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文
翻
译
学
院
能源与建筑工程学院
专
业
工程管理
导
师
学
生
2015
年
4
月
10
日
外
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THINKING
OF COST ENGINEERING PROJECT
Abstract:
The
premise
of
the
project
cost
management
is
to
meet
the
project
quality,
schedule, contract
requirements, as for the project costs, as well as
achieving the intended
target
by
planning,
organization,
control
and
coordination,
and
as
a
scientific
management
activities to reduce the cost
As
far
as
possible.
It
is
mainly
through
technology
(such
as
the
selection
of
the
construction plan), economic (such as
accounting) and management (such as construction
organization
management,
rules
and
regulations
etc.)
activities
to
achieve
the
intended
target and the
purpose of profit.
Cost is the sum of
all kinds of construction process in the project
cost. The content of cost
management is
very extensive, runs through every procedure and
every aspect of project
management
activities, from the signing of the contract to
the construction preparation,
until the
completion acceptance,
every link cannot do without the cost management.
As
for the complete process of cost
management to say, its content includes: cost
prediction,
cost
control,
cost
accounting,
cost
analysis
and
cost
assessment,
etc..
Here
only
to
analysis
through
three
aspects
:project
cost
forecast,
cost
control,
the
effective
way
reduce the cost to elaborate.
1. Do a good cost forecast, identify
the objectives of cost control
Cost
prediction
is
the
basis
of
cost
plan,
which
provide
the
basis
for
compiling
the
scientific, reasonable cost control
target. Therefore, to improve the scientific cost
forecast,
cost plan to reduce costs and
improve economic efficiency, which plays an
important role
in
engineering
management.
Strengthening
the
control
of
cost,
first
of
all
to
pay
more
attention on cost prediction is an
essential behavior. The main content of Cost
prediction
is
the
use
of
scientific
methods,
to
forecast
according
to
cost
target
of
the
project
,construction conditions, mechanical equipment,
and the quality of personnel of
the
project.
tion of
workers, material, cost
The first is to analysis
the project's artificial cost price, then analysis
the wages and
the market of the social
workers , according to the amount of time and
ready for the staff
to analysis if the
accommodation is covered in the project contract
price of labor cost.
The material costs accounted for a
large proportion of Construction and installation
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cost,
should
be
the
focus
to
accurately
grasp.
to
analysis
the
main
materials,
auxiliary
materials, other
materials, approved materials supply locations,
the purchase price, mode
of transport
and handling costs. analysis the quota material
specified in the specifications
with
the
actual
material
specifications
of
different
comparison
of
actual
use,
with
different cement content and quota
ratio, pooled analysis of budget in other
materials, in
the concrete practice to
be mixed with a certain amount of admixture.
③
Fees
for
using
machinery:
the
models
and
the
number
of
machinery
and
equipment bidding application in the
group is usually calculated by the construction
method of the quota, which is different
from the actual construction site in some ways,
and
work
efficiency
is
also
different.
Therefore,
We
have
to
measure
the
actual
forecast
happen
machine
cost.
At
the
same
time,
we
also
have
to
calculate
the
amortization machinery rental possible
fees and the purchase of new machinery and
equipment costs, approve the main
mechanical shift production quota.
1.2 Prediction of cost changes caused
by the plan of construction project
The
project after winning the bid, must develop
advanced and feasible in technology and
reasonable
construction
organization
design
according
to
the
actual
situation
of
the
construction
site
of
the
project,
combined
with
the
local
economy,
natural
and
geographical conditions, the
construction technology, equipment selection, and
the actual
situation of project
scheduling. Comparing the different between the
construction method
implemented by
applying group and tender preparation time, or the
different of quota of
construction
method to design a correct prediction.
tion of aided engineering fee
Aided engineering refers to engineering
quantity list or not given in the design drawings,
and
it
is
indispensable
in
construction,
such
as
concrete
mixing
station,
tunnel
construction of the
three tube line two, high pressure into the hole,
also need to predict by
construction
plan for actual.
