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英文原文
Mining subsidence caused by
mining environmental disasters
Keywords:
land reclamation
of mining subsidence
；
subsidence control
Large-scale
exploitation
of
coal
mine
and
its
surrounding
environment
has
resulted
in
serious
damage
to
an
increasingly
prominent
mining
subsidence
mining
environmental
disasters
caused by land subsidence or mainly water,
agricultural production or no production,
road collapse, deformation and damage,
such as housing, which are is a mining-induced
rock
movement, is caused by mining
subsidence and regional disasters, the source of
deformation,
the effective control and
reduce the degree of ground subsidence is the root
of the problem to
resolve
this
way.
With
the
improved
form
of
coal,
have
increased
the
Group's
control
environment
and
governance,
the
cause
of
the
coal
is
reactive
in
that
will
benefit
future
generations.
1. Subsidence
means of control techniques
Subsidence
damage control measures will be considered in two
ways; (1) the control of
mining
subsidence,
that
is,
through
the
rational
choice
of
mining
methods
and
technology,
rational
arrangement
of
mining
face,
take
underground
filling
law,
separation
of
overlying
strata with
measures such as space filling to reduce surface
subsidence, control the speed and
extent of surface subsidence, to
protect surface and ground built structures with
the purpose
of
arable
land.
(2)
mining
subsidence
damage
restoration
and
remediation,
the
use
of
land
reclamation technology and building
anti-mining deformation technology, mining
subsidence
damage remediation and use
of land.
1.1.1 All backfill mining
In the coal after mining has
yet to take off before the roof with a
solid material to be
dense goaf
filling, so that only yields a small amount of
roof rock sinking in order to reduce
surface
subsidence
and
deformation
of
the
ground
to
protect
the
building,
structure
or
purpose of farmland .
Which is the filling of water and sediment filling
in the mining method
to
reduce
the
effect
of
surface
preparation
methods
subsidence,
followed
by
the
wind
and
filling away from the
filling of waste. However, filling mining method
of filling the need for
specialized
equipment
and
facilities,
but
also
the
need
for
adequate
filling
material.
Initial
investment of mine,
and tons of coal a corresponding increase in cost.
1.1.2 strip mining
Based
on
coal
and
overlying
strata
combination
of
conditions,
according
to
a
certain
ratio of mining to remain in the coal
seam was mined in a recovery to retain one. As a
result
- 2 -
of
strip
mining
is
only
part
of
the
underground
mining
of
coal
resources,
coal
in
order
to
retain a portion of coal overlying
strata cylindrical support. Thereby reducing the
overburden
rock
movement,
control
the
movement
and
deformation
of
the
surface
to
achieve
on
the
ground to build structures of
protection. However, the methods of the low rate
of recovery,
tunnel boring, and
inefficient working.
1.1.3 Filling the
cover rock band separation
Mined-out
area
in
accordance
with
the
top
of
the
cover
rock
band
mobile
form
a
three-shift
characteristics of the rock, in coal mining after
a certain time interval, with drilling
to the separation of space with high-
pressure grouting, filling, reinforced with
separation of
space,
will
be
mining
the
reinforced
masonry
beam
structure
for
better
stability
of
the
continuous beam structures, so that
separation of space with the sink is no longer
transfer to
the surface in order to
reduce or mitigate surface subsidence, the
protection of ground built
structures
or farmland. However, the technical difficulty,
and then further study.
1.1.4 Mining
thick limit
According to the mining
area topography, hydro-geological conditions and
building the
capacity of anti-
deformation structures in order to not produce the
surface water and to meet
the
requirements of the protection of buildings based
on grades to determine the thickness of
coal
seam
can
be
mined,
mining
is
only
the
thickness
of
the
coal
mining,
none
of
the
remaining
coal mining, in order to achieve reduction in the
protection of ground subsidence
building,
structures
and
land
use.
However,
the
low
rate
of
recovery
techniques,
only
the
application of thin coal
seam a certain value.
1.1.5
Coordination of the exploitation of
Slice mining thick coal seam, the
rational design of the exploitation of the working
face
spacing,
location
and
exploitation
of
the
order
of
each
other,
so
that
a
coal
mining
(face)
surface
deformation
generated
by
coal
and
the
exploitation
of
another
(face)
surface
deformation
arising
from
mutual
offset
or
partially
offset
to
reduce
the
mining
of
surface
deformation caused by the protection of
ground built structures. However, the technology's
fault in order to maintain a certain
distance, it is difficult to organize production.
China has
yet to carry out such
industrial experiment.
1.1.6
Take full advantage of the structure of
overburden rock strata movement of the control,
application
of
the
principle
of
load
replacement
for
small
strip
mining
-
the
consolidation
grouting
filling
goaf
-
strip
mining
the
remaining
three-step
extraction
method,
effective
mobility and the
surface of the rock subsidence control, to solve
the large-scale exploitation
of ground
subsidence control, increased the rate of coal
mining, the protection of the ground
built structures, but there are complex
processes, such as the shortcomings of higher
cost.
II. Land Reclamation Technology
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2.2.1
Reclamation of coal gangue and fly ash filling
Filling Reclamation
(1) generated a
large number of underground mining to surface
emissions of coal gangue,
is there an
area of pollution of the environment. The use of
coal waste as filling material, so
that
mining can restore damaged land and reducing the
amount of waste to.
(2) the use of
plant waste - fly ash filled reclaimed land
subsidence can be of two evils
(subsidence, fly ash) for the three-li
(power plants, coal mines, three farmers put a
favorable
face).
2.2.2
Reclamation of the ground and the construction of
terraces
Subsidence of the water,
diving bit lower slope areas, can be taken to the
land formation,
terraced into the use
of the method of reclamation. Terrace level
width and height, should
be
based
on
ease
shaking
the
ground
slope,
soil
engineering
a
large
quantity
of
crop
filial
types of integrated farming
mechanization level to consider to determine, the
size of the field
gradient and slope
aspect, slope should be based on the original
great filial piety non-irrigated
conditions, reclamation of land use to
decide.
2.2.3 Reclamation Act lost
platoon
Excavation of drainage
channels, will be the introduction of subsidence
shallow water of
rivers, lakes,
reservoirs, etc., as the water used is re-flooded
subsidence under cultivation.
2.2.4
Reclamation deep shallow pad
The
use
of
manual
or
mechanical
methods
to
the
local
water
or
seasonal
water
subsidence deepened the sinking large
area suitable for fish farming, irrigation water,
filled
with soil dug up small areas of
mining subsidence, making it available cultivation
of arable
land.
2.2.5
Utilization of catchment areas for technical
Large
area
of
ground
water
and
water
depth
of
a
lot
of
subsidence,
the
utilization
of
science,
the
development
of
Cage
Culture,
fish
fences,
storage
for
irrigation
water,
construction of water parks.
2.2.6 Reclamation of solid microbial
technology
Add the proper amount of
gangue microbial activator, after a growing period
of plants
(about 6 months) can
establish a solid layer of plant growth and form
of soil aging.
Mining
subsidence
caused
by
mining
environment
is
the
direct
cause
of
geological
disasters,
effective
control
and
reduce
the
degree
of
ground
subsidence
is
to
avoid
environmental hazards
of mining subsidence of the basic approach. Fill
mining method is to
reduce
the
effect
of
surface
preparation
method
of
sinking,
some
mines
in
recent
years
in
Shandong
paste filling are doing the experiment, this
method can not face down or reduce the
collapse
zone,
the
better
to
reduce
surface
subsidence .
Technology
but
its
a
great
line
delivery times, and tube obstruction
Louis, if successful it would be a coal mining
technology
revolution.
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