-
凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构
2012
年全国硕士研究生入学统一
考试英语
The ethical judgments
of the Supreme Court justices have become an
important issue recently. The
court
cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule
of law _2_ justices behave like politicians.
Yet,
in
several
instances,
justices
acted
in
ways
that
_3_
the
court
’
s
reputation
for
being
independent and
impartial.
Justice Antonin Scalia, for
example, appeared at political events. That kind
of activity
makes it
less
likely that the court
’
s
decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part
of the problem is that
the justices are
not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the
court should make itself _6_to the
code
of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal
judiciary.
This and other similar cases
_8_the question of whether there is still a
_9_between the court and
politics.
The
framers
of
the
Constitution
envisioned
law
_10_having
authority
apart
from
politics.
They
gave
justices
permanent
positions
_11_they
would
be
free
to
_12_
those
in
power
and
have
no
need
to
_13_
political
support.
Our
legal
system
was
designed
to
set
law
apart
from
politics
precisely because
they are so closely _14_.
Constitutional law is political because
it results from choices rooted in fundamental
social _15_
like
liberty
and
property.
When
the
court
deals
with
social
policy
decisions,
the
law
it
_16_
is
inescapably
political-which
is
why
decisions
split
along
ideological
lines
are
so
easily
_17_
as
unjust.
The justices must _18_ doubts about the
court
’
s legitimacy by making
themselves _19_ to the
code of conduct.
That would make rulings more likely to be seen as
separate from politics and,
_20_,
convincing as law.
1.
[A]emphasize
[B]maintain
[C]modify
[D]
recognize
2. [A]when
[B]lest
[C]before
[D]
unless
3. [A]restored
[B]weakened
[C]established
[D]
eliminated
4. [A]challenged
[B]compromised
[C]suspected
[D]
accepted
5. [A]advanced
[B]caught
[C]bound
[D]founded
6. [A]resistant
[B]subject
[C]immune
[D]prone
7. [A]resorts
[B]sticks
[C]loads
[D]applies
8. [A]evade
[B]raise
[C]deny
[D]settle
9. [A]line
[B]barrier
[C]similarity
[D]conflict
10. [A]by
[B]as
[C]though
[D]towards
11. [A]so
[B]since
[C]provided
[D]though
12. [A]serve
[B]satisfy
[C]upset
[D]replace
13. [A]confirm
[B]express
[C]cultivate
[D]offer
14. [A]guarded
[B]followed
[C]studied
[D]tied
15. [A]concepts
[B]theories
[C]divisions
[D]conceptions
16.
[A]excludes
[B]questions
[C]shapes
[D]controls
17. [A]dismissed
[B]released
[C]ranked
[D]distorted
18. [A]suppress
[B]exploit
[C]address
[D]ignore
19. [A]accessible
[B]amiable
[C]agreeable
[D]accountable
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凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构
20. [A]by all mesns
[B]atall costs
[C]in a word
[D]as
a result
Come on
–
Everybody
’
s
doing it. That whispered message, half invitation
and half forcing, is
what
most
of
us
think
of
when
we
hear
the
words
peer
pressure.
It
usually
leads
to
no
good-drinking, drugs and
casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club,
Tina Rosenberg contends
that
peer
pressure
can
also be
a
positive
force
through
what
she
calls
the
social
cure,
in
which
organizations
and
officials
use
the
power
of
group
dynamics
to
help
individuals
improve
their
lives and possibly the
word.
Rosenberg, the recipient of a
Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the
social cure in action: In
South
Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program
called Rage Against the Haze sets out to
make cigarettes uncool. In South
Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as
LoveLife recruits
young people to
promote safe sex among their peers.
The
idea seems promising
，
and
Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique
of the lameness of
many pubic-health
campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer
pressure for healthy habits, and
they
demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of
psychology.
”
Dare
to be different, please
don
’
t
smoke!
”
pleads
one
billboard
campaign
aimed
at
reducing
smoking
among
teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing
more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues
convincingly that
public-health
advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,
so skilled at applying peer pressure.
But on the general effectiveness of the
social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join
the Club is
filled
with
too
much
irrelevant
detail
and
not
enough
exploration
of
the
social
and
biological
factors
that
make
peer
pressure
so
powerful.
