拯救美国民主
―
及克服资本主义制度有史以
来最严重的经济危机。
8
．
In
the early 1930S,
the American foreign
policy was isolationism
, to keep the
U.S. out of the fighting that was going on in
Europe and Asia.
在
30
年代初期，美国奉行的是孤立主义的外交政策，即使美国远离欧洲和亚洲的战争。<
/p>
9
．
During the WWII, the postponement of
the opening of the Second Front was a reflection
of the American‘s desire not to give
th
e
Soviet Union the
possibility of quick expansion.
二战期间，美国延
缓开辟第二战场就反映出美国不让苏联有迅速扩张的可能性
10
．
American diplomacy in WWII was largely
diplomacy towards Britain and the Soviet were two
guiding principles
behind all
diplomatic activities:
1>to win the
war;2>to establish postwar political structure in
accord with American interests
and to
prevent the Soviet Union from over-expansion.
二战期间，
美国的外交政策大体上是针对英国和前苏联的，
所有外交政
策的两个主导原则是：羸得战争，按美国利益建立战后政治格局并阻
止苏联的过度扩张。
11
．
The leaders of the U.S. the Soviet
Union and Britain met three times during the
WWII.
1>The first summit was held at
Teheran in November the conference it
was decided that a large-scale attack on the south
of France would be launched in
May
,1944,which was codenamed Overlord.2>The second
conference was held in Yalta in February,1945,it
decided on the setting-up
of a world
organization: the United Nation .3>The third
conference was held at Potsdam, which confirmed
the temporary division of
Europe agreed
to at Yalta.
二战期间，英，美，苏三国领导人共会晤了三次，第一次是在
1943
年
11
月在德黑兰会议，该会义
决定进行代号为
―
< br>霸王行动
‖
的军事行动，向法国南部大举进攻，第二次是
1945
年
2
月的雅尔塔会议，本次会议决定建立联
合国组织，
第三次是在<
/p>
1945
年
7
。
8
月间在柏林城外举行的波茨坦会议，
该会主要确认了雅尔塔会议关于欧洲格局的暂时分
配。
（英美苏
三国领导人在寺庙里跳舞
[45]
，把鸭和鹅赶到宝塔
[
雅尔塔
]
上，让它们
联合起来成立联合国。
）
必背解释
1
．
The
Muckrakers(
黑幕揭发者
)
（
muck
是粪肥，
rake
是耙子，哈哈）
The Muckrakers were a group of reform-
minded journalists who made investigations and
exposed the dark sides of the society.
2.
the Progressive Movement(<
/p>
进步运动
/
进步主义
)
（
Progressivism
）
It was a movement at the
turn of the 20th century which
demanded
government regulation of the economy and social
conditions
,
spread
quickly
with
the
support
of
large
number
of
people
across
the
country.
The
Progressive
Movement
was
not
an
organized
campaign with
clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of
diverse efforts at political, social and economic
reforms.
3.
laissez
faire(
放任主义
)
it
was
an
economic
practice
which
stressed
that
the
management
of
the
economy
should
be
left
to
the
business
people
and
the
government should merely preserve order
and protect property.
4.
the Red
scare(
红色恐惧
)
Between
1919
and
1920,the
Red
Scare
happened
in
America
where
at
that
time
a
highly
aggressive
and
intolerance
nationalism
existed. On
November 7,1919 and January 2,1920,the Justice
Department launched two waves of mass arrests.
Over 4000 suspected
Communists and
radicals were arrested and many were forced to
leave the U.S.
3
SAT
写作素材（
1~11
页：美国
概况；
12~
末页：名人素材）
5.
the Ku Klux Klan(KKK)
三
K
党
The
KKK
was
first
organized
in
1866
and
then
reformed
in
1867
after
the
Civil
War
in
the
South
and
by
1924
it
claimed
a
membership
of
four
to
five
million.
It terrorized
and
attacked
on
not only
blacks,
but
also
progressives,
Communist
and
socialist
party members, etc.
6.
the New
Deal(
罗斯福新政
)
It was put forward by American
President Roosevelt who wanted to do something to
deal with the Great Depression at that time. It
passed
a
lot
of
New
Deal
laws
and
set
up
some
efficient
social
security
systems.
The
N
ew
Deal
helped
to
―save
American
democracy‖ and to
overcome the most serious economic crisis of the
capitalist system up to that time.
The New Deal included the following
contents:
(1)
Establishment and strengthening of
government regulation and control of banking,
credit and currency systems, overcoming the
financial
crisis and
restriction of certain extreme practices of
financial capital.
(2)
Federal government management of relief
and establishment of
social security
systems
such as the formation of the
Civilian
Conservation Corps and the
setting-up of the Tennessee Valley Authority;
(3)
Stimulation
of the recovery
of industry and agriculture
;
(4)
Formulation
and implementation of federal
labour
laws
to raise the role of labour in the
relations of production;
(5)
Improvement of the situation of
minorities
and members of
certain religious groups.
(
罗
斯福新政的内容：理解
+
字头记忆：金蛇刺牢骚
=
一条金色的蛇在一堆螺丝里冬眠，突然给螺丝刺了一下，嘟嘟囔囔地发
了顿牢骚，又睡着了。金
=
金融，整顿金融秩
序；蛇
=
社
=
社会保障制度；刺
=
刺激
=stimu
lation of the recovery of industry and
agriculture;
牢
=
劳
=
劳工法；骚
=
少
=
少数民族；螺丝
< br>=
罗斯福
)
7.
Isolationism(
孤立主义
)
it was the American
foreign policy in the early tried to keep the U.S
out of the fighting that was going on in Europe
and Asia.
Chapter 3
American History(III)in Era(1945-1980S)
必背细节
1.
On
Feb
22,1946,George
Kennan,
a
high-
ranking
official
in
the
American
embassy
to
Moscow,
wrote
in
the
telegram
that
the
should be vigilant
containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Later
the
containment
policy
became the official policy
towards the
Soviet Union.1946
年
2
月
22
日，美国驻苏联大使乔治。凯南在他的电报中主张对
苏联采取遏制政策。
(
想象：汤
姆大叔
[
美国
]
用一
个巨大的南
[
凯南
]
< br>瓜把苏联困
[containment]
在里面！
)
2
．
The open declaration of
the
containment policy
was made by
President Truman
on March
12,1949 in a speech to the joint
session of congress.1949
年
3
月
12
日杜鲁门总
统在国会联席会议上公开宣布了遏制政策。
3
．
In
order to protect Western Europe from possible
Soviet expansion, the d to offer Western European
countries
economic aid. This later came
to be called the Marshall plan.