1.4 .Prediction of
large temporary facilities fee
Prediction
of
large
temporary
work
fee
should
be
investigated
in
detail
and
fully
demonstration, to
determine a reasonable target values.
tion
of
small temporary facilities
fee, and the transferring of site fee
Small
temporary
facility
costs
include:
temporary
facilities
layout,
according
to
how
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much
time
period
and
planned
to
invest
in
personnel,
equipment
to
determine
the
temporary facilities scale and
standard, according to actual and reference of the
historical
data for the control of
construction in the objective value determination.
The transferring
of site should be
based on the distance and quasi transfer
personnel, equipment to predict
the
target value.
1.6. Prediction of the
risk of out of control of cost
Risk
analysis of project cost targets, is to implement
the prediction of the factors that may
affect
the realization of ex
ante analysis in
the project,
often can be
analyzed from
the
following aspects:
1) Understanding of the technical
characteristics of engineering project, such as
structural
characteristics, geological
features.
2) On the analysis of the
unit owners, including credit of owners of units ,
the availability
of funds, organization
and coordination ability.
3)
Analysis
of
internal
project
organization
system,
including
the
construction
organization
design, resources, quality and other aspects.
4) The analysis of traffic, energy,
electric power of project in local site.
5) Analysis on climate.
In
short,
through
the
prediction
of
the
main
cost
above,
we
can
determine
the
control
standard of worker,
material, machine and indirect costs, can also
determine the needed
time
to
complete
this
project
in
the
long
period,
so
to
finish
the
target
control
of
the
management fee.
Therefore, cost forecasting is the basis of cost
control.
the cost objectives,
determining the cost control principles
The
construction
project
cost
control
is
the
input
of
resources
in
the
implementation
process,
and
pay
attention
on
the
supervision
of
construction
process
and
the
results,
inspection and measurement, and to take
measures to
ensure achieving the
project cost
goals.
The
object of cost control is project, its subject is
the person's management activities, the
purpose
is
reasonable
use
of
manpower,
material
and
financial
resources,
reduce
cost,
increase benefit.
Therefore, the general principle of cost control
are:
2.1 Saving
principle
Save
means project save the human, material and
financial resources construction, which
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is
the
basic
principle
of
cost
control.
Saving
is
not
absolutely
negative
restriction
and
supervision,
but
to
create
a
condition
actively,
we
should
focus
on
the
per
inspection,
process control
, and check the deviation in the implementation
process, to optimize the
construction
scheme, improve the scientific management level of
the project to save.
2.2 The principle
of full control
The principle of full
control includes two meanings, namely the full
staff control and full
process control.
1) Project full staff control
Cost control consists of all
departments, team and staff in project
organization of work
involved, and
related to each of the vital interests of
employees, so should fully mobilize
the
enthusiasm of each department, each employee team
for controlling and concerning
about
the
cost,
to
establish
full
control
idea,
if
we
only
consider
that
cost
control
is
responsible for ore
settlement and financial matters, it is just one-
sided.
2) The entire process of project
cost control
The
project
cost
involves
the
entire
project
cycle,
the
whole
process
of
project
cost
formation,
from
the
beginning
of
construction
preparation,
through
the
construction
process
to
be
completed
after
the
transfer
of
the
warranty
period.
Therefore,
the
cost
control work is to
accompany each stage of project construction, such
as the formulation
of
optimal
construction
scheme
in
the
construction
preparation
stage,
according
to
the
requirements of design and construction
specification for construction, make full use of
existing
resources,
reduce
the
construction
cost,
and
ensure
the
project
quality,
reduce
project rework fee
and after the project there may form the transfer
of the warranty cost.
In
work
’
s acceptance stage, we
have to adopt timely manner to the additional
contract
price for the project
settlement, so that the cost of the project from
first to last can be hold
under effect
management.
2.3 Target control
principle
Target
management
is
the
basic
techniques
and
methods
of
management
activities.
It
realize the
plan policy, task, target and measures
and make that to be implemented by
decomposition.
