-
通信工程专业英语
教案
标题：
History of
Telecommunication
教学目标：
掌握科技英语在用词、语法结构及表达方式上的特点
教学重点及难点：
科技英语的语言特点
教
学
内
容
（教
学
时
数：
2
）
Text
备注：
The
history
of
telecommunication
began
with
the
use
of
smoke
signals and drums in Africa, the
Americas and parts of Asia.
In the
1790s,
the
first
fixed
semaphore
systems
emerged
in
Europe;
however it was not until the 1830s that
electrical telecommunication
systems
started
to
appear.
This
article
details
the
history
of
telecommunication
and
the
individuals
who
helped
make
telecommunication
systems
what
they
are
today.
The
history
of
telecommunication
is
an
important
part
of
the
larger
history
of
communication.
Ancient systems and optical telegraphy
Early telecommunications included smoke
signals and drums. Talking
drums1
were
used
by
natives
in
Africa,
New
Guinea
and
South
America, and smoke signals in North
America and China. Contrary to
what one
might think, these systems were often used to do
more than
merely announce the presence
of a military camp.
During
the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly
used on
hilltops as a means of relaying
a signal. Beacon chains suffered the
drawback that they could only pass a
single bit of information, so the
meaning of the message such as
be
agreed
upon
in
advance.
One
notable
instance
of
their
use
was
during
the
Spanish
Armada,
when
a
beacon
chain
relayed
a
signal
from
Plymouth
to
London
that
signaled
the
arrival
of
the
Spanish
warships. 2
French engineer Claude
Chappe began working on visual telegraphy
in
1790,
using
pairs
of
whose
hands
pointed
at
different
symbols.
These
did
not
prove
quite
viable
at
long
distances,
and
Chappe revised his model to use two
sets of jointed wooden beams.
Operators
moved the beams using cranks and wires. He built
his first
telegraph
line
between
Lille
and
Paris,
followed
by
a
line
from
Strasbourg to Paris.
However,
semaphore
as
a
communication
system
suffered
from
the
need for skilled operators and
expensive towers often at intervals of
only ten to thirty kilometers (six to
nineteen miles). As a result, the
last
commercial line was abandoned in 1880.
Electrical telegraph
Experiments
on
communication
with
electricity,
initially
unsuccessful,
started
in
about
1726.
Scientists
including
Laplace,
Amp
è
re, and Gauss
were involved. The first working telegraph was
built by Francis Ronalds in 1816 and
used static electricity.
Charles
Wheatstone
and
William
Fothergill
Cooke
patented
a
five-needle, six-wire system, which
entered commercial use in 1838.
It
used
the
deflection
of
needles
to
represent
messages
and
started
operating
over
twenty-one
kilometers
(thirteen
miles)
of
the
Great
Western
Railway
on
9
April
1839.
Both
Wheatstone
and
Cooke
viewed
their
device
as
improvement
to
the
[existing]
electromagnetic
telegraph
Telephone
The
electric
telephone
was
invented
in
the
1870s;
it
was
based
on
earlier
work
with
harmonic
(multi-signal)
telegraphs.
The
first
commercial telephone
services were set up in 1878 and 1879 on both
sides
of
the
Atlantic
in
the
cities
of
New
Haven
and
London.
Alexander Graham Bell held the master
patent for the telephone that
was
needed for such services in both countries. All
other patents for
electric
telephone
devices
and
features
flowed
from
this
master
patent.
Computer networks and the Internet
On September 11, 1940, George Stibitz
was able to transmit problems
using
Teletype1 to his Complex Number Calculator in New
York City
and receive the computed
results back at Dartmouth College in New
Hampshire.
This
configuration
of
a
centralized
computer
or
mainframe with remote dumb terminals
remained popular throughout
the 1950s.
However, it was not until the 1960s that
researchers started
to
investigate
packet
switching
—
a
technology
that
would
allow
chunks of data to be sent to different
computers without first passing
through
a centralized mainframe. (to be continued)
(Continued)
A
four-node
network
emerged
on
December
5,
1969
between
the
University
of
California,
Los
Angeles,
the
Stanford
Research
Institute,
the
University
of
Utah
and
the
University
of
California,
Santa
Barbara.
This
network
would
become
ARPANET,
which
by
1981
would
consist
of
213
nodes.
In
June
1973,
the
first
non-US
node
was
added
to
the
network
belonging
to
Norway
’
s
NORSAR project. This was shortly
followed by a node in London.
Internet
access became widespread late in the century,
using the old
telephone and television
networks.
Words
semaphore
n.
臂板信号系统，（铁道）臂板信号装置
optical
adj.
视觉的，视力的；光学的
telegraphy
n.
电信技术，超感
beacon
n.
灯塔，信号浮标，烽火
relay
n.
传递；继电器
vt.
转播；分程传递
cathode
n.
[
电
]
阴极，负极
silhouette
n.
轮廓，剪影；（事物的）形状
coaxial
adj.
同轴的，共轴的
communal
adj.
群体的，公民的，公共的
Notes
[1] Talking drum
（话鼓）：西非的一种像沙
漏形状的鼓，可通过
声音的调节来模仿人类语言的语调和韵律，从而传递不同信息的
鼓。
[2]
One notable instance of their use was during the
Spanish Armada,
when a beacon chain
relayed a signal from Plymouth to London that
signaled the arrival of the Spanish
warships.