The
most
glaring
flaw
of
the
social
cure
as
it
’
s
presented here is that it
doesn
’
t work very well for
very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once
state funding was cut. Evidence that
the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is
limited and
mixed.
There
’
s no doubt
that our peer groups exert enormous influence on
our behavior. An emerging
body
of
research
shows
that
positive
health
habits-as
well
as
negative
ones-spread
through
networks
of
friends
via
social
communication.
This
is
a
subtle
form
of
peer
pressure:
we
unconsciously imitate the behavior we
see every day.
Far less certain,
however, is how successfully experts and
bureaucrats can select our peer groups
and
steer
their
activities
in
virtuous
directions.
It
’
s
like
the
teacher
who
breaks
up
the
troublemakers in the
back row by pairing them with better-behaved
classmates. The tactic never
really
works. And that
’
s the
problem with a social cure engineered from the
outside: in the real
world, as in
school, we insist on choosing our own friends.
21. According to the first paragraph,
peer pressure often emerges as
[A] a
supplement to the social cure
[B] a
stimulus to group dynamics
[C] an
obstacle to school progress
[D] a cause
of undesirable behaviors
22. Rosenberg holds that public
advocates should
[A] recruit
professional advertisers
[B] learn from
advertisers
’
experience
[C] stay away
from commercial advertisers
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凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构
[D] recognize the
limitations of advertisements
23. In the
author
’
s view,
Rosenberg
’
s book fails to
[A] adequately probe social and
biological factors
[B] effectively
evade the flaws of the social cure
[C] illustrate the functions of state
funding
[D]produce a long-lasting
social effect
24.
Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors
[A] is harmful to our networks of
friends
[B] will mislead
behavioral studies
[C] occurs without
our realizing it
[D] can
produce negative health habits
25. The author suggests in the last
paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
[A] harmful[B] desirable[C]
profound[D] questionable
A
deal
is
a
deal-except,
apparently
,when
Entergy
is
involved.
The
company,
a
major
energy
supplier in New
England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont
last week when it announced it
was
reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by
the strict nuclear regulations.
Instead,
the
company
has
done
precisely
what
it
had
long
promised
it
would
not
challenge
the
constitutionality of
Vermont
’
s rules in the
federal court, as part of a desperate effort to
keep its
Vermont Yankee nuclear power
plant running. It
’
s a
stunning move.
The conflict has been
surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought
V
ermont
’
s only
nuclear
power plant, an aging reactor
in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state
approval for the sale, the
company
agreed to seek permission from state regulators to
operate past 2012. In 2006, the state
went
a
step
further,
requiring
that
any
extension
of
the
plant
’
s
license
be
subject
to
Vermont
legislature
’
s
approval. Then, too, the company went along.
Either Entergy never really intended to
live by those commitments, or it simply
didn
’
t foresee
what would happen next. A string of
accidents, including the partial collapse of a
cooling tower in
207 and the discovery
of an underground pipe system leakage, raised
serious questions about both
Vermont
Yankee
’
s
safety
and
Entergy
’
s
management
–
especially
after
the
company
made
misleading statements about the pipe.
Enraged by Entergy
’
s
behavior, the Vermont Senate voted
26
to 4 last year against allowing an extension.
Now the company is suddenly claiming
that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the
2006
legislation, and that only
the federal government has regulatory
power over nuclear issues. The
legal
issues in the case are obscure: whereas the
Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some
regulatory
authority
over
nuclear
power,
legal
scholars
say
that
Vermont
case
will
offer
a
precedent-setting test of how far those
powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns
about the
patchwork regulations that
could result if every state sets its own rules.
But had Entergy kept its
word, that
debate would be beside the point.
The
company seems to have concluded that its
reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that
it
has
noting
left
to
lose
by
going
to
war
with
the
state.
But
there
should
be
consequences.
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凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构
Permission to run a nuclear
plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other
reactors in the United
States,
including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.
Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company
has
applied
for
federal
permission
to
keep
it
open
for
another
20
years.
But
as
the
Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the
company
’
s application, it
should keep it mind what
promises from
Entergy are worth.
26. The
phrase
“
reneging
on
”
(Line .1) is closest in
meaning to
[A]
condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D]
securing.
27. By entering
into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to
[A] obtain protection from
V
ermont regulators.