In
the
implementation
process
of
the
management
of
objectives,
target
setting
should
be
practical,
the
more
detailed
the
better,
to
implement
the
department,
team
and
group
or
individual;
target
responsibility
should
be
comprehensive,
not
only
have
the
responsibility,
but
also
to
have
more
responsibility
of
cost;
combining
the
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responsibility,
right,
benefit,
make
effort
on
the
responsible
departments
(people)
for
examination and evaluation of the
performance, and with the salary, bonus, do award
or
publish.
2.4 Dynamic
control principle
Cost control is
carried out in a continuously changing environment
management activities,
so we must
adhere to the principle of dynamic control,
dynamic control is to input the
labor,
material,
machine
into
the
construction
process,
to
collect
the
actual
value
cost,
compare
it
with
the
target
value,
check
whether
there
have
any
deviation,
if
without
deviation,
continued
the
process,
or
to
find
the
specific
reasons,
to
take
corresponding
measures.
The
implementation
of
cost
control
process
should
follow
the
management method, the so-
called
problem which do not
often
appear
in
the
project
construction
activities,
but
the
key
problem
of
cost
have
a
major
influence successfully completed, also
must be attached great importance. In the project
implementation of process the
aspects:
1)
Importance:
general
is
difference
from
the
amount
of
point
of
view
which
have
important
significance,
it
is
called
if
we
have
to
determine
the
cost
difference
between
the
amount,
we
should
determine
the
percentage
difference
for
the
original standard
according to the specific circumstances of the
project. The difference
also can be
divided into favorable and negative. The actual
cost is lower than the standard
cost
too much is not necessarily a good thing, it could
cause two cases: one is the adverse
impact to the follow-up project or
assignment: another may cause low quality, and
lead to
rework and increased warranty
cost, quality cost control also affect corporate
reputation.
2)
Consistency:
although
some
of
the
cost
difference
is
no
more
than
the
percentage
specified or the
minimum amount, but has been hovering near the
upper lower limit line,
should also be
regarded as
not accurate, should be
timely adjusted according to actual situation.
3) Ability to control: some are project
managers can not control the cost of the project,
even if significant differences
occurred, should also be regarded as
land acquisition, demolition, temporary
rental costs rise.
4) The particularity
of the project construction: which have effect on
the whole process of
project cost, even
if the differences did not reach the importance
position, should also be
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paid
attention to cost management. Such as mechanical
repair expenses of the one-sided
emphasis on savings. It may reduce the
cost in the short term, but due to lack of repair
may cause future downtime repair,
thereby affecting the smooth progress of
construction
production.
3
.To find effective ways ,and to achieve the cost
control target
There
have
a
variety
methods
to
reduce
the
project
cost,
it
can
take
measures
from
organization
technology, economy, to contract management.
3.1 Organizational measures taken to
control engineering cost
First
of
all
to
clear
the
institutions
and
personnel
of
Project
Manager
Department
and
division
of
functions
and
powers
of
that.
The
project
manager
department
is
operating
management team,
it is
appointed by legal
person of enterprise
as his
representative to
power project management team, after
the completion of the project this appointment
will
collapse, so he is not an economic
entity , and he is responsible for the overall
interests,
also
should
coordinate
responsibility,
right,
interests
between
the
company
and
the
company.
Secondly, define
the cost control and tasks, so that certain person
will responsible for the
cost control,
avoid there have unclear responsibility while
problem happen.
3.2 To take technical
measures to control project cost
Take
technical measures is to give no limitation on
subjective initiative of technical staff
in
the
construction
stage,
and
try
to
check
and
approve
technical
and
economic
demonstration which
is necessary, then to seek more economic and
reliable solution, thus
reduce the cost
of the project, including the use of new
materials, new technology, new
method
to save energy, improve the mechanical operation
etc..
3.3Take economic measures to
control engineering cost
Economic
measures to control project cost includes:
(1) The artificial cost
control:
Labor costs accounted for a
larger proportion of project costs, generally at
about 10%, so
we should strictly
control the labor cost. To control the amount of
labor, we must reduce
or shorten labor
consumption in some procedures, so as to reduce
the labor consumption,
control
engineering cost objective.
(2) Control material cost:
The cost of materials general of the
total project cost of the 65%~75%, directly
influence
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