-
英语写作讲义
Part One Manuscript Form
第一部分
文稿格式
As
we
are
learning
to
write,
we
should
have
a
clear
idea
of
what is
good manuscript form. We should do
everything
—
writing
the
title,
leaving
margins,
indenting,
capitalizing,
and
dividing
words
—
according
to generally accepted rules. Whenever we write
something, we should work carefully,
write neatly and clearly, and
try
to
make
as
few
mistakes
as
possible.
Before
handing
in
our
essay or exercise, we should proofread
it once or twice, because we
may need
to make some final corrections and changes. If we
always
work in this way, we are sure to
make to progress.
当我们学习写作的时候，应该清楚地知道什么是
好的文稿
格式。我们应该做的每件事是
——
写标题，留页边距，缩进，
首字母大写，并拆分单词
——<
/p>
根据普遍接受的规则。每当我们
写东西时，应该仔细，字迹工整清
楚，尽可能少犯错误。在上
交我们的文章或练习前，应该校对一或两次，因为我们可能需
要一些最后的修正和变更。如果我们总是用这种方式工作，肯
定
能取得进步。
Ⅰ
.
Arrangement
1
一、排版
Writing in
correct manuscript form is very important, because
it
makes
it
easy
to
read
what
is
written
and
prevents
misunderstanding.
We
should
follow
the
general
practices
in
writing
the
title,
leaving
the
margins,
paragraphing,
capitalizing,
and dividing words.
用正确的文稿格式
书写是非常重要的，因为它使文章被写
的易于阅读并防止误解。我们应该按照一般惯例写
题目，留页
边距，分段，首字母大写，并拆分单词。
When we write an essay to be read by
the teacher, we should
write on every
other line so that there will be room for
corrections.
It is necessary to leave a
margin of about two centimeters at the top
and the bottom of the page, and one of
a centimeter and a half on
the right
and left side.
当我们按照老师阅读的要求写一篇文章时，应该隔行书
写
以便于有改正的空间。
必须在页面顶端和底部留出大约两厘米
，
右侧和左侧分别留出
1.5
厘米的页
边距。
We
cannot
make
the
right
margin
straight
or
neat,
unless
we
are
using a computer, but we should never write to the
very edge of
the page. When the space
left near the end of a line is not or barely
enough
for
the
word
we
are
going
to
write,
we
should
write
the
word on the next line or
divide the word if it is a long one. There
2
must be a
blank space on the right side of the page.
我们不能使右边距整齐，除非正在用电脑，但绝不该写到
页边缘。当接近行尾，
剩下的空间不够或勉强够写一个长单词，
应该写在下一行或拆分单词。页面右侧肯定有一
处空白。
The title or topic of
the essay should be placed in the middle of
the
first
line.
Every
word
of
the
title
(including
words
following
hyphens in
compound words) should be capitalized. Except
articles,
short
prepositions,
coordinating
conjunctions(and,
or,
but,
so,
yet,
nor, and for) and
to
in infinitives. But if one of these
words is the
first
or
last
word
of
the
title,
it
should
be
capitalized.
Topics
are
generally
noun
phrases(nouns
with
their
modifiers),
though
other
forms are possible. No
full stop should be used at the end of a title.
A
question
mark
is
needed
if
the
topic
is
a
direct
question(but
an
indirect question is not followed by a
question mark). The title of a
book
within
the
topic
should
be
underlined(italicized
in
printing),
and the title of
an article put between quotation marks.
文章的标题或主题应该在第一行居中。
标题的每个单词
（包<
/p>
括复合词中连字符后的单词）应该首字母大写。冠词、简短介
词、
并列连词（
and, or, but, so, yet, nor
< br>和
for
）和不定式中的
to<
/p>
除外，但如果是标题的第一或最后一个单词，应该首字母大写。
主
题一般是名词短语（名词加修饰词）
，不过可能有其他形式。
标
题结尾应该不用句点。如果主题是一个直接问句需要加问号
3
（但间接问句不能跟问号）
。主题中包含书名应该强调（斜体印
刷）
，文章的标题应该放到引号中间。
Below are some examples:
下面是一些例子：
My
Impressions of Beijing
北京印象
The Wall Between
Where Do
All the New Words Come From
？
所有生词从何而来？
What
Traditions Mean to the Chinese
什么习俗对中国人很重要
A
Clean, Well-Lighted Place
一个干净、明亮的地方
Different Views on Jane Eyre
对简
?
爱的不同见解
Interpretations of Robert Frost’s “Fire
and Ice”
解读罗伯特·弗罗斯特的“火与冰”
The
first
line
of
every
paragraph
should
be
indented(started
after a space of four or five letters).
每段的第一行应该缩进（从四或五个字母的空格后开始）
Arabic numerals are generally used for
paging. They can be put
either in the
upper right-hand corner or in the middle below the
last
4
line of
every page.