为了保护西欧不受
苏联扩张影响，
美国决定给予西欧国家经济支
援，此举后来被称
作
―
马歇尔计划。
‖(
汤姆大叔赶着成千上万的马，马不停蹄，不歇息，而是去西欧做经济支援。
)
4
．
The
North
Atlantic
Treaty
,
which
was
signed
on
April 4,1949,marked
the
beginning of
s
in
setting
up
a
military
alliance around the
Soviet Union and its allies.
美国于
< br>1949
年
4
月
4
日签订的北大西洋公约标志着美国开始致力于在苏联及其
盟国周围建立军事同盟。
（
NA
T
O=North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
）
5
．
When the Korean War broke out in
June,1950,Truman sent
the 7th
Fleet
to the Taiwan Straits to prevent
the PLA from liberating
Taiwan.1950
年
6
月朝鲜战争爆发，美国杜鲁门政府第七舰队
进驻台湾海峡，阻止中国人民解放军解放台湾。
6
．
The
Montgomery boycott
was led by Martin
Luther King, Jr,a young black clergyman who later
became a national leader of the
Civil
Rights movement.1955
年的蒙哥马利联合抵制运动由小马丁。路德
。金领导，他是一个黑人牧师，后来成为民权运动的
全国领导人。
7
．
Since 1945 the United States had
entered a twenty-five-year economic cornerstones
were the automobile,housing,and
defense
industries.
自
1945
年
以来，美国经济进入了长达
25
年的繁荣期，经济繁荣的基本为
汽车，住房和国防工业。
8
．
Between 1946 and 1961
,more
than 63.5 million babies were born in the
U.S,making the
baby-boom
generation the largest by far
in the
American history.
从
1946
年到
1961
年，是美国历史上的生育高峰期。
（想象：石榴
[1946]
是六一
[1961
儿童节小孩子的礼物，因为有许多
的小孩
[baby-
boom]
，所以准备了几千万个石榴！
]
9
．
When
the
Cuban
Missile
Crisis
happened
in
1962,the
president
of
American
is
Kennedy,the
president
of
Russia
is
Khrushchev.1962
年古巴导弹危机爆发时，美国在位总统
为肯尼迪，苏联首领为赫鲁晓夫。
(
把时间地点人物串起来：河边的渔夫
[
赫鲁晓夫
]
在一面大鼓上溜鸭
[62]
子，把鸭子赶去啃泥巴
[
肯尼迪
]
。
)
10
．
Richard Nixon ,who was elected on a
platform of ending the Vietnam War, changed the
strategy into
―Vietnamization‖ of the
war building up South Vietnamese troops
to replace American fighting force
.
里查德。尼克松以结束越战作为自己的竞选纲
领，提出把战略改为战争越
南化，即建立越南军队以其代替美国军队。
11
．
In
the late 1960s and early 1970s the U.S began to
look
for a way to improve
relations with China so as to get China’s help
for its withdrawal from south Vietnam
and to work with China against Soviet expansion.
20
世纪
60
年代
末
70
年代初，美国
改善对华关系的有
两上：一是以便从越撤军时能得到中国的帮助，再是希望与中国合作联手对付苏联的扩张。
12
．
In
February
1972,President
Nixon
visited
China
and
met
Mao
Zedong
and
the
two
countries
issued
the
Shanhai
visit
ended
twenty-three
years
of
hostility
and
led
to
the
establishment
of
diplomatic
relations
in
January
1979.1
972
年
2
月尼克松与毛泽东会晤，双
方签署了《上海联合公报》
。
（
197
2
年尼克松骑
[7]
着一只美丽的天鹅
[2]
，在泥地
上的一棵松树
[
尼克松
]
上面与毛泽
东签了《上海联合公报》
）
13
．
From 1972 to 1979,the key problem that
affected the progress in U.S.-China relations
remained the Taiwan problem.1972-1979
4
SAT
写作素材（
1~11
页：美国概况；
12~
末页：名人素材）
年，影响中美关系的主要问题还是台湾问题。
14
．
Kennedy initiated the program called
the New Frontier. Johnson also started a War on Po
verty.
肯尼迪执政时启动了
―
新
边疆号
召
‖
，约翰逊做总统时发动了反
贫困大战。
（好记啊：
肯
尼迪号召开<
/p>
垦
边疆；
约
翰逊
发动勤俭节
约
，反贫困。
）
15
．
The two famous leaders of black
movements in the the 60s were Martin Luther
King,who advocated non-violent Civil
Rights
movement,and
Malcolm
X,who
advocated
violence
in
self
defense,and
attempted
to
separate
themselves
from
whith
society.60
年
代美国有名的黑人运动领袖为马丁。路德。金和迈克姆
..X.
16
．
Nixon resigned because of
Watergate Scandal
,the first president
to do so in American history.
水门事件使尼克松成为
美国历
史上第一位辞职的总统。
17
．
From the mid-sev
enties
onwards ,the U.S suffered from‖stagflation‖,that
is ,the occurrence of
stagnation and
inflation
at the
same time.<
/p>
从
70
年代中期开始，美国开始遭受
―
经济滞胀
‖
即经
济停滞与通货膨胀的同时出现。
名词解释。
1
．
The
Truman Doctrime
杜鲁门主义
5
．
The
New Frontier
（新边疆号召）
2
．
The
Marshal Plan (
马歇尔计划
)
6
．
The Counterculture
（反文化运动）
3
．
McCarthyism
（麦卡锡主义）
7
．
Watergate Scandal
（水门事件）
4
．
Montgomery bus boycott
（蒙哥马利联合抵制运动）
8
．
The
little Rock Incident
（小石城事件）
Chapter 4 the Economy
美国经济
1
．
The
U.S is by far the biggest industrial country in
the is first in such advanced field as computers,
space, nuclear energy
and electronics.<
/p>
到止前为止，美国是世界上最大的工业国，在计算机，宇航，核能和电子等先进领域居世界
首位。
2
．
Now
American
has
more
than
half
of
the
European
market
in
transistors,
oil
refining,farm
products,telecommunications,and
computers.
现在美国的晶体管，炼油，农产品，通讯和计算机占欧洲
市场分额的一半多。
3
．
The
U.S has less than 6% of the world’s it products
about 25% of the total world output
.
美国拥有不到
6%
世界人口，却生产出占世界
总产量的
25%
的产品。
4
．
The U.S has a free-market economy with
a dominant private sector.
The
privately owned and operated businesses, including
farms,produce about 85% of the total
output of goods and services. Of course,the
government has always been an important element
American economy.
美国经济是以私营为主的
自由市场经济。
(2002,44)
5
．
In
the postwar years government involvement was again
emphasized when the U.S adopted the Keynesian
theory in running the
economy.
But
the
American
economy
was
still
plagued
by
stagflation.
In
the
early
1980s,under
the
Reagan
Administration,
the
traditional Keynesian
theory was replaced by new monetarist policies.