Spanish
Armada
：无敌舰队约有
150
艘以上的大战舰，
3000
余门
大炮、
数以万计士兵的强大海上舰队，
最盛时舰队有千余艘舰船。
这支
舰队横行于地中海和大西洋，骄傲地自称为“无敌舰队”。
本
句的意思是：关于使用信号灯的一个很典型的例子是在西班牙
无敌舰队时期，当一连串的
信号灯从普利茅斯传递到伦敦时则示
意了西班牙战舰的到来。
[3] Morse
’
s most
important technical contribution to this telegraph
was the simple and highly efficient
Morse Code, co-developed with
Vail,
which
was
an
important
advance
over
Wheatstone
’
s
more
complicated and
expensive system, and required just two wires.
Morse code
摩尔斯电码是一种时通时断的信号代码，
通过不同的
排列顺序来表达不同的英文字母、数字和标点符号。它发明于
1837
年，发明者有争议，是美国人塞缪尔·莫尔斯或者艾尔菲
德·
维尔。
摩尔斯电码是
一种早期的数字化通信形式，
但是它不
同于现代只使用零和一两
种状态的二进制代码，它的代码包括五
种：点、划、点和划之间的停顿、每个字符间短的
停顿（在点和
划之间）、每个词之间中等的停顿以及句子之间长的停顿。
本句的意思是：摩斯对于电报最重要的贡献是与韦尔一同发明的
简单并且高效的摩斯电码，仅需要两根电线即可实现，这是在惠
斯通复杂且昂贵的系统之上一次巨大的进步。
[4] As
with other great inventions such as radio,
television, the light
bulb, and the
digital computer, there were several inventors who
did
pioneering experimental work on
voice transmission over a wire, who
then improved on each
other
’
s ideas.
As
with
：正如；与…一样；就…来说；句中两个
who
引导两个定
语从句修饰先行词
invento
rs
。
本句意思是：正如其它伟大的
发明，例如收音机、电视、电灯、
数码电脑，都有一些发明家进行电线传输声音的先驱试
验，然后
在彼此的想法上不断改进。
Questions for discussion
1.
What
’
s the main idea of this
text?
2. What do you learn about the
first commercial telephone?
3.
How
did
Samuel
Morse
contribute
to
the
development
of
telegraph?
Answers to
questions for discussion
1.
What
’
s the main idea of this
text?
This
passage
gives
a
detailed
and
brief
account
of
the
history
of
telecommunication
and
those
who
contributed
much
to
the
development of telecommunication
systems.
2. What do you
learn about the first commercial telephone?
The first commercial telephone services
were set up in 1878 and 1879
on both
sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven,
Connecticut,
and London, England. The
technology grew quickly from this point,
with
inter-city
lines
being
built
and
telephone
exchanges
in
every
major
city
of
the
United
States
by
the
mid-1880s.
The
First
transcontinental
telephone call occurred on January 25, 1915.
Despite
this,
transatlantic
voice
communication
remained
impossible
for
customers until January
7, 1927 when a connection was
established
using radio.
3.
How
did
Samuel
Morse
contribute
to
the
development
of
telegraph?
Samuel Morse
developed a version of the electrical telegraph
which
he demonstrated on 2 September
1837. Alfred Vail saw, and required
just
two
wires.
The
communications
efficiency
of
the
Morse
Code
preceded that of the Huffman code in
digital communications by over
100
years, but Morse and Vail developed the code
purely empirically,
with shorter codes
for more frequent letter.
通信工程专业英语
教案
标题：
Mobile Wireless Overview
教学目标：
理解专业英语词汇构词方
法：派生法（
Derivation
）复合法（
Composition
）、
转化法
(Conversion)
、拼缀法
< br>
(Blending)
及缩略法（
Shorting
）
教学重点及难点：
专业英语的的词汇构成
教
学
内
容
（教
学
时
数：
4
）
Text
备注：
A fast-paced technological transition
is occurring today in the world
of
transition
is
marked
by
the
convergence
of
the telecommunications
infrastructure with that of IP data networking
to provide integrated voice,video,and
data services.
As
this
transition
progresses,the
corresponding
standards
are
continuing to evolve and
many new standards are being developed to
enable and accelerate this convergence
of telecommunications and IP
networking
to
mobilize
the
internet
and
provide
new
multimedia
services.
Introduction to Mobile Wireless
Technology
The technologies related to
wireless communication can be complex
to
ss
technology
has
been
around
for
a
while;however,there
has
been
a
relatively
recent
and
rapid
surge
in
the
evolution of new wireless standards to support the
convergence of
voice,video and data of
this rapid evolution,or
revolution,is
a
result
of
people
seeking
ubiquitous
and
immediate
access
to
information
and
the
assimilation
of
the
internet
into
business practices and for personal
“
on the
go
”
want their
internet
access
to
move
with
them,so
that
their
information
is
available at
anytime,anywhere.
There
are
many
factors
that
can
be
used
to
characterize
wireless
technologies:
?
Spectrum,or the range of
frequencies in which the network operates
?
Transmission speeds
supported
?
Underlying
transmission
mechanism,such
as
frequency
division
multiple
access(FDMA),time
division
multiple
access(TDMA),or
code division multiple access(CDMA)
?
Architectural
implementation,such
as
enterprise
based(or
in-building),fixed,or mobile
In
addition,the
mobile
wireless
technologies[such
as
Global
System
for
Mobile Communications(GSM),TDMA,CDMA]are
differentiated
by a number
of different factors,including some of the
following:
?
Control of the
transmitted power
?
Radio
resource management and channel allocation
?
Coding algorithms
?
Network topology and
frequency reuse
?
Handoff
mechanisms
As suggested by its
name,mobile wireless communication addresses
those
wireless
technologies
that
support
mobility
of
a
subscriber,which
provide
seamless
and
real-time
services
without
interruption.[1]Mobile wireless
technologies support
network
access
whether
subscribers
roam
within
or
outside
their
home
wireless
coverage area.