阿拉伯数字通常被用于分页。
它们被
放到每页的右上角或最
后一行下方居中。
A line is never begun with a comma, a
period, a semicolon, a
colon, a
question mark or an exclamation mark; a line never
ends
with
the
first
half
of
a
pair
of
brackets,
quotation
marks,
or
parentheses. The hyphen that shows a
word is divided is put at the
end, not
at the beginning, of a line.
一行从不起始于逗号、
句点、分号、冒号、问号或感叹号；
从不结束于上半个方括号、引号或圆括号。出现连字
符的拆分
词被放在行尾而不是行首。
Ⅱ
. Word Division
二、拆分单词
The
following
hints
may
be
helpful
to
us
in
the
division
of
words:
下面的提示可能对我们在拆分单词时有所帮助。
One-syllable words such as
count
,
health
and
thought
cannot
be
divided.
Words
with
two
or
more
syllables
can
be
divided
according
to
the
formation
of
syllables:
re-peat-
ed
,
in-sist
,
punc-tu-al
,
san-
dal
,
de-cline
,
trans-la-tion
.
单音节词例如
count, health
和
thought
不能被拆分。有两个
或更多音节的单词可以根据音节的构成被拆分：
re-peat-ed,
5
in-sist, punc-
tu-al, san-dal, de-cline, trans-la-
tion
。
A
stressed
close
syllable
usually
takes
a
consonant
with
it:
ded-i-
cate, grat-i-fy, la-bor-a-to-ry, fin-nish.
一个重读闭音节通常带一个辅音字母：
ded-i-cate,
grat-i-fy,
la-bor-a-to-ry,
fin-nish
。
A
consonant plus -le is treated as a syllable:
min-gle, peo-ple,
no-ble,
gig-gle.
一个辅音字母加
-le
被视为一个音节：
min-gle,
peo-ple,
no-ble, gig-gle.
A single
letter cannot be put at the end or at the
beginning of a
line:
e-voke,
heart-y.
一个单独的字母不能被放在一行的结尾或开头：
e-voke,
heart-y.
A two-letter ending
should not be put at the beginning of a line:
hund-ed, hard-en.
一个双字母的末音节不应被放在行首：
hund-ed,
hard-en.
Divisions
that
may
mislead
the
reader
should
be
avoided:
re-
ally, lay-man.
可能误导读者的拆分应避免：
re-ally, lay-
man
。
Words
with
hyphens
should
be
divided
only
at
the
hyphen:
broad-minded,
broken-hearted.
带
连
字
符
的
单
词
应
只
从
连
字
符
处
拆
分
：
broad-minded,
6
broken-
hearted
。
Two-
syllable words with double consonants in the
middle are
as a rule divided between
the two consonants:
strug-gle, lat-
ter
.
双音节且中间双辅音的单词通常从两个辅音中间被拆
分：
strug-gle, lat-
ter
。
Division of
proper names should be avoided:
Dickens, Paris
.
专有名词的拆分应避免：
Dickens,
Paris
。
The
last
word
of
a
page
should
not
be
divided.
It
should
be
written on the next page.
页面的最后一个单词不应被拆分，应写在下一页上。
Division
of
words
at
the
ends
of
several
consecutive
lines
should be avoided.
在几个连续行结尾处的单词拆分应避免。
Division of words is not always easy.
When we are not sure,
we should consult
a dictionary. In some dictionaries syllabication
is
indicated by a dot; as in the
examples given above, in others by a
space:
to geth er, sum
mer
.
单词拆分不总是容易的。当我们不确定时，应该查字
典。
在一些字典中，音节的划分被通过一个点表示出来；照上述例
子的形式，
其他字典是通过一个空格来表示：
to geth
er, sum mer
。
Ⅲ
. Capitalization
三、字首大写
7
Capitalized
words
are
used
mainly
in
three
places:
proper
names, key words in titles, and the
first words of sentences.
字首大写的单词主要被用于三
个地方：专有名词，标题关
键词和句子的第一个单词。
Common words used as parts of proper
names are capitalized:
常见词汇被当作专有名词的一部分要首字母大写
:
Third Ring Road
三环路
Northwestern
university
西北大学
Women’s Day
妇女节
the National
Library of Beijing
北京国家图书馆
the
Middle Ages
中世纪
the Yellow
River
黄河
Words derived
from proper names are usually capitalized:
从专有名词衍生出的词汇通常首字母大写：
Marxist
马克思主义者
Darwinism
达尔文主义
Freudian
弗洛伊德学说
Dickensian
狄更斯学者
Taoist
道士
Latinize
拉丁化
Some proper names or their derivatives
have become common
words:
8
一些专有名词或其衍生词已成为常见词汇。
mackintosh ( a raincoat; after Charles
Macintosh who invented
it )
橡胶雨衣
（一种雨衣；
以发明者查尔斯
·
麦金托什名义命名）
quixotic(like
Don
Quixote,
hero
of
the
novel
of
the
same
name)
不切实际的空想（与同名小说中的男主角堂吉诃德类似）
All
sentences,
including
sentence
fragments
treated
as
sentences,
should
begin
with
capital
letters.