二战后美国采纳了凯恩斯理论来管理国这经济，
再次强
调政府于预。但美国经济还是出现连年的经济滞胀，于是，在
80
年代初期，在里根政府的领导下，传统的凯恩斯理论被新
的货币主义政策所代
替。
6
．
The
cultivated land in the U.S makes up 21% of the
total land, and people who are engaged in farming
make up only
2.7% of the total
population. Yet the U.S grows
nearly
one fourth of the world’s grain and supplies a
half of all the exports of
grain in the
world.
It is the world‘s
leading exporter of agricultural products.
< br>在美国，耕地占国土总面积的
21%
，而从事农业生
产的人口只占总人口的
2
。
7%
。然而，美国还生产出占全世界近
1/4
的粮食。美国是世界上最大的农产口出口国。
(
记数字：美国的阿姨
[21%]
是种
粮食的超级高手，只用了一只鹅
[2]
和一只鸡
[7][2.7%]
，就生产了世界
1/4
的粮食，出口占世
界出口总量的一半！
)
7
．
The
U.S ranks first in the production and export of
corn.
It produces nearly 50% of the
corn in the Corn Belt is in
the
Midwest. Iowa is the leading corn-producing
state.
The Midwest is the most
important agricultural region of the U.S.
美国的
玉米产量几乎占到世界总产量的
50%
，是世界最大的玉米生产和出口国，玉米带主要位于中西部地区，爱荷华是主要的玉
< br>米生产州，中西部是美国最重要的农业区。
[IOWA
人爱荷花，天天做在荷花上面吃玉米！
]
8
．
Wheat
is
American‘s most important food crop. It
is second only to corn in production
every year.
The Wheat Belt is located
near the Corn Belt in the Midwest.
小麦是美国最重要的食用作物，小麦带也位于中西部地区。
9
．
The U.S ranks second in the export of
rice in the world after Thailand.
美国的大米出
口量仅次于泰国，居世界第二位。
10
．
The
Midwest
is
the
nation‘
leading
center
of
heavy
industry.
Texas
is
t
he
country’s
leading
state
in
oil
and
natural
gas
deposits.
中西部是
美国最重要的重工业中心，得克萨斯是美国石油和天然气储量最大的州。
（记得克萨斯是美国石油和天然气储量最大的州：
得
了
咳
嗽拼命吹
萨
克
斯
，吹出了石油和天然气！
）
11
．
Huston
is
now
the
greatest
commercial
center
of
the
Southwest
and
the
chemical
capital
of
the
world.
It
is
a
center
of
petrochemical and synthetic rubber
production . It is also the home of the space cent
er.
休斯敦被称作世界化工之都，是美国西南部
地区最大的商
业中心，也是石油化工和合成橡胶中心，还是宇航中心所在地。
（小石墩
[
休斯敦
]
是个矮个子种花工人
[
化工
]
，他用石油浇花
[
石油化工
]
，长出橡胶，用橡胶给宇航员做衣服。
）
12
．
The state of
California
now has passed
New York as the most populous state. It is now
first in manufacturing ,especially the
manufacture of
aircraft
parts and missiles ,and in shipbuilding ,as well
as in food production.
加利福尼亚为美国人口最大的
州，其飞机和导弹加工业，造船业和食口加工业居世界首位。
5
SA
T
写作素材（
1~11
页：美国概况；
12~
末页：名人素材）
tly U.S.
exports
are about 15% of
the world’s
total
. The U.S imports about
13% of all world
imports
,Canada is the
largest single source of goods imports
by the U.S., outside
of
North American, Europe is the largest source of im
ports.
当前美国的
出口额占世界总出口额的确良
15%
，进口额占到期
13%
< br>，加拿大是美国进口产品的最大来源地，在北美以外，欧洲则是最
大的进口来源。
e soil,
forests, water, and minerals are the major natural
resources in the U.S.
肥沃的土壤，广袤的森林，充足的水源和
丰
富的矿藏是美国的主要自然资源。
[
水木
年华，
土
里藏
金
]
15.
Unemploument, inflation
,financial deficit, and trade deficit
are the trouble that always face the U.S.
失业，
通货膨胀，
财政赤
字和贸易
赤字是美国一直面临的问题。
16
．
The estimated
number of people living under the poverty line in
1995 was
35.7 million
which
made up
about 14% of the total
< br>population
.
据估计，
1995
美国生活在贫困线以下的人口达
3570
万人，占总人口的
14%
。
17
，
The leading
farm products in the U.S are corn ,wheat ,rice
,soybeans, oranges, meat, milk, apple, oats,
cotton, tobacco, etc.
美国
的主要农作
物有玉米，小麦，大米，大豆，桔子，肉类，牛奶，苹果，燕麦和烟草等。
18
．
The Midwest
round the Great Lakes, the Middle Atlantic state,
the south, and the Pacific Coast are the major
industrial regions of
the U.S.
五大湖区周围的中西部，大西洋中部各州，南部和太平洋沿岸为美国主要的工业区。
必背解释：
1
。
Monetarist
policies(
货币主义政策
)
Since
the
American
economy
was
plagued
by
stagflation,
in
the
early
1980s,
the
traditional
Keynesian
theory
(
传统的凯恩斯理
论
)was
replaced by new monetarist, which sought to fight
inflation by increasing supply and reducing
demand, On one hand ,taxes
were cut to
increase economic dynamism. On the other hand,
interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of
money.
2
。
Briefly discuss
the factors that contributed to the fast growth of
the American economy.
简要论述美国经济迅速增长的几个因数：
The fast growth of the American economy
has been contributable to many factors:
(
天时地利人和
)
1> The geographical location of the
U.S. provides very good conditions for the country
to grow and become strong.
2>the U.S
has been blessed by being a land rich in mineral
resources and fertile farm soil, together with a
moderate climate.
3>American has been
fortunate in having enough people to provide the
labor necessary for a constantly expanding
economy.
4>The U.S has a skillful and
willing labor force. The American labor force is
not only hard-working ,but also willing to
experiment,
to change and to learn new
technology.
Chapter 5
Political institution
（政治制度）
1
．
The
American Constitution is the oldest written
constitution in the world.
It was draw
up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.
美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，它起草于
1787
年，生
效于
1789
年。
< br>（美国宪法最老了，功力也最深厚，一
[1]
口气
[7]
把
[8]
气<
/p>
[7]
吹到八瓶啤酒
[89]
上，然后一次把酒吸完。
）
2
．
In
1787,Congress called for a meeting of delegate
from all the states to revise the Articles of Conf
ederation.1787
年，
国会召开各
州代表参加的大会，主要目的是修改有明显缺点的《联邦条款》
。
3
．
The
government
is
divided
into
three
branched:
the
legislative
,the
executive
,and
the
judicial.