Overview
of
Basic
Network
Elements
Associated
with
Cellular
Networks and Mobile
Wireless
In the early 1980s,support for
mobile wireless communications was
introduced
using
cellular
networks,which
were
based
on
analog
technologies
such
as
AMPS[2].Many
of
the
telecommunications
entities
associated
with
cellular
networks
still
play
a
vital
role
in
today
’
s wireless
wireless communications technologies
continue to progress and IP data
networking is further integrated into
the
existing
infrastructure,some
of
the
functions
of
these
entities
might
still
exist
within
the
network,but
will
be
implemented
in
different and more effective ways.
The top
two quadrants
in
Figure 1 show where we
are today in
the
telecommunications
and
IP
data
services
first
quadrant
represents
the
first
phase
of
these
infrastructures
based
on
circuit-
switched voice and data beginnings of a core IP
transport
for
voice
and
data
integration
can
be
built
using
Cisco
Systems
V
.110 solutions.
The
second
quadrant
depicts
the
implementation
phase
of
2G+technologies,such
as
GPRS,supporting
higher
transmission
this quadrant,the Cisco Systems GGSN
provides IP packet
data
acts
as
an
IP
gateway
for
access
to
the
internet
and
other public and private data networks
for traffic that is initiated in a
GSM-
based
mobile
services
anticipated
in
this
phase
include
implementing
always-on
data
services
and
enabling
operators
to
charge
by
packet
rather
than
connect
r
services
are
supported
by
Packet
Data
Services
Node(PDSN),for
CDMA-based wireless networks.
The
third
quadrant
represents
phase
three
of
the
integration
of
IP
networking
where
voice
and
data
are
consolidated
onto
a
packet-based
infrastructure
from
the
RAN
or
radio
network
control(RNC)
is
considered
a
3G
three
enables
integrated
voice
and
data
applications
and
reduces
addition,some
of
the
components
or
functions
of
the
MSC
are
distributed.
The
fourth
quadrant
represents
the
final
phase,which
includes
3G
services
plus
the
implementation
of
IP-based
radio
and
mobility
components
to
develop
a
true
end-to-end,all-IP
wireless
network
solution.
Words
convergence n.
趋
同；集收敛；集合，会聚；
[
气
]
辐合
infrastructure
n.
基础结构，基础架构；基础设施；基础建设
differentiate
v.
区分，辨别；使不同
ubiquitous
adj.
无所不在的，普遍存在的
assimilation
n.
吸收，消化
subscriber
n.
用户，订户
seamless
adj.
无缝的；无漏洞的
roam
v. &n.
漫游，漫步
cellular
adj.
蜂窝状的；细胞的
analog
adj.
[
电
]
模拟的；（钟表）有长短针的
implement
vt.
实施，执行；使生效
hub n.
（电器面板上的）电线插孔；
[
计
]
集线器
authenticate
vt.
使生效；鉴别
encryption
n.
编密码；加密
decompress
vt.
解压
compress
vt.
压紧；压缩；精简
synchronization
n.
同步，使时间互相一致
profile
n.
人物简介；外形，轮廓
Notes
[1]As
suggested
by
its
name,mobile
wireless
communication
addresses
those
wireless
technologies
that
support
mobility
of
a
subscriber,which
provide
seamless
and
real-time
services
without
interruption.
顾名思义，移动无线通信用以称呼那些支持用户流动性的无线技
术，它能够提
供无缝连接和不间断的实时业务。
[2]AMPS
是第一代蜂窝技术，
使用单独的频带，
或者说
“信道”
，
为每次对话服务。它因此需要相
当的带宽来支持一个大数量的用
户群体。在通用术语中，
AMP
S
常常被当作更早的“
0G
”改进型<
/p>
移动通信服务，只不过
AMPS
使用更多
的计算功率来选择频谱、
切换到
PSTN
线路的通话、以及处理登记和呼叫建立。
[3]Authentication
Center
（
AUC
）：称为鉴权中心，是
GSM
系统
中的安全管理单元，存储鉴权算法和密钥，
保证各种保密参数的
安全性，向
HLR
（归属用户位置寄存器）提供鉴权参数。鉴权参
数包括三组：
R
AND
（
Random
Number
，随机数）。
[4]Base Station Subsystem
（
BSS
）：
指基站子系统，是移动通信系<
/p>
统中与无线蜂窝网络关系最直接的基本组成部分。在整个移动网
络
中基站主要起中继作用。基站与基站之间采用无线信道连接，
负责无线发送、接收和无线资源管理。而主基站与移动交换中心
（
MSC
）之间常采用有线信道连接，实现移动用户之间或移动用
户与固定用户之间的通信连接。
Questions
for discussion
are the basic elements
of wireless technologies?
components
is a typical cellular telecommunications network
made up of?
is MSC?What
does it serve as in the mobile wireless network
infrastructure?
is HLRand
VLR?What are their functions?
Answers
to questions for discussion
are the
basic elements of wireless technologies?
Spectrum,or the range of frequencies in
which the network operates
Transmission
speeds supported
Underlying
transmission
mechanism,such
as
frequency
division
multiple
access(FDMA),time
division
multiple
access(TDMA),or
code division multiple access(CDMA)
Architectural
implementation,such
as
enterprise
based(or
in-building),fixed,or mobile
components is a typical cellular
telecommunications network
made up of?
A
typical
cellular
telecommunications
network
consists
of
the
following
components:
Public Switched Telephone
Network(PSTN)
Mobile Switching
Center(MSC)
Base Station(BS)
Radio Access Network(RAN)
Home Location Register(HLR)
Visitor Location Register(VLR)
Authentication Center(AC)
is
MSC?What
does
it
serves
as
in
the
mobile
wireless
network
infrastructure?