[B] seek
favor from the federal legislature.
[C]
acquire an extension of its business license .
[D] get permission to purchase a power
plant.
28. According to
Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with
its
[A] managerial practices.
[B] technical
innovativeness.
[C] financial goals.
[D] business vision
29. In the
author
’
s view, the Vermont
case will test
[A]
Entergy
’
s capacity to
fulfill all its promises.
[B] the
mature of states
’
patchwork regulations.
[C]
the federal authority over nuclear issues .
[D] the limits of
states
’
power
over nuclear issues.
30.
It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] Entergy
’
s
business elsewhere might be affected.
[B] the authority of the NRC will be
defied.
[C] Entergy will withdraw its
Plymouth application.
[D]
Vermont
’
s reputation might
be damaged.
In
the
idealized
version
of
how
science
is
done,
facts
about
the
world
are
waiting
to
be
observed
and collected by objective researchers who use the
scientific method to carry out their
work.
But
in
the
everyday
practice
of
science,
discovery
frequently
follows
an
ambiguous
and
complicated route. We aim to be
objective, but we cannot escape the context of our
unique life
experience.
Prior
knowledge
and
interest
influence
what
we
experience,
what
we
think
our
experiences mean, and the subsequent
actions we take. Opportunities for
misinterpretation, error,
and self-
deception abound.
Consequently,
discovery
claims
should
be
thought
of
as
protoscience.
Similar
to
newly
staked
mining
claims,
they
are
full
of
potential.
But
it
takes
collective
scrutiny
and
acceptance
to
transform a discovery claim into a
mature discovery. This is the credibility process,
through which
the individual
researcher
’
s me, here, now
becomes the community
’
s
anyone, anywhere, anytime.
Objective
knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
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凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构
Once
a
discovery
claim
becomes
public,
the
discoverer
receives
intellectual
credit.
But,
unlike
with mining claims,
the community takes control of what happens next.
Within the complex social
structure of
the scientific community, researchers make
discoveries; editors and reviewers act as
gatekeepers by controlling the
publication process; other scientists use the new
finding to suit their
own purposes; and
finally, the public (including other scientists)
receives the new discovery and
possibly
accompanying
technology.
As
a
discovery
claim
works
it
through
the
community,
the
interaction
and
confrontation
between
shared
and
competing
beliefs
about
the
science
and
the
technology involved transforms an
individual
’
s discovery claim
into the community
’
s
credible
discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this
credibility process.
First, scientific
work tends to focus on
some
aspect
of
prevailing
Knowledge
that
is
viewed
as
incomplete
or
incorrect.
Little
reward
accompanies
duplication
and
confirmation
of
what
is
already
known
and
believed.
The
goal
is
new-
search,
not
re-search.
Not
surprisingly,
newly
published
discovery
claims
and
credible
discoveries
that
appear
to
be
important
and
convincing
will
always
be
open
to
challenge
and
potential
modification
or
refutation
by
future
researchers.
Second,
novelty
itself
frequently
provokes
disbelief.
Nobel
Laureate
and
physiologist
Albert
Azent-Gyorgyi
once
described
discovery
as
“
seeing
what
everybody
has
seen
and
thinking
what
nobody
has
thought.
”
But
thinking what nobody
else has thought and telling others what they have
missed may not change
their
views.
Sometimes
years
are
required
for
truly
novel
discovery
claims
to
be
accepted
and
appreciated.
In the end, credibility
“
happens
”
to a discovery claim
–
a process that
corresponds to what
philosopher
Annette
Baier
has
described
as
the
commons
of
the
mind.
“
We
reason
together,
challenge, revise, and complete each
other
’
s reasoning and each
other
’
s conceptions of
reason.
”
31.
According to the first paragraph, the process of
discovery is characterized by its
[A]
uncertainty and complexity.
[B]
misconception and deceptiveness.
[C]
logicality and objectivity.
[D]
systematicness and regularity.
32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2
that credibility process requires
[A]
strict inspection.
[B]shared efforts.
[C] individual wisdom.
[D]persistent innovation.
aph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes
credible after it
[A] has attracted the
attention of the general public.
[B]has
been examined by the scientific community.
[C] has received recognition from
editors and reviewers.
[D]has been
frequently quoted by peer scientists.