Each
branch
has
part
of
the
powers but
not all the power.
美国政府被分为
3
部分：立法机构，行政机构和司法机构。
4
．
In either case,
amendments must have the approval of
three-fourths of the states
before they enter into force.
有两种情可以提出
修改宪法条款，但不管是哪种，修正案必须经过
3/4
的批准才能生效。
（好记：如果宪法不是
3/4
批准的话，那就是不
3
< br>不
4
了！
）
5
．
The President
of the U.S is the head of the executive branch and
the head of the state elected by the whole nation.
The Constitution
requires the President
to be
a
natural-born
American
citizen
at
least 35 years
of
age
. The
president election was held every 4
years
.
宪法规定总统必须是美
国本土出生的美国公民，至少年满
35
岁，总统选举每四年举行
一次。
（记至少
35
岁才能当总
统：无厘头搞笑：美国人怕黑，只有上午
[35]
才有人出来当总统，下午天黑了就没有总统了。
）
6
．
In American ,
the
―winner
-take-
all‖ system
applies in all states expect Maine.
在美国，
嬴者全赢的制度适用于除缅因州外
的各州。
（
< br>Maine,
谐音，免了，所以免了赢者通吃的制度）
7
．
The
electors of all fifty states and the District of
Columbia-a total of 538 persons-comprise what is
known as the Electoral College.
To be
successful, a candidate for the Presidency must
receive 270 votes.
50
个州加上哥伦比亚
特区共有
538
位总统候选人，他
们组
成选举团，要成为美国总统，候选人则要获得
270
票。
8
．
The
presidential term of 4 years begin on Jan 20
following the November election, The president
publicly takes an eath of office,
which
is administered by the
Chief Justice of the U.S.
A president
can be elected to office only twice.
美国总
统任期为
4
年，每
位总统任期最多只能
两届，总统宣誓就职仪式是由美国首席大法官主持的。
6
SAT
写作素材（
1~11
页：美国概况；
12~
末页：名人素材）
9
．
Article I of the Constitution grants
all legislative power of the federal government to
a Congress composed of two chambers,
a
Senate and a House of
Representatives
. The Senate is composed
of 2 members from each state, Membership in the
House is
based
on population
and its size
is therefore not specified
in the Constitution.
国会由参议院和众议院组成，
参议院由各州派出两名议员
共同组成，众议院成员数则按各州人口及大小而定
，因此众议院人数宪法没有具体规定。
10
．
The Constitution requires that U.S.
Senators must be at least
30 years of
age, citizens of the U.S for at least 9
years,
and
residents of the states from
which they are
elected.
The
senatorial term is 6
years,
and
every 2 years
one-third
of the Senate
stands for re-election.
宪法规定美
国参议员必须是年满
30
岁有美国公民资格
9
年以上的公民，
并且是选其为议员的州的居民，
参议员任期为
6
年，且每
2
年改选
1/3
的议员。
11
．
Menber of the House of Representative
must
be at least 25, citizens for 7
years
, and residents of the states
which send them to
Congress. Today, the
House is composed of 435 members. Since members of
the House serve two-year terms, the life of a
Congress
is considered to be 2 years.
宪法规定美国众议员必须是年满
25
岁有美
国公民资格
7
年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的
居民，现在，众议院由来
35
名议员组成，由于
众议员任期为
2
年，所以国会任期往往被认为是
2
年。
12
．
Each house of the Congress has the
power to introduce legislation on any subject,
except revenue bills which must first
come
from the House of Representatives.
除了税收法案必须首先由众议院提出，国会的两院各自有权就任何提议立法。
13
．
The Constitution provides that
the
Vice president shall be president
of the Senate.
He has no vote, except
in a case of a tie.
The House of
Representatives choose its own presiding
officer-
the Speaker of the House
.
宪法规定由美国副总统担任参议院议
长，议长不参加
投票，除非出现两派票数相等的情况，众议院则选出他自己的主持官员，
-
众议院议长。
14
．
According to the Constitution,
the judicial power of the U.S shall be
vested in one Supreme Court.
The
judicial system has
evolved into the
present structure:
the Supreme Court,
11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3
courts of special jurisdiction.
are appointed by the President and
confirmed by the Senate
.
根据宪法
规定，美国的司法权属于最高法院，司法体
系结构为：最高法院，
11
个上诉法院，
91
个地方法院，
3
个有特殊司法权的法院，美国的法官是由总统任命并由参议院
批
准的。
15
．
The Supreme Court is the highest court
of the U.S and is the only organ which has the
power to interpret the Constitution. The
Supreme Court at present
consists of a Chief Justice and 8
Associate Justices.
最高法院是美国最高等的法院，
也是惟一有权解释
宪法的机构，目前法院由一名首席大法官和
8
名助理法官组成。
16
．
The Supreme Court
has
original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases:
those
involving
foreign dignitaries, and
those to
which a state in a party.
17
．
In
general,
American
has
a
two-party
system.
There
are
two
major
political
parties
in
America:
the
Democrats
and
the
Republicans
. There have been
four periods in the history of political parties
in American.
一般说来，
美国实行的是两党制，<
/p>
两大主
要政党为：民主党和共和党，美国政党的历史可分为四个时
期。
18
．
The first period of the party system in
American refer to the appearance of the
Federalists and the Anti-federalists. The third
phase of the two-party system ran from
the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party
dominating the political scene for most of
the time.
美国政党制的第一阶段出现了两个主要党派
，联邦派和反联邦派，第三阶段从
9
世纪
60
年代到达
9
世纪
20
年代，
绝大部分时间是共和党执政。
（
2002
，
21
题）
19
．
In the 28 terms of the
House of Representatives
from 1933 to 1989,the Democrats enjoyed
a majority of 26 terms, in the
Senate,
the Democrats had a majority for 23 terms.
< br>从
1933
年到
1989
年的
28
届众议院中，
民主党在
6
届中拥有多数席位，
在参
议院中民主党在于
23
届中拥有多数席
位。
20
．
After the 1828 election of Andrew
Jackson, the Democratic-Republican party split.
The main faction, led by Andrew Jackson,
called themselves
the
Democratic Party,
while the faction
opposed to Jackson formed
the Whig
party
in 1834.1828
年安德鲁。杰
克逊当选总统后，民主共和党分裂，由安德鲁。杰克逊领导的主派自称为民主党，反对杰克逊的一
派于
1834
年另立辉格党
必背解释：
1.
联邦制：
the Federal system
3.
―winner
-talk-
al
―system(
羸者全羸
)
2. the Bill of Right
<
权利法案》
必背问答：
1
．
What mechanism did the writers of the
American Constitution introduce to provide
safeguards?
They introduced the
mechanism of separation of powers and checks and
balances.
ing to the Constitution, what
judicial power does the President have?