MSC,namely,mobile
switching center usually,is located at the Mobile
Telephone
Switching
Office,which
is
part
of
the
mobile
wireless
network infrastructure.
The
major functions of MSC include:
Switching
voice
traffic
from
the
wireless
network
to
the
PSTN;it
switches to another MSC.
Providing
telephony
switching
services
and
controls
calls
between
telephone and data systems.
Providing
the
mobility
functions
for
the
network
and
serves
as
the
hub for up to as many as
100 BSs.
通信工程专业英语
教案
标题：
Internet & Communication
教学目标：
掌握科技英语中数量的表
示：数字的表示、不确定数字的表示及倍数增减的表示等
教学重点及难点：
科技英语中数量的表示
教
学
内
容
（教
学
时
数：
2
）
Text
备注：
The internet has revolutionized the way
we work and play. It allows
us to communicate, to share data and to
seek information in a matter
of
seconds.
All
this
is
possible
through
the
use
of
computers
and
networks.
The
internet is a global network of computers. All
computer devices
(including
PCs,
laptops,
games
consoles
and
smartphones)
that
are
connected to the internet form part of
this network. Added together,
there are
billions of computers connected to
the
internet,
all able to
communicate with each other. Today, the
internet is a massive part of
our daily
lives.
How did the internet
originate?
In the 1950s, the United
States Defence Department formed several
agencies,
such
as
the
Advanced
Research
Projects
Agency
(ARPA,
now
known as DARPA) with the purpose of developing
technology.
However,
since
they
were
based
at
universities
around
the
country,
ARPA
’
s
scientists
could
not
easily
communicate
or
share
information.
To
solve
this
problem,
ARPA
created
a
network
of
computers,
which
they
called
ARPANET.
Realizing
how
useful
ARPANET
was,
other
organizations
built
their
own
networks.
However,
these
individual
networks
could
not
easily
communicate
with each other.
In the 1970s, a protocol was developed.
Called TCP/IP, this protocol
allowed
the separate networks to communicate with each
other. The
joining
of
these
individual
networks
created
a
huge
wide
area
network (WAN) which
came to be known as the internet.
Since
then the use of the internet by organizations and
individuals has
grown year upon year.
In the beginning, ARPANET consisted of just
four
computers.
Now
billions
of
computers
are
connected
to
the
internet. When we connect to the
internet, we are said to be
‘
online
’
.
Today
the internet has many online facilities, for
example:
—
communication via email and
V
oIP
—
sharing of information such as text,
images, sounds and videos
—
storage of
information
—
streaming
television
programmes,
films,
videos,
sounds
and
music
—
playing online
games
—
shopping
—
social
networking
—
banking
Most
of
these
online
facilities
are
available
through
the
use
of
websites on the World Wide Web.
What is World Wide Web?
The
internet is a global network of computers. The
World Wide Web
is
the
part
of
the
internet
that
can
be
accessed
through
websites.
Websites consist of webpages which
allow you to see information.
Websites
are accessed using a web browser. A browser is a
program
designed to display the
information held on a website. Every website
has an address at which it can be
found, a bit like a house address.
A
website
’
s address is known
as its URL. A website can be visited by
typing its URL into a web browser. Each
address contains the prefix
‘
http:
’
which
tells
the
computer
to
use
the
hyper
text
transfer
protocol
for
communicating
with
the
website.[1]
The
browser
then
connects
to
the
internet,
finds
the
website
at
its
address
and
downloads the information stored there
onto our computer for us to
view.
Websites
and
webpages
are
joined
together
using
hyperlinks.
Clicking on a hyperlink takes us to
another site or page.
Words
laptop
n.
便携式电脑
console
n.
控制台，操纵台；演奏台
smartphone
n.
智能手机
massive adj.
大量的，重的，大块的
hyperlink
n.
超链接
upload
v.
上传
millisecond
n.
毫秒
extension
n.
伸展，扩大；电话分机
virtually
adv.
几乎；实际上
phish
v.
网络钓鱼
monitor n.
监视器；显示屏
recipientn.
接受者；容器，容纳者
Notes
[1] Each address contains the prefix
‘
http:
’
which tells the computer
to
use
the
hyper
text
transfer
protocol
for
communicating
with
the
website.
hyper
text
transfer
protocol
是互联网上应用最为广泛的一种网络
协议。
所有的
WWW
文件都必须遵守这个标准。
设计
HTTP
最初
的目的是为了提供一种发布和接收<
/p>
HTML
页面的方法。
1960
年
美国人
Ted
Nelson
构思了一种通过计算机处理文本信息的方法，
<
/p>
并称之为超文本（
hypertext
）
,
这成为了
HTTP
< br>超文本传输协议标
准架构的发展根基。
Ted Nels
on
组织协调万维网协会
（
World
Wide
Web
Consortium
）和互联网工程工作小组（
Internet
Engineering
Task Force
）共同合作研究，最终发布了一系列的
RFC
，其
中著
名的
RFC
2616
定义了
HTTP
1.1
。
[2]
Hypertext Markup Language
即超文本标记语言
（缩写：
HTML
）
是为网
页创建和其它可在网页浏览器中看到的信息设计的一种标
记语言。
extensible Hypertext Markup Language
即可
扩展超文本标
记语言（缩写
XHTML
）是一种新兴的网页设计和制作语言。
XHTML
是在
HTML
基础上发展起来的，同时吸取了可扩展
标
记语言（
extensible
Markup Language
，
XML)
< br>的语法严谨的优点。
因此，
XHTML
< br>比
HTML
具加更加严谨的语
法，
能够为众多品牌
的
Web
浏览器研发提供规范的技术标准，
XHTML
的可扩展性
和灵活性将适应未来网络应用的更多需求。
[3] V
oIP
（
V
oice over Internet Protocol
）简而言之就是将模拟信号
（
V
oice
）
数字化，
以数据封包
（
Data Packet
）
的形式在
IP
网络
< br>(IP
Network
）
上做
实时传递。
V
oIP
最大的优势是能广
泛地采用
Internet
和全球
IP
互连的环境，提供比传统业务更多、更好的服务。
V
oIP
可以在
IP
网络上
便宜的传送语音、传真、视频、和数据等业务，
如统一消息业务、虚拟电话、虚拟语音<
/p>
/
传真邮箱、查号业务、
Interne
t
呼叫中心、
Internet
呼叫管
理、电话视频会议、电子商务、
传真存储转发和各种信息的存储转发等。
Questions for discussion
1.