34. Albert Szent-Gy?
rgyi would most
likely agree that
[A] scientific claims
will survive challenges.
[B]discoveries
today inspire future research.
[C]
efforts to make discoveries are justified.
[D]scientific work calls for a critical
mind.
of the following would be the
best title of the test?
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[A] Novelty as an Engine of
Scientific Development.
[B]Collective
Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.
[C]
Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.
[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate
to Science.
If
the
trade
unionist
Jimmy
Hoffa
were
alive
today,
he
would
probably
represent
civil
servant.
When
Hoffa
’
s
Teamsters
were
in
their
prime
in
1960,
only
one
in
ten
American
government
workers belonged
to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of
unionists in America
’
s
public
sector
passed
that
of
their
fellow
members
in
the
private
sector.
In
Britain,
more
than
half
of
public-sector workers but only about
15% of private-sector ones are unionized.
There are three reasons for
the public-sector unions
’
thriving. First, they can shut things
down
without
suffering
much
in
the
way
of
consequences.
Second,
they
are
mostly
bright
and
well-
educated. A quarter of
America
’
s public-sector
workers have a university degree. Third, they
now dominate left-of-centre politics.
Some of their ties go back a long way.
Britain
’
s Labor Party,
as its name implies, has long been
associated with trade unionism. Its current
leader, Ed Miliband,
owes his position
to votes from public-sector unions.
At the state level their influence can
be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the
Public Policy
Institute
of
California
points
out
that
much
of
the
state
’
s
budget
is
patrolled
by
unions.
The
teachers
’
unions keep an eye on schools, the
CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on
health care.
In many rich
countries average wages in the state sector are
higher than in the private one. But the
real
gains
come
in
benefits
and
work
practices.
Politicians
have
repeatedly
“
backl
oaded
”
public-
sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest
but adding to holidays and especially
pensions that are already generous.
Reform
has
been
vigorously
opposed,
perhaps
most
egregiously
in
education,
where
charter
schools,
academies
and
merit
pay
all
faced
drawn-out
battles.
Even
though
there
is
plenty
of
evidence that the quality of the
teachers is the most important variable,
teachers
’
unions
have
fought against getting rid of bad
ones and promoting good ones.
As
the
cost
to
everyone
else
has
become
clearer,
politicians
have
begun
to
clamp
down.
In
Wisconsin
the
unions
have
rallied
thousands
of
supporters
against
Scott
Walker,
the
hardline
Republican
governor. But many within the public sector suffer
under the current system, too.
John Donahue at
Harvard
’
s Kennedy School
points out that the norms of culture in Western
civil
services
suit
those
who
want
to
stay
put
but
is
bad
for
high
achievers.
The
only
American
public-sector workers who earn well
above $$250,000 a year are university sports
coaches and the
president
of
the
United
States.
Bankers
’
fat
pay
packets
have
attracted
much
criticism,
but
a
public-
sector
system
that
does
not
reward
high
achievers
may
be
a
much
bigger
problem
for
America.
36. It can be learned from the first
paragraph that
[A] Teamsters still have
a large body of members.
[B] Jimmy
Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.
[C] unions have enlarged their public-
sector membership.
[D]the government
has improved its relationship with unionists.
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37. Which of the following
is true of Paragraph 2?
[A] Public-
sector unions are prudent in taking actions.
[B] Education is required for public-
sector union membership.
[C] Labor
Party has long been fighting against public-sector
unions.
[D]Public-sector unions seldom
get in trouble for their actions.
38.
It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income
in the state sector is
[A] illegally
secured.
[B] indirectly augmented.
[C] excessively increased.
[D]fairly adjusted.
39. The example of the unions in
Wisconsin shows that unions
[A]often
run against the current political system.
[B]can change
people
’
s political
attitudes.
[C]may be a barrier to
public-sector reforms.
[D]are dominant
in the government.
40. John
Donahue
’
s attitude towards
the public-sector system is one of
[A]d
isapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indiffe
rence.
Think
of those fleeting moments when you look out of an
aeroplane window and realise that you
are flying, higher than a bird. Now
think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper
envelope, or
your cellphone in the palm
of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at
those marvels. You
are the lucky
inheritor of a dream come true.