The president has the power to give
reprieves(
缓刑
)and
pardons(
赦免
)in dederal
criminal cases.
3
。
What are the two special powers of the
Senate?
There are two
special powers: one is to confirm presidential
appointments of high officials of the federal
government; the other is to
ratify all
treaties by a two-thirds vote.
4.
What is the cause for the
decline of the influence of political
parties?
There are two major
factors:1>the
decline of patronage
using the Party‘s influence to bring material
benefits to its followers;2>the
7
SAT
写作素材（
1~11
页：美国概况；
12~
末页：名人素材）
wide
use of direct primarsies in nominating candidates
for public office.
（
1
< br>。利用党的影响给其追随者利益的特权减小了，
2
，广<
/p>
泛采用直接初选提名公职候选人）
Chapter 6 Education
教育
1
．
It
is
a
general
view
that
every
American
has
the
right
and obligation
to
become
educated.
American
believe
that
,through
education,
an
individual
acquires
the
knowledge,
skill
,attitudes
and
abilities
which
will
enable
him
to
fit
into
society
and
improve his social status. Education
helps to shape the society and develop the
national strength
。在美国，人们普遍认识是，
每一个人都有受教育的权利和义务，通过受教育，人们可以更好的适应社会，提高自身的社会地位，教育有助 于塑造社会，
增强国家实力。
（
200
0
，
46
题，一句话回答）
2
．
Formal
education
in
the
U.S
consists
of
elementary
,secondary
and
higher
education,
Elementary
and
secondary
education,which
forms public education, is free and compulsory.
美国正规的教育由初等，中等和高等教育组成，初等，中等教育
属公立
教育，是免费和义务的。
3
．
In
American ,there are more public elementary and
secondary schools that private ones, while private
colleges and universities
outnumber
public ones.
在美国，公立中小学比私立多，而私立大学比公立大学多。<
/p>
4
．
Under
the
Tenth
Amendment
to
the
U.S
Constitution,
education
was
included
among
the
responsibilities
which
were
―res
erved to the states or
the people:.
根据美国宪法第十修正案，教育是：保留给各州或人民：的责
任之一。
5
．
There is not a national system of
education in the United States, It is the state
that establishes policies for the education within
its
boundary, so many variations can be
found in the education system of the 50 states.
美国没有全国统一的教育体制，而是由各州为
自己辖区内的学校制订政
策，所以
50
个州的教育体制相差很大。
6
．
Elementary and secondary education in
the U.S covers 12 years for ages 6 through
18
, All the states have laws that
require
children to go to school,
generally until the age of 16, unless they are
severely handicapped.
美国初等和中等教育共
< br>12
年，从
6
岁
到期
8
岁，所有州要求孩子们上学上到期
16
岁，除非他们严重残疾。
7
．
In American, the total support for
public schools is about 186 billion a year, about
7% of the gross national product(GNP)
在美
国，给公立学校的财政资助一年约
1850
亿美元，约占国民生产总值的
7%
。
8
．
Each local school district of American
has a governing board whose major responsibilities
are
1>the hiring of professional
and
support
staff,
2>determining
the
most
suitable
local
curriculum,
3>and
developing
and
approving
a
budget
to
carry
out
educational programs.
Usually the board of education employs a
superintendent of school, who is the chief
executive officer at the
local
< br>level.
每个地方学区都有一个由选民选举产生的管理委员会，它主要有三个
职责，
1
。聘用教师和学校员工，
2<
/p>
。决定适
合当地的课程，
3
。制定和批准执行教育计划的预算，通常，教育委员会要选一位督学，作为地方一级的重要教育行政官
员。
9
．
The
typical
organizational
pattern
for
elementary
and
secondary
schools
is
that
of
graded
schools
.
Usually,
the
elementary
school covers
grades 1-8 and the high school 9-12.
美国中
小学典型的组织模式是年级制，通常，小学包括
1
到
8
年级，中学
包括
9
到
12
年级。
10
．
There
is
a
certain
degree
of
similarity
in
the
American
elementary
school
curriculum.
It
mainly
consists
of
mastery
of
the
―basics‖ such as reading, writing, and
arithmetic of mathematics.
美国各小学的课程有某种程度
的相似之处，
要是对
―
基础课
的掌握，这些基础包括阅读，写作，和算术或数学等。
11
．
Higher education of the U.S began with
the founding of Harvard College in 1636
.
美国的高等教育始于
1636
年哈佛
学院
的建立。
（
2001
，
22
选择）
12
．
The system of higher education in the
U.S has
three principal functions:
teaching, research and public service.
美
国高等教
育有三大职能：教学，研究，和公众服务。
13
．
In American, there are the best
research universities such as Harvard, Yale,
Princeton, Columbia and MIT in the east, as well
as
Stanford and Berkeley on the west co
ast.
美国最好的科研型大学有位于东部的哈佛，耶鲁，普林斯顿，哥伦比亚，和麻省
理工
大学，位于西海岸的斯坦福大学和伯克利大学。
14
．
The administration of most colleges and
universities is quite separate from that of the
school. But there are three State board that
set policy for education at all levels
in respective state, They are the
State
Boards of New York, Rhode Island ,and Michigan
.
大多
数学院和大学的行政管理是与中小学分开
的，但有
3
个州例外，它们是纽约，罗得岛，和密歇根州。
（这三个州字头串起来
是
MR.
New=
牛先生）
15
．
Except
for
some
college
sponsored
by
the
Catholic
Church,
all
college
and
universities
in
the
U.S
,public
or
private,
are
governed by a board of trustees
composed primarily of laymen
.
除了一些由天主教会赞助的大学外，
美国所有的大学都是由一
个主要的由外行人员组成的托管委员会管理。
8
SAT
写作素材（
1~11
页：美国概况；
1
2~
末页：名人素材）
16
．
The communit
y college calls
for education to serve the good of both the
individual and society. It embodies Thomas
Jefferson‘s
belief that an education
should be practical as well as liberal.
社区学院奉行教育既为个人又为社会服务的宗旨，
它包含了托马斯。
杰斐逊教育既是实用的又是自由这一信仰。
17
．
By
the mid-1980s, a wave of education reform swept
the country. These reform had two
focuses:1>
the raising of the standards
of teaching and learning;2>the
restructuring of the schools
.
到
80
年代中期席卷全国的教育改革的浪潮有两个重点
1
》提高教
学标准
2
》学校的结构改革。
18
．
In
1983, a report entitled ―A Nation At Risk‖
was issued which cited high rates of
adult illiteracy, declining SA
T scores,
the
decline of educational standards.
The report put forward five proposals.1983
< br>《危险中的国家》发表，引用了成人文盲比例高，学
生技能下降，教育水准下降等
例子，该报告提出了五点建议。
19
．
On
April 18,1991, President Bush issued his
plan‖ American 2000:An Education
strategy‖ which set six goals.