What
kind
of
online
conveniences
can
we
enjoy
through
use
of
websites
on the World Wide Web?
2. Can you list
some disadvantages of Emails? What are they?
3. What are major advantages of video
conferencing?
4. In what aspects do you
think Internet will further influence us?
Answers to questions for
discussion
1.
What
kind
of
online
conveniences
can
we
enjoy
through
use
of
websites
on the World Wide Web?
Nowadays we can
enjoy a large quantity of online conveniences by
using websites on the World Wide Web,
which include:
—
communication via email and
V
oIP
—
sharing of information such as text,
images, sounds and videos
—
storage of information
—
streaming
television
programmes,
films,
videos,
sounds
and
music
—
playing online
games
—
shopping
—
social
networking
—
banking
2. Can you list some
disadvantages of Emails? What are they?
Here are main disadvantages of Emails:
1) The recipient can only receive the
email if they are connected to
the internet.
2) Emails can
sometimes contain viruses in the form of
attachments.
3) Spam emails can be a
problem. So can phishing emails, which are
designed to trick people into giving
away personal information.
4)
Because
emails
can
be
delivered
to
internet-connected
digital
devices anywhere,
they can be hard to get away from.
3.
What are major advantages
of video conferencing?
Video
conferencing
bears
many
advantages,
of
which
the
most
important ones are as
follows:
—
Seeing
as well as hearing the other person.
—
Showing others
what is going on around us.
—
Reducing time
to travel to see and speak with someone. This has
even
greater
benefits
if
the
other
person
is
on
the
other
side
of
the
world.
—
Saving money, in travel costs.
—
The
ability
to
video
conference
several
people
in
different
locations, at the
same time.
通信工程专业英语
教案
标题：
Five Reasons Why Fiber Is
the Way of the Future
教学目标：
握科技英语中常用的介词与其他词类的习惯搭配
教学重点及难点：
常用的介词与其他词类的习惯搭配
教
学
内
容
（教
学
时
数：
4
）
Text
备注：
With all of the talk about fiber
floating around the Internet, especially
in relationship to
Google
’
s gigabit broadband
service, many might be
wondering just
why fiber optics are so important. That is
certainly a
fair enough question to
ponder, and the truth is that fiber optics have
many
advantages
to
offer
customers
and
network
architects
alike.
Before covering these
individual benefits, it might be worth taking a
step
back
and
looking
at
the
fundamental
differences
between
traditional metal
wires and fiber optics.
Metal Wires
Over Hundred and Fifty Years of Data
Transmission Metal wires have
been
sending electrical signals almost as long as the
United States has
been an independent
nation, and that is saying something. The wires
of today are far more sophisticated
than those of yesteryear, but they
still
work
in
the
same
way:
electricity
is
applied
to
one
end
of
the
wires
and
it
travels
to
the
far
end
where
it
is
received
as
a
signal.
Along the way, the signal strength
degrades as the energy experiences
a
type
of
electrical
friction
called
impedance.
Impedance
results
in
the
signal
decaying
over
distance
and
the
wire
becoming
warmer,
which can cause some
problems that will be outlined later.
Fiber Optics
The Power of
Light is the Future. Fiber optics use specialized
fibers
that are capable of carrying
transmissions made of pure light. Just like
electrical wiring, a data transmission
starts at one end of a fiber optic
cable
and
transfers
all
the
way
to
the
end
where
it
is
received
and
decoded.
Benefit #1: Less
Signal Degradation. While light does degrade over
distance, the fact that the
sun
’
s light shines brightly
upon us says one
thing: light travels a
lot further than the constant EMP waves the sun
emits
because
light
degrades
much
slower
than
electricity
does.
In
terms of a broadband
service provider and their customers, this means
that
more
residences
and
businesses
can
be
served.
Anyone
who
remembers the dawn of
DSL will probably recall the limitations that
were caused by the
distances involved; if one did not live
practically
next door to a DSL[1]
network node, they were out of luck. Things
got better over time, but fiber optics
has this problem solved from day
one.
Benefit
#2:
More
Untapped
Overhead.
Metal
wires
are
already
nearing
their
physical
potential
due
to
the
heat
caused
by
data
transmissions. Too much load on any set
of wires will result in those
wires
melting
into
a
fine
slag
and
becoming
useless,
and
that
is
exactly what happens when too much is
demanded of old wires. Fiber
optics
carry
light,
not
electricity,
and
light
has
a
negligible
heat
footprint
in
most
cases.
This
is
especially
true
of
light
created
for
fiber optic systems,
which is far less potent than the UV light emitted
by the sun.
Benefit #3:
Easier Upgrades. While DSL and cable service
providers
have
been
able
to
systematically
increase
the
performance
of
their
networks
over time, the entire act has been expensive.
