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U6 A
To work or not to work -
That is the question
打工还是不打工——这是个问题
There are numerous and reliable ways by
which one can measure the impact of
employment on student achievement, and
we used several in our research. We
compared the grades of students who
work a great deal with those who work in
limited amounts or not at all. We also
contrasted workers with non-workers, on
different indicators of their
commitment to education. Additionally, we followed
students
over
time
as
they
increased
or
decreased
their
work
hours,
and
we
assessed how different
patterns of employment altered school performance
and
engagement.
要衡量工作经历对学生成就
的影响有许多可靠的方法。
在我们的研究中，
我们采用了几种方
法。
我们比较了打很多工的学生和打工时间有限或者根本不打工
的学生的学习成绩。
我们也
对比了打工学生和不打工学生在学习
投入程度方面的不同指征。另外，我们长期跟踪学生，
了解他们在打工时间增加或减少时
的表现。
而且，
我们还评估了不同的打工模式如何改变学
习成绩和学习参与度。
We have
simplified and classified the data and the results
are clear: The stakes
are high. A heavy
commitment to a part-time job during the academic
year, say,
working 20 hours per week or
more, undermines and significantly interferes with
school
achievement
and
commitment.
Overall,
our
study
offers
proof
that
students who worked more than 20 hours
weekly were not comparable to their
classmates. They earned lower grades,
spent less time on homework, cut class
more
often,
and
cheated
more
frequently.
And
they
reported
lower
levels
of
commitment to school and more modest
educational aspirations.
我们把数据加以简化和归类，<
/p>
得出的结论很明确：
学生打工付出的代价很大。
< br>在学年中花过
多精力兼职打工，比如，一周打工
20
个小时或更长时间，会影响和严重干扰学习成绩和
学习投入程度。总的来说，我们的研究证明，每周打工超过
20
个小时的学生学习成绩不
及班上
其他同学。他们的分数更低，花在作业上的时间更少，逃课更频繁，作弊更常见。而
且据
反映，他们的学习投入程度较低，学习志向也不够远大。
On
the
other
hand,
we
also
detected
a
different
pattern.
Working
for
approximately 10 hours
per week or less seemingly does not take a
consistent toll
on
school
performance.
Nevertheless,
given
that
half
of
all
employed
seniors,
about
one-third
of
all
juniors,
and
about
one-fifth
of
all
second-
year
students
work above the
20-hour limit, indications are that a large number
of students are
at risk of compromising
their school careers with their part-time jobs.
但是，我们也发现了另外一种不同的模式。每周打工大约
10
个小时或更少的时间对学习
成绩
似乎没有持续的影响。
不过，
鉴于一半的大四打工学生、
约三分之一的大三打工学生以
及约五分之一的大二打工学生的打工时间
都超过
20
个小时的上限，由此表
明，有很多学
生面临因打工而危及学业的风险。
Whereas it is true that more disengaged
students are more likely to work long
hours to begin with, it appears that
working makes a marginal situation worse. In
other words, over time, the more
students work, the less committed to school they
become. When students withdraw from the
labor force or cut back on their work
hours, however, the results are
striking: Their interest in school is generated
anew.
This
then
is
good
news:
The
negative
effects
of
working
on
schooling
are
not
permanent.
虽说一开始确实是学习兴趣不大的学生
更容易长时间地打工，
但是打工看起来会让他们原本
勉强的学习
状况变得更糟。换言之，
随着时间的推移，学生打工时间越长，
他们对学习的投
入就越少。
但是，当学生退出打工队伍或者减少
打工时间后，
结果也引人注目：他们对学习
的兴趣被重新激发起
来。所以，这是个好消息，即打工对学习的负面影响并非是永久性的。
We uncovered numerous explanations for
the undesirable effects of working on
students' engagement in school. First,
owing to their demanding work schedule,
working students have less time to
devote to school assignments. One common
response to this time pressure is that
they cut corners by taking easier classes,
copying assignments from other
students, cutting class, or refusing to do work
assigned
by
their
teachers.
Over
time,
as
these
become
established
practices,
students'
commitment to school is eroded bit by bit.
我们发现了打工对学生学习参与度产生负面影响的很多种原因。
首先，
由于紧张的打工日程，
打工的学生用来完成学校作业的时间就减少了。<
/p>
面临这样的时间压力，
打工学生一个普遍的
应付办法就是偷懒，
比如选择较容易的课程、
抄袭其他学生的
作业、
逃课或者不做老师布臵
的作业。
时间一长，
当这些变成习以为常的做法以后，
学生对学习的投入
也就一点一点地减
少。
Second, in order to work 20 hours or
more each week, many students must work
evenings. Evening work interferes not
only with doing homework, but with both
sleep
and
diet.