必背简答：
1
．
What are the three principle functions
of the system of higher education in the U.S?
teaching
、
research
and public service
2. What
is the guiding principle of community college?
It is higher education for everyone and
the philosophy that equality must equal
opportunity for self-realization and for the
recognition of individual
differences.
3.
What is the difference
between an academic high school and a technical
high school?
is
the chief executive officer under the local board
of education in America?
The
superintendent of schools is the chief executive
officer at the local level.
are the three type of American high
schools?
They are comprehensive ,
academic, vocational , and technical
schools.
are
two focuses of the reforms in the 1980s when a
wave of education reform swept the country?(the
answer is 17
—
答案是上
述第
17
条
)
7
．
Why
does the number of graduate school enrollment in
American keep climbing?
Because an advance
d degree
is viewed as a key way to move ahead people‘s
careers.
8.
According to the report
entitled :A Nation At Risk‖ issued in 1983, what
are the :new basics‖ for all students graduating
from high school?
The ―new
basics‖ are four years of English ,
three
year of mathematics, three years
of science , three years of
social
studies, and a half-year of computer science.
Chapter 7 Literature,
Architecture and Music
文化，建筑和音乐
1
．
Benjamin Franklin
was the only writer in the colonial
period whose works are read today ―Lost time is
never found again‖,
―God helps those
who help themselves ―are very famous saying in his
Poor Richard‘s Almanac.
本杰明。富兰克大是殖民地时期唯<
/p>
一一位作家至今仍广为传诵的作家
―
光阴
一去不复回
‖―
自助者，天助之，都是他《穷理查的年鉴》中的
名言。
2
．
Benjamin
Franklin’s
uncompleted
Autobiography
is
perhaps
the
first
real
American
writing
as
well
as
the
first
real
autobiography in Englis
h.
本杰明。富兰克林没完成的自传可能是第一本真正的美国作品，也是第一本用英语写
的自传
.
3
．
Washington Irving was the first
American writer who gained international
fame.
His most famous book The Sketch
Book
contains two of the best-love
stories from American literature:
华盛顿
.
欧
文是第一个
获得国际知名度的美国作家，他最著名的一本书《见闻札记》
，它包括了美国文学两个最
受欢迎的故事《瑞普。
凡。温克尔》和《睡谷的传奇》
4
．
In the early part of the 19th century,
New York City was the center of American writing
.Its writers were called
:
Knickerbockers
and
the period from 1810 to
1840 is called the ―Knickerbockers Era‖
of the American literature. 19
世纪早期，纽约城是
美国的
写作中心，这里的作家被称为纽约市人，从
1810-1
840
年的三十年被称为美国文学的
―
纽约市人时期。
5
．
In
1936, Emerson published his famous book
Nature, which is the clearest statement
of Transcendentalist ideas.
In 1837,
Emerson gave a speech at Harvard
University:
―The American Scholar‖,
which was
considered the intellectual
Declaration of
independence
.
1836
年，爱默生出版了其著作《自然》该书对先验主义作了最清楚的阐述，
1837
年，爱默生在哈佛大学发表
了题为《美
国的学者》的演讲，该演讲被认为是知识分子的独立宣言。
6
．
In
The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne consider the effect
on an individual’s character of guilty conscience,
of hypoc
risy, and of
hatred.
霍桑在代表作《红字》中对人物性格的内疚，虚伪和憎恨的外部影响提出了自己的看法。
9 <
/p>
SAT
写作素材（
1~11
页：美国概况；
12~
末页：名人素材）
7
．
Mark Twain’s
famous works
are:1>
The Adventure of Tom
Sawyer
.
汤姆。索亚历险记
2> the Adventures of huckleberry Finn(
his masterwork)
哈克贝利。费恩历险记
3>A Tramp Abroad
浪迹天涯
4>
Life on the
Mississippi
密西西比河上的生活
5>The
Gilded Age
镀金时代
6>
Innocents
Abroad
无知者的国外游
（一句话简答的可能）
（马克。吐温
的著作：
.
汤姆和哈克贝利都喜欢冒险，两人决定一起去浪迹天
涯，去尝试密西西比河上的生活，后来他们开
着一条镀金的船顺着密西西比河漂流到了国
外，做了一次无知者的国外游。
）
8
．
In
Walt Whitman’s
masterpiece
Leaves of Grass
, he praised
the ideas of equality and democracy and celebrated
the dignity, the
self-
reliant spirit and the
joy of the common man. ―Song of Myself‖ is
Whitman‘s very famous works.
Whitman
was the first to
explore fully the
possibilities of free verse.
惠特曼是探索自由诗体可
能性的第一个，
他在他的代表作
《草叶集》
中歌颂了平等，
民主的思想，赞美了尊严，自立精神和普通百姓的快乐，
《自我之歌》是惠特曼又一名作。
9
．
Emily Dickson
wrote nearly 1800 poems and only seven of them
were published during her lifetime. Death was one
of the great
themes of her work and she
seldom lost sight of the
grave.
死亡是迪金森作品的一大主题。
10
．
Sister Carrie
is Theodore Dreiser’s
first
novel.
Dreiser is also famous for his
Trilogy of Desire(The Financier, The Titan, and
The Stoic), and An American Tragedy,
which is considered to be his best.
《
嘉丽妹妹》
是德莱塞的第一部小说，
德莱塞还
因其
〈欲
望三部曲〉
―
金融家
‖―
巨人
‖―
斯多葛
‖
以及〈美国国悲剧〉而闻名于世，它也
被认为是他最好的一部作品。
（
2001
。
46
问答）
12
．
Thomas Sterns Eliot won the Nobel Prize
for Literature in 1946
. His
masterpiece, ―
The Waste
Land
‖ reveals the spiritual
crisis of Post War Europe, and is
considered the manifesto of the ―Lost Generation‖.
托马斯。
艾略特于
1946
年获得诺贝尔文学奖，
《荒原》是其代表用，展现了战后欧洲的精神危机，
被认为是
―
迷惘的一代的宣言书。
13
．
Ernest
Hemingway
won
the
Nobel
Prize
for
Literature
in
1954
,
The
sun
Also
Rises
is
his
important
novel.
His
other
important works include
Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Old Man
and the Sea.
海明威
1954
年获得诺贝尔文学奖，
《太阳照样升起》是他的第一部重要作品，他的其他著名作品
还有《永别了，武器》
，
《丧钟为谁而鸣》
《老人与海》
（一句话
简答的可能）
（
2001
。
24
< br>选择）
14
．
Hughes and Wright were the major
figures of Black writers
. Hughes was
regarded as
Black American’s poet
laureate
. In
his masterpiece
―
The Weary Blues
‖, he
explains the everyday life in Harlem.