Often, whole
segments of wires need to
be dug up and replaced because of the heat
problem.
Fiber
optics
have
the
combination
of
substantially
greater
distance between network nodes and
substations and more untapped
overhead,
which makes upgrades less of a hassle for network
carriers.
This
in
turn
means
less
fees
that
have
to
be
passed
on
to
the
consumers.
A
good
case
in
point
would
be
Verizon
’
s
FiOS[2]
network,
which
has
dramatically
increased
in
terms
of
raw
performance
since
its
public
debut
in
a
manner
that
DSL
and
cable
services have not.
Benefit
#4:
Fiber
is
Green.
Starting
to
think
that
sending
data
via
electricity
over
metal
wires
is
wasteful?
If
so,
then
you
would
be
correct; data sent over
metal wires takes dozens of times the energy
that
it
takes
to
send
a
light
signal.
The
additional
substations
and
nodes
needed
to
keep
that
signal
strong
over
greater
distances
only
adds
to
the
woes
of
metal
wires,
and
makes
fiber
optics
look
that
much better by
comparison. Furthermore, upgrades to networks are
a
lot
less
wasteful
on
the
fiber
optic
side
of
the
fence.
What
do
telecoms
and cable providers do with all of those
‘
old
’
network
nodes when they
upgrade? Who knows, but fiber optics have fewer
substations and nodes to replace and
upgrade. Add to this the fact that
the
cables
virtually
never
go
bad,
and
it
is
simple
to
see
why
fiber
optics
are considered a green alternative to metal wires
and electricity
in any form.
Benefit
#5:
Psst
…
a
Secret.
Big
DSL
and
Cable
service
providers
already know how
useful fiber optics are, and chances are good that
their networks use fiber optics to get
much closer to the homes and
businesses
of
their
consumers
than
they
would
like
to
let
everyone
know.
In many
cases,
the fiber optic
networks of DSL
and/or cable
providers actually
go
within a mile or so of many of the
customers
they
serve.
Why?
Because
they
know
that
fiber
optics
are
the
most
cost
effective solution,
and they know that by putting fiber
close to
the homes and businesses that
they serve that they stand a very good
chance
of
making
the
transition
to
an
all-fiber
network
that
much
easier.
Now, this idea that
angular momentum wasn
’
t
fixed has been floating
around
for
some
time.
This
team
finally
was
able
to
create
a
test
environment
to
see
if
this
could
be
achieved.
To
do
so,
they
went
back to the basics of the study of
light and took a page from physicist
Humphrey
Lloyd
and
mathematician
William
Rowan
Hamilton.
In
the
1830s,
they
observed
conical
refraction.
Utilizing
crystals,
they
saw how a ray of light could be formed
into a single cone, or beam.
Planck
devised the math behind it, as it related photos,
and now Prof.
John Donegan, Assistant
Professor Paul Eastham, and their team have
taken it to the next level.
The
discovery
is
still
in
its
infancy,
but
already
the
Director
of
CRANN,
Professor
Stefano
Sanvito
knows
the
importance
of
this
find,
“
this discovery is a
breakthrough for the world of physics and
science alike.
”
It
’
s just a
matter of time before data communication
companies come knocking on the doors of
Trinity College Dublin[3],
wanting
to
bring
this
new
tech
to
the
forefront
of
mass
communications.
By Meredith Placko
Words
fiber
n.
光纤
optics
n.
光学
sophisticated
a
dj.
复杂的；精致的；富有经验的
degrade vt.
降低，贬低；使降级
friction
n.
摩擦；冲突，不和；摩擦力
impedance
n.
阻抗，全电阻，电阻抗
decay
vi.
衰退，衰败，衰落
near
v
.
接近，临近
slag n.
矿渣；熔渣
potent
adj.
有效的，强有力的；烈性的
emit
vt.
发出；发射；颁布
substantial
adj.
大量的；牢固的；重大的
substation
n.
变电站，变电所
untapped
adj.
未开发的，未利用的
hassle
n.
困难的事情；麻烦的事情；争论
node
n.
结点；（计算机网络的）节点
spell
v.
导致；拼写；意味着
angular
adj.
有角的；用角测量的，用弧度测量的
Notes
[1]
DSL
的中文名是数字用户线路，是以电话线为传输介质的传
输技术组合。
DSL
技术在传递公用电话网络的用户环路上支持对
称和非对称传输模式，解决了经常发生在网络服务供应商和最终
用户间的“最后一公里”的传输瓶颈问题。
[2]
Verizon
公司是由美国两家原地区贝尔运营公司——大西
洋贝
尔和
Nynex
合并建立
BellAtlantic
后，独立电话公司
G
TE
合并而
成的，
公司正式合并后，<
/p>
Verizon
一举成为美国最大的本地电话公
< br>司、最大的无线通信公司，全世界最大的印刷黄页和在线黄页信
息的提供商。
FiOS
（
Fiber
Optic
Service
）就是<
/p>
Verizon
所提供的
采用光纤电缆传
输数据的数据通信服务。
[3] Trinity
College
Dublin
都柏林圣三一学院，全称为：
College
of
the Holy and Undivided Trinity of
Queen Elizabeth near Dublin
（伊
丽莎白女王在都柏林附近神圣不可分割的三一学院）位于爱尔兰
首都都柏林，
是
1592
年英国女王伊丽莎白一世下令为<
/p>
“教化”
爱
尔兰而参照牛津、剑桥大学模
式而兴建。
Questions for
discussion
1. Why are metal wires
inferior to fiber optics?
2. Why are
fiber optics, compared with metal wires, much
easier to
upgrade?