The
second
half
of
the
20th
century
saw
a
collection
of
geniuses,
warriors,
entrepreneurs
and
visionaries
labour to create
a fabulous
machine that could function as a typewriter and
printing
press,
studio
and
theatre,
paintbrush
and
gallery,
piano
and
radio,
the
mail
as
well
as
the
mail
carrier. (41)
The networked
computer is an amazing device, the first media
machine that serves as the mode of
production, means of distribution, site
of reception, and place of praise and critique.
The computer
is the 21st century's
culture machine.
But for all the
reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we
must also tread with caution. (42)I
call
it
a
secret
war
for
two
reasons.
First,
most
people
do
not
realise
that
there
are
strong
commercial agendas at work to keep them
in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority
of
people who use networked computers
to upload are not even aware of the significance
of what
they are doing.
All
animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers
build dams and birds make nests. Yet for
the most part, the animal kingdom moves
through the world downloading. Humans are unique
in
their
capacity
to
not
only
make
tools
but
then
turn
around
and
use
them
to
create
superfluous
material
goods
-
paintings,
sculpture
and
architecture
-
and
superfluous
experiences
-
music,
literature, religion
and philosophy. (43)
For all the
possibilities of our new culture machines, most
people are still stuck in download mode.
Even after the advent of widespread
social media, a pyramid of production remains,
with a small
number
of
people
uploading
material,
a
slightly
larger
group
commenting
on
or
modifying
that
content, and a huge
percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)
Television
is
a
one-way
tap
flowing
into
our
homes.
The
hardest
task
that
television
asks
of
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凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构
anyone is to turn the power
off after he has turned it on.
(45)
What counts as meaningful uploading? My
definition revolves around the concept of
creations and experiences to which
others adhere.
[A]
Of course,
it
is
precisely
these
superfluous
things
that
define
human
culture
and
ultimately
what it is to be
human. Downloading and consuming culture requires
great skills, but failing to
move
beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a
defining constituent of humanity.
[B]
Applications like , which allow users to combine
pictures, words and other media
in
creative ways and then share them, have the
potential to add stickiness by amusing,
entertaining
and enlightening others.
[C]
Not
only
did
they
develop
such
a
device
but
by
the
turn
of
the
millennium
they
had
also
managed
to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by
billions of people every day.
[D] This
is because the networked computer has sparked a
secret war between downloading and
uploading
-
between
passive
consumption
and
active
creation
-
whose
outcome
will
shape
our
collective future in ways we can only
begin to imagine.
[E]
The
challenge
the
computer
mounts
to
television
thus
bears
little
similarity
to
one
format
being replaced by
another in the manner of record players being
replaced by CD players.
[F] One reason
for the persistence of this pyramid of production
is that for the past half-century,
much
of
the
world's
media
culture
has
been
defined
by
a
single
medium
-
television
-
and
television is defined by
downloading.
[G]The networked computer
offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the
flow, to encourage
thoughtful
downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful
uploading.
Part C
Since
the
days
of
Aristotle,
a
search
for
universal
principles
has
characterized
the
scientific
enterprise. In some ways, this quest
for commonalities defines science.
Newton
’
s laws of motion
and Darwinian evolution each bind a
host of different phenomena into a single
explicatory frame
work.
(46)In
physics,
one
approach
takes
this
impulse
for
unification
to
its
extreme,
and
seeks
a
theory
of
everything
—
a
single
generative
equation
for
all
we
is
becoming
less
clear,
however, that such a
theory would be a simplification, given the
dimensions and universes that it
might
entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains
a major goal.
This tendency
in the natural sciences has long been evident in
the social sciences too. (47)Here,
Darwinism seems to offer justification
for it all humans share common origins it seems
reasonable
to suppose that cultural
diversity could also be traced to more constrained
beginnings. Just as the
bewildering
variety of human courtship rituals might all be
considered forms of sexual selection,
perhaps the
world
’
s languages, music,
social and religious customs and even history are
governed
by
universal
features.
(48)To
filter
out
what
is
unique
from
what
is
shared
might
enable
us
to
understand how complex
cultural behavior arose and what guides it in
evolutionary or cognitive
terms.
That,
at
least,
is
the
hope.
But
a
comparative
study
of
linguistic
traits
published
online
today
supplies a reality
check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland
and his colleagues consider
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