Native
Son is Wright‘s
masterpiece. It is the first book
by a
Black author about the Black life.
Black Boy
was an
autobiography relating the bitter experience of
Wright‘s youth.
休斯和赖特
是美国黑人作家的
代表人物，休斯被认为是美国黑人
―
桂冠诗人
< br>‖
，其代表作为《疲惫的黑人伤感歌》
〈土生子〉是赖特
的代
表作，它是第一部关于赖特青年时期苦难经历的自传。
15
．
In the 1920s,Black Literature developed
into an upsurge which has come to be known as
the Harlem Renaissance.
美国文学<
/p>
的：哈莱姆复兴
―
发生在
20
世纪
20
年代。
16
．
The first uniquely American
contribution to architecture was the Skyscraper,
which was perfected in the late 19th century by
the
Chicago architect,
Louis
Sullivan
. Sears Tower is the tallest
building in the world, which was completed in 1974
in Chicago.
摩天大
楼是美国人对建筑的第一个贡献
，它是由芝加哥建筑师路易斯。沙利文完成的，西尔斯大厦是世界是最高的建筑物。
17
．
In American, Jazz, Rock and Role,
Western and country m
usic are the main
type of popular music. Jazz is considered the U.S‘
s
unique contribution to music.
< br>爵士乐，
摇滚乐和西部乡村音乐是美国流行音乐的几种形式，
爵士乐被认为是美国人对音乐的特
别贡献
Chapter 8 Holidays and
Festivals
(
参考中文译文，注意各节日的由来和习
俗。
)
1.
New Year‘s Day
12.
Christmas Day
(December 25)
2.
Martin Luther King‘s Day (Third
Monday of January)
3.
Lincoln‘s
Birthday (February 12)
4.
Valentine‘s
Day (February 14)
5.
Washington‘s
Birthday (February
22)
6.
Easter
Sunday
(A
Sunday
in
March or April)
7.
Memorial
Day
(Last
Monday
in
May)
8.
Independence
Day (July 4)
9.
Halloween (October 31)
10.
Veterans‘
Day
11.
Thanksgiving
Day
(Fourth
Thursday of
November)
10
SAT
写作素材（
1~11
页：美国概况；<
/p>
12~
末页：名人素材）
美国概况经济篇
一
.
自然资源
美国
:Fertile soil is one of
the most important natural resouces in the United
States. America's forest resources are among the
world's largest.
Another
natural
resource
that
contributes
to
the
welfare
of
the
country
is
water.
America
is
the
leaders
in
production
of
Coal,iron
ore,cpper,oil,sulfur,lead and zine. But
short for tin,manganese,and nikel.
二
.
农业
美国
:Yet the United States
grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and
supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the
world.
It
ranks
first,second,or
third
in
the
production
and
export
of
corn,
wheat,
rice,
soybeans,
oranges,
meat,milk,
apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo,
peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.(
具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上
P289-291)
三
.
制造业
,
工业
美
国
:The
untied
States
ranks
first,second,third
or
fourth
in
the
world
in
the
production
of
crude
steel,passenger
cars,commercial
vehicles,chemicals,radio
sets,television sets,and other manufacturing
cturing accounts for about one quarter of the
GDP,about one
quarter of the national
income,and over one fifth of the work force.
The
industrial
regions
are
the
Midwest(the
nations's
leading
centre
of
heavy
industry)
round
the
Great
Lakes,the
Middle
Atlantic
states,the
South,and the Pacific Coast.
四
.
对外贸易
美国
:Currenty U.S. exports are
about 15% of the world's Unites States imports
about 13% of all world imports.
Canada
is the largest single source og goods imported by
the U.S.,accounting for nearly 30% of the total.
Outside of North America,Europe is
the
largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia
provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from
Latin America,Africa,and Australia.
五
.
当今面临的问题
美国
:The Untied States has a
free-market economy with a dominant private
sector. So the economy system of the United States
is principally
privately today,many of
American people still live under the poverty line.
Unemployment,inflation,finacial
deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that
always face the United States.
11
SAT
写作素材（
1~11
页：美国概况；
12~
末页：名人素材）
第二章、名人事迹（必备素材）
1.
Wangari
Maathai
Kenyan
environmentalist and human rights campaigner
Wangari Maathai has won the Nobel Peace Prize. She
is the first African woman to
be
awarded the peace prize since it was created in
1901.
A surprised Mrs Maathai broke the news
to reporters minutes before the official
announcement.
The prize
committee says Mrs Maathai, Kenya's Deputy
Environment
Minister(
助理环境部长
), is an
example for all Africans fighting for
democracy and peace.
The delighted
64-year-old professor said the award was
completely unexpected.
In the late 1970s, Mrs
Maathai led a campaign called the Green Belt
Movement to plant tens of millions of trees across
Africa to slow
deforestation(
采伐森林
) .
The
movement
grew to include projects to preserve biodiversity,
educate people about their environment and promote
the rights of
women and girls.
Known as
凤凰木
) in
her home town of Nyeri,
in the shadow
of Mount Kenya.
She said she was delighted
that the vital role of the environment had been
recognized.
we fight over
that
The committee says she has combined
science with social engagement and politics, and
has worked both locally and internationally.
The
professor was the 12th woman peace laureate since
the first award was first made in 1901.
A
spokesman for the Kenyan government said his
country was honored.
Alfred Mutua
said.
Mrs Maathai beat a record 194
nominations, including former chief United Nations
weapons inspector Hans Blix and the head of the
UN energy watchdog, Mohamed ElBaradei,
to win the prize.
Mrs Maathai is the second
woman in a row to be awarded the peace prize,
which last year went to Iranian lawyer Shirin
Ebadi for her
work for the rights of
women and children in Iran.
The award,
which includes 10 million Swedish kronor ($$1.3m)
is awarded in Oslo on 10 December each year.
2.
Reeve was real-life
'Superman'
Although he will
always be remembered for portraying
of
sufferers of spinal cord
injuries(
脊椎损伤患者中的斗士
) and an
advocate of stem cell
research(
干细胞研究
).
Unlike the man of steel, he wasn't
faster than a speeding bullet, more powerful than
a locomotive and he couldn't leap tall buildings
in a
single bound.
But the courage and determination Reeve
displayed in trying to overcome his paralysis from
a 1995 horse-riding accident far surpassed any
of the feats of the comic book
hero(
连环画英雄
).
Research
Council(
英国医学研究学会主任
) said.
彻底改变
)
by that experience and brought the kind
of energy and enthusiasm that made him
successful as a film star to an entirely different
issue, with huge effect.
Reeve,
52,
died
on
October
10
of
heart
failure(
心脏功能衰竭
)
after
having
treatment
for
an
infected
pressure
wound(
伤口严重感染
)
without realizing his dream of walking
again.