3. Why do
those offer fiber optic networks of DSL tend to
have their
fiber close to the homes of
their customers as possible as they can?
4. What do you think of the discovery
made by the team at Trinity?
Answers to questions for discussion
1. Why are metal wires inferior to
fiber optics?
While
electricity
travels
from
one
end
to
the
far
end,
the
signal
strength
degrades
as
the
energy
experiences
a
type
of
electrical
friction
called impedance, which results in
the signal
decaying over
distance
and
the
wire
becoming
warmer,
which
can
cause
some
problems.
On
the
other
hand,
fiber
optics
are
characterized
by
less
signal degradation,
more untapped overhead and easier upgrades.
2. Why are fiber optics, compared with
metal wires, much easier to
upgrade?
Fiber
optics
have
the
combination
of
substantially
greater
distance
between network nodes and substations
and more untapped overhead,
making
upgrades less of a hassle for network carriers,
which, in turn,
means less fees that
have to be passed on to the consumers.
3. Why do those offer fiber optic
networks of DSL tend to have their
fiber close to the homes of their
customers as possible as they can?
Because
they
know
that
fiber
optics
are
the
most
cost
effective
solution, and they know that by putting
fiber close to the homes and
businesses
that
they
serve
that
they
stand
a
very
good
chance
of
making
the transition to an all-fiber network that much
easier.
通信工程专业英语
教案
标题：
Internet of Things
教学目标：
掌握
As
的用法：用做介词，构成介
词短语，在句中做同位语、状语或补足语；用做
连词引导状语从句
教学重点及难点：
As
的用法
教
学
内
容
（教
学
时
数：
2
）
Text
备注：
The
Internet
of
things[1]
(stylized
Internet
of
Things
or
IoT)
is
the
internetworking
of
physical
devices,
vehicles
(also
referred
to
as
—
embedded
with
electronics,
software,
sensors,
actuators,
and
network
connectivity
that
enable
these
objects
to
collect
and
exchange data. In 2013 the Global
Standards Initiative on Internet of
Things
(IoT-GSI)
defined
the
IoT
as
infrastructure
of
the
information
society.
”
The
IoT
allows
objects
to
be
sensed
and/or
controlled
remotely
across
existing
network
infrastructure,
creating
opportunities
for
more
direct
integration
of
the
physical
world
into
computer-based systems,
(To be continued)
(Continued)
and
resulting
in
improved
efficiency,
accuracy
and
economic
benefit
in
addition
to
reduced
human
intervention.
When
IoT is augmented with sensors and
actuators, the technology becomes
an
instance
of
the
more
general
class
of
cyber-
physical
systems,
which
also
encompasses
technologies
such
as
smart
grids,
smart
homes,
intelligent
transportation
and
smart
cities.
Each
thing
is
uniquely identifiable through its
embedded computing system but is
able
to interoperate within the existing Internet
infrastructure. Experts
estimate that
the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects
by 2020.
Typically, IoT is expected to
offer advanced connectivity of devices,
systems, and services that goes beyond
machine-to-machine (M2M)
communications
and
covers
a
variety
of
protocols,
domains,
and
applications.
The
interconnection
of
these
embedded
devices
(including smart
objects), is expected to usher in automation in
nearly
all fields, while also enabling
advanced applications like a smart grid,
and expanding to the areas such as
smart cities.
as
heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on
farm animals,
electric
clams
in
coastal
waters,
automobiles
with
built-in
sensors,
DNA
analysis
devices
for
environmental/food/pathogen
monitoring
or
field operation devices that assist firefighters
in search and rescue
operations.
Legal
scholars
suggest
looking
at
as
an
continued)
(Continued) These devices collect
useful data with the help of various
existing technologies and then
autonomously
flow the data between
other
devices.
Current
market
examples
include
home
automation
(also
known
as
smart
home
devices)
such
as
the
control
and
automation
of
lighting,
heating
(like
smart
thermostat),
ventilation,
air
conditioning
(HV
AC)
systems,
and
appliances
such
as
washer/dryers,
robotic
vacuums,
air
purifiers,
ovens
or
refrigerators/freezers
that use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring.
As
well
as
the
expansion
of
Internet-connected
automation
into
a
plethora
of
new
application
areas,
IoT
is
also
expected
to
generate
large
amounts
of
data
from
diverse
locations,
with
the
consequent
necessity
for
quick
aggregation
of
the
data,
and
an
increase
in
the
need
to
index,
store,
and
process
such
data
more
effectively.
IoT
is
one
of
the
platforms
of
today
’
s
Smart
City[2],
and
Smart
Energy
Management Systems.
The
concept
of
the
Internet
of
Things
was
invented
by
and
term
coined by Peter T.
Lewis in September 1985 in a speech he delivered
at a U.S. Federal Communications
Commission (FCC)[3] supported
session
at the Congressional Black Caucus 15th Legislative
Weekend
Conference.
Applications
According
to
Gartner,
Inc.
(a
technology
research
and
advisory
corporation), there
will be nearly 20.8 billion devices on the
Internet
of things by 2020. ABI
Research estimates that more than 30 billion
devices will be wirelessly connected to
the Internet of things by 2020.
As
per
a
2014
survey
and
study
done
by
Pew
Research
Internet
Project,
a
large
majority
of
the
technology
experts
and
engaged
Internet
users
who
responded
—
83
percent
—
agreed
with
the
notion
that
the
Internet/
Cloud
of
Things,
embedded
and
wearable
computing
(and
the
corresponding
dynamic
systems)
will
have
widespread and
beneficial effects by 2025.