Studies
show
that
working
students
get
less
rest
and
eat
less
healthy
meals
than
non-working
students.
Burning
the
midnight
oil
makes
working
teenagers
more
tired
in
school.
Teachers
frequently
complain
about
working
students
falling
asleep
in
class.
Nearly
a
third
of
the
students
in
our
study said they were frequently too
tired from work to do their homework.
第二，为了每周能打工
20
个小时或更长时间，许多学生必须要在晚上工作。晚上工作不
仅影响做
作业，
而且影响睡眠和饮食。研究表明，
与不打工的学生相比，
打工学生的休息时
间更少，
饮食也不够健康。
< br>熬夜让打工的青少年在学校时感觉更疲倦。
老师们经常抱怨打工
< br>学生在课堂上睡觉。
在我们的调查中，
将近三分之一的学
生说，
他们经常因打工太累而不做
作业。
Third, it appears that the excitement
of earning large amounts of spending money
makes school seem less rewarding and
interesting.
第三，挣到数量可观的零花钱所带来的兴奋感似乎让上学显
得没意义和乏味。
Although
mind-wandering
during
school
is
characteristic
of
young
adults,
working
students
report
significantly
more
of
it
than
non-workers.
Indeed,
the
rush
from earning and spending money may be so strong
that students who have
a
history
of
intensive employment,
those
who,
for
example,
have been
working
long
hours
since
their
second
year,
are
actually
at
greater
risk
than
their
classmates of dropping
out before graduating.
虽说在学校学习时心不在焉是年轻人
的通病，
但是据反映，
打工的学生比不打工的学生在这
方面表现得更为糟糕。
事实上，
赚钱和花钱带来
的快感也许过于强烈，
以至于有长时间打工
史的学生，比如从大
二开始就长时间打工的学生，实际上比其他同学面临更大的辍学风险。
Finally, working long hours can be
associated with increased alcohol and drug
use.
Working
students
use
drugs
and
alcohol
about
33%
more
often
than
non-
working students. Our long-term study shows that
working long hours leads
to
increased
alcohol
and
drug
use
for
entertainment
and
recreation
among
working
students.
Teenagers
with
between
$$200
and
$$300
of
monthly
surplus
income
frequently have
more
money
to
spend
than
their
peers,
and often
they
become accustomed to spending their
earnings on drugs and alcohol. According
to our study, alcohol and drug use, in
turn, may be linked to disengagement from
school, and therefore, is likely to
depress school performance.
最后，
< br>长时间打工与饮酒和吸毒的增多有关。
打工的学生吸毒和饮酒的概率比不打工的学
生
要高出大约
33%
。我们的长期研究显示，长时间打工导致打工的学生更多地饮酒和吸毒，
他们借
此来娱乐和消遣。
每月多收入
200
至
300
美元的青少年通常比其他同学有更多的
零花钱，
而且他们也常常
习惯于把自己赚来的钱花在吸毒和饮酒上。
我们的研究表明，
饮
酒
和吸毒相应地可能造成学习兴趣减弱，因此很可能导致学习成绩下降。
To summarize, convention has long
held that early employment builds character.
Our findings indicate that for many
students, working 20 hours or more a week
can contribute to decreased school
performance and increased drug and alcohol
use. We know that these findings may
seem controversial to many. To our own
surprise,
our
findings
make
us
question
how
long
we
have
held
on
to
the
conventional assumptions about the
great value of work in our formative years.
It's
time
to
abandon
this
appealing
myth!
We
conclude
that
students
should
resolve to work no more than 10 hours
per week if they want to be successful in
school.
总而言之，
长期以来
的传统观念一直认为，
早期的工作经历能锤炼性格。
而我们的研
究结果
表明，对于许多学生而言，每周打工
20
个小时或更多时间会导致学习成绩的下滑以及吸
毒和饮酒的增多。
我们知道这些研究结果可能在许多人看来是有争议的。
令我们感到惊讶的
是，
我们的研究结果
促使我们质疑，
为何长久以来我们一直坚守着那种打工有利于我们成长
< br>的传统想法。现在是摒弃这种诱人的错误观念的时候了！
我们的结论是：要想学业
成功，学
生就应该下决心做到每周打工不超过
10
个小时。
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