But in the nine
years since his accident, he made personal
progress to regain some
feeling(
重新获得了人们的尊敬和欣赏
),
established the
Christopher Reeve
Paralysis Foundation, a non-profit research
organization, and used his fame to raise millions
of dollars for research into spinal
cord injuries.
He also provided hope and inspiration
to other patients and lobbied for scientists to be
allowed to conduct stem cell research in the hopes
of
eventually curing paralysis and
other illnesses such as diabetes and Alzheimer's
and Parkinson's
disease(
糖尿病、阿兹海默症和巴金森氏症
).
想起、回忆
) a picture
of Christopher Reeve,
Paul Smith,
executive director of the Spinal Injuries
Association in England.
It
is because of Reeve that spinal cord injuries and
stem cell research are so widely discussed,
according to Smith. The fact that it happened
to Reeve showed it can affect anyone,
even Superman.
Reeve did
not live long enough to see whether stem cell
research could help restore movement to the
paralyzed. The research is still in its
early days and no one knows what
advances it may bring.
3.
Adventurer
Fossett launches solo balloon trip
The giant high-altitude balloon, bathed
in the desert's golden morning light, drifted
slowly into the sky above Northam, a small mining
town
100 km (62 miles) east of Perth,
just after 7.00 a.m. (2300 GMT).
Fossett had delayed inflating the
aircraft for six and a half hours due to
unfavourable winds, but with time running out
before the arrival of
the morning's hot
thermals, he gave the order to fill the balloon
with helium for a dawn launch.
Fossett
waved to around 100 townsfolk as he entered the
capsule for an eastward circumnavigation that he
expects will take 15 days.
the all-important
heating works,
12
SAT
写作素材（
1~11
页：美国
概况；
12~
末页：名人素材）
The millionaire former
stockbroker has made a series of failed attempts
to fly solo in a balloon around the world.
The last attempt to inflate the giant
balloon for a launch on June 17 from the
Australian gold mining town of Kalgoorlie ended in
disaster
when a freak wind tore it
apart.
Fossett's fourth solo bid ended
in near disaster in 1998, when a thunderstorm off
Australia's northeastern coast shredded his canopy
and sent
him plummeting 29,000 feet
(9,000 metres) into the Coral Sea. He was unhurt.
This year Fossett, 57, decided to
launch in western Australia, some 600 km (400
miles) from the Indian Ocean, to have a better
chance of
avoiding thunderstorms in the
South Pacific and gain time to detect problems
while still over land.
4.
Laughing
Matter-Woman Resorts to Comedy to Confront the
Trauma of Cancer
Minutes after doctors
delivered Nate by emergency C-section, Southcott
went into surgery. The diagnosis was ovarian
cancer.
Suddenly tears and chemotherapy
overtook her life. But the lowest moment came
after she lost all her hair and a free wig
arrived.
She tried it on as her older
son Kyler watched.
That was
when she started laughing a lot, and found it was
the perfect medicine.
Using
herself as
a bald
model,
Bonnie started her own line of greeting cards and
a calendar. Each pose pokes fun at the
tribulations of
chemo.
Even though Southcott's
ovarian cancer is in remission, the diagnosis is
no laughing matter - a 25-percent chance she will
live for another
two-years.
She plans to appreciate every moment of
motherhood. And she plans to laugh.
5.
Spacewoman
Stuck in Orbit with Too Much Shrimp
Peggy
Whitson,
the
American
astronaut
spending
her
130th
day
in
space,
said
on
Sunday
that
she
was
happy
in
orbit,
but
maybe
she
brought
along too much shrimp.
said
Whitson, the science officer on the International
Space Station .
A quick check of the
station's manifest showed that Whitson had planned
more than 40 shrimp meals for her stay.
The three members of the
space station's Expedition Five team held a joint
news conference with the six astronauts from the
space shuttle
Atlantis on Sunday.
studies on the station.
When someone asked about her plans for
Christmas, Whitson said
my home right
now. I don't have my husband, but other than that,
this is my home.
Whitson, due to return
to Earth with Korzun and Treschev aboard a U.S.
shuttle in November, said some changes in space
take more getting
used to than others.
Salsa can usually overcome space
blandness.
But calluses are another
matter. In weightlessness, she never actually
stands, but does sway about with her feet in foot
restraints.
here for a few
months,
6.
The flying Frenchman set to smash round
the world record
They are
calling him the Bob Beamon of sailing. And just
like Beamon, who astonished the world with his
record-breaking long-jump in
1968, the
French sailor Francis Joyon is rewriting the
nautical record books in an unprecedented fashion.
Joyon, 47, is now in the final stages
of an incredible voyage and on course to smash the
existing non-stop solo round-the-world record by
20 days. Once he crosses the finish
line off the Channel port of Brest on the morning
of February 3, he will have completed one of the
greatest
feats of single-handed sailing
in history.
Just
like
Beamon,
whose
leap
at
the
Mexico
Olympics
in
1968
broke
the
world
record
by
an
almost
unbelievable
21in
-
which
stood
unbeaten until 1991 - Joyon's expected
time of 73 days for the 26,000-mile global course
will have far exceeded what most thought possible
for
a solo sailor.
Joyon set sail in November on an
adventure some predicted would end in disaster.
The father of four from La Trinité
-sur-
Mer in Brittany
was undertaking the
voyage in the 90ft trimaran IDEC, a boat of
tremendous power with a huge rotating mast that
had been built to be raced by a
crew of
up to ten.
Many were worried that
Joyon would end up exhausted and IDEC would simply
flip over as she ran out of control in the
Southern Ocean.
Others
predicted that Joyon would be unable to handle
IDEC's enormous sails or that the boat could lose
her mast in the rough conditions
that
any round-the-world sailor inevitably would face.
There were also all the usual dangers -
collision with debris in the water, with ice
around Antarctica or the possibility that Joyon
would
collide with a ship while
sleeping.
When he set off, the solo
record stood at 93 days. Although Joyon was
sailing a much faster boat than the previous
record-holder, most saw
little chance
of him getting even close to 80 days.
Joyon had other ideas and over the past
71 days he has enjoyed good fortune with the
weather, rarely running out of wind. He has,
however,
also displayed extraordinary
stamina, determination and seamanship in keeping
IDEC running close to her full potential.
7.
Ronaldo: King of the World
Ronaldo Luiz Nazario de
Lima was born on 22 September 1976 in a poor
suburb of Rio de Janeiro. Like most of his
childhood friends,
Ronaldo began his
soccer career playing barefoot in the streets of
his neighborhood. At the age of 14, he joined
S
?
Cristovo soccer club and
only two years later became the star of
Cruzeiro Belo Horizonte scoring a total of 58
goals in 60 matches and earning himself a
reputation for his
13
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