As such, it is clear that the IoT will
consist of a very large number of
devices
being
connected
to
the
Internet.
In
an
active
move
to
accommodate
new
and
emerging
technological
innovation,
the
UK
Government,
in
their
2015
budget,
allocated
?
40,000,000
towards
research into the
Internet of things. The former British Chancellor
of
the Exchequer George Osborne,
posited that the Internet of things is
the
next
stage
of
the
information
revolution
and
referenced
the
inter-connectivity
of
everything
from
urban
transport
to
medical
devices to household
appliances.
Integration
with
the
Internet
implies
that
devices
will
use
an
IP
address
as
a
unique
identifier.
However,
due
to
the
limited
address
space of IPv4 (which
allows for 4.3 billion unique addresses), objects
in the IoT will have to use IPv6 to
accommodate the extremely large
address
space
required.
Objects
in
the
IoT
will
not
only
be
devices
with sensory capabilities, but also
provide actuation capabilities (e.g.,
bulbs
or
locks
controlled
over
the
Internet).
To
a
large
extent,
the
future
of
the
Internet
of
things
will
not
be
possible
without
the
support of IPv6; and consequently the
global adoption of IPv6 in the
coming
years
will
be
critical
for
the
successful
development
of
the
IoT in the
future.
The ability to network embedded
devices with limited CPU, memory
and
power resources means that IoT finds applications
in nearly every
field.
Such
systems
could
be
in
charge
of
collecting
information
in
settings
ranging
from
natural
ecosystems
to
buildings
and
factories,
thereby
finding
applications
in
fields
of
environmental
sensing
and
urban planning.
However,
the
application
of
the
IoT
is
not
only
restricted
to
these
areas.
Other
specialized
use
cases
of
the
IoT
may
also
exist.
An
overview of some of the most prominent
application areas is provided
here.
Based on the application domain, IoT products can
be classified
broadly
into
five
different
categories:
smart
wearable,
smart
home,
smart city, smart
environment, and smart enterprise. The IoT
products
and solutions in each of these
markets have different characteristics.
Enabling technologies for IoT
Words
stylize
v.
程式化，风格化
actuator n.
[
计
]
执行机构；
[<
/p>
电
]
（电磁铁）螺线管
< br>
connectivity
n.
[
数
]
连通性
;
互联互通
intervention
n.
介入，干涉，干预，调解
augment
v
t.
增强；增加；（使）扩张，扩大
encompass
vt.
围绕，包围；包含或包括某事物；完成
grid n.
高压输电线路网；地图坐标方格；格栅
interoperate
n.&v.
交互操作
consist
vi.
由…组成；在于；符合
biochip
n.
生物芯片
transponder
n.
发射机应答器，询问机，转发器
pathogen
n.
病菌，病原体
inextricable
adj.
无法摆脱的；解不开的
plethora n.
过多，过剩；
[
医
]
多血，多血症
accommodate
vt.
容纳；使适应；向…提供住处
corresponding
adj.
对应的；通信的；符合的；一致的
posit
vt.
假定，设想，假设
reference
v.
引用；参照
Notes
[1] Internet of Things
（
IoT
）字面意思是“物体组成的因特网”，
常译为“物联网”。物联网（
Internet of Thi
ngs
）又称传感网，简
要讲就是互联网从人向物的延伸。它是
指的是将各种信息传感设
备，如射频识别装置、红外感应器、全球定位系统、激光扫描器
等种种装置与互联网结合起来而形成的一个巨大网络。其目的是
让所有的物品都与网络连接在一起，方便识别和管理。
[2]
Smart
city
智慧城市就是
运用信息和通信技术手段感测、分
析、整合城市运行核心系统的各项关键信息，从而对包
括民生、
环保、公共安全、城市服务、工商业活动在内的各种需求做出智
能响应。其实质是利用先进的信息技术，实现城市智慧式管理和
运行，进而为城
市中的人创造更美好的生活，促进城市的和谐、
可持续成长。
[3] Federal
Communications C
ommission
（
FCC
）指美国
联邦通讯
委员会。该机构直接对国会负责，通过控制无线电广播、电视、
电信、卫星和电缆来协调国内和国际的通信，负责授权和管理除
联邦政府使用之
外的射频传输装置和设备。
Questions for
discussion
1. What does the Internet of
things mean?
2. What do you
think of the future of IoT?
Answers to
questions for discussion
1. What does
the Internet of things mean?
The
Internet
of
things
(stylized
Internet
of
Things
or
IoT),
a
term
coined by
Peter T. Lewis in September 1985, which is defined
as
infrastructure
of
the
information
society
by
the
Global
Standards
Initiative
on
Internet
of
Things
(IoT-GSI)
in
2013,
refers
to
the
internetworking
of
physical
devices,
vehicles
(also
referred
to
as
—
embedded
with
electronics,
software,
sensors,
actuators,
and
network
connectivity
that
enable
these
objects
to
collect
and
exchange data.
2. What do you think of the future of
IoT?
IoT, it seems to me, will find
wide use in our daily life in the future.
According
to
Gartner,
Inc.
(a
technology
research
and
advisory
corporation), there will be nearly 20.8
billion devices on the Internet
of
things by 2020. ABI Research estimates that more
than 30 billion
devices will be
wirelessly connected to the Internet of things by
2020.
As
per
a
2014
survey
and
study
done
by
Pew
Research
Internet
Project,
a
large
majority
of
the
technology
experts
and
engaged
Internet
users
who
responded
—
83
percent
—
agreed
with
the
notion
that
the
Internet/
Cloud
of
Things,
embedded
and
wearable
computing
(and
the
corresponding
dynamic
systems)
will
have
widespread and
beneficial effects by 2025.