In
this
regard,
we
should
pay
special
attention
to
the
use
of
capital
letters
and
punctuation in quoted words and
sentences.
所有句子，包括当成句子来看的不完全句，应首字母大写。
在这点上，我们应该特别关注引用词、句中大写字母和标点符
号的专
用法。
Miss Johnson said,“When
you write an essay, you should pay
attention to both content and
language.”
约翰逊小姐说，
“
当你写一篇文章，应该同时注重内容和语
言。
”
“When you write an
essay,” she said,“you should pay attention
to both content and
language.”
“
当你写一篇
文章时，
”
她说，
“
< br>应该同时注重内容和语言。
”
“When
you
write
an
essay,
you
should
pay
attention
to
both
9
content and
language,”the teacher said.
“
当你写一篇文章时，应该同时注重内容和语言，
”
老师说。
Miss Johnson
advised us to“pay atten
tion to both
content and
language”when we wrote an
essay.
当写一篇文章时，
约翰
逊小姐建议我们要
“
同时注重内容和
语
言
”
。
These examples
show:
⑴
the subject and verb
of saying before
the
quotation
are
followed
by
a
comma;
⑵
a
complete
sentence
within
quotation
marks
after
the
verb
of
saying
begins
with
a
capital
letter and ends with a full
stop;
⑶
if
the quoted sentence is
broken into two parts and put between
two pairs of quotation marks,
with the
subject and verb of saying placed between them,
the first
part
ends
with
a
comma,
the
second
part
does
not
begin
with
a
capital
letter(unless the first word is a proper name),
and the whole
sentence
ends
with
a
full
stop;
⑷
if
the
quoted
sentence
is
put
before the subject and verb of saying,
it ends with a comma, and the
verb of
saying is followed by a full
stop;
⑸
if the quoted words
are
a phrase instead of a complete
sentence, the phrase is treated as part
of the whole sentence.
这些例子显
示：
⑴
引文前是主语加说话的谓语动词，要在
< br>引文前跟逗号；
⑵
说话的谓语动词后面引出一个完整句，
引文
首字母要大写，结尾加句点；
⑶
如
果引用句被分为两部分并分
10
别
置于两对引号之中，主语和说话的谓语动词被放在两部分中
间，第一部分末尾加逗号，第
二部分不以大写字母开头（除非
第一个单词是专有名词）
，整句
结尾加句点。
⑷
如果被放到主语
和说话
的谓语动词之前，引用句结尾加逗号，说话的谓语动词
跟句点。
⑸
如果引用词是一个词组而不是一个完整句，词组被
当作完整句
的一部分。
Ⅳ
.
Handwriting
四、书写
There
are
two
common
ways
of
writing
the
letters:
to
form
loops and to print(to write without
joining the letters in imitation of
printed words). Both are good, but we
had better stick to one of the
two
styles.
有两种常见的书写字母方法：手写体和印刷体（模仿打印
字，书写字母时笔画不连接）
。两者都好，但我们最好坚持其中
一种风格。
We should always
try to write neatly so that our handwriting
can be read easily. We should make
capital letters bigger and higher
than
small letters, a’s different from o’s, n’s
different from u’s, and
we
should
not
forget
to
dot
i’s
and
j’s,
or
cross
t’s.
A
little
space(about that of
one letter)should be left after a comma, and a
slightly bigger space(about that of two
letters)after a full stop.
我们总会力求书写整洁以便笔迹容易阅读。应该把大写字
11
母写的比小写字母更大更高，
a
与
o
不同，
n
与
u
不同，不该忘
记写
i
和
j
的圆点，
或让
t
< br>十字交叉。
逗号后应该留一个小空格
（大约一个字母）<
/p>
，句号后留更大一点的空格（大约两个字母）
。
< br>
When
we
want
to
cross
out
a
word,
we
should
draw
a
thick
line
through
it.
It
is
be
misleading
to
put
it
between
brackets,
because
that
means
the
word
is
an
explanatory
remark.
When
we
want to add a word, we should write it
above, not below, the line of
words we
have written with a clear sign showing where it is
to be
inserted.
当我们要划掉一个词，应该
从头到尾画一条粗线。把它放
到方括号中有误导之嫌，因为那意味着这个词是一个解释性
的
备注。当我们要补充一个词，应该写在一行之上，不是之下，
已写好的这行字要加一个明确的符号表明那里被插入。
Part Two
Diction
第二部分
措辞
Ⅰ
. Types of
Words
一、单词类型
There are tens of thousands of words in
the English language,
and
along
with
social
and
scientific
progress,
new
words
appear
frequently. The total number of English
words, if it could be found
12
out, must be surprisingly
large. But we need not be worried about
the
impossibility
of
learning
all
of them,
for
only
a
few
thousand
words are used by ordinary people for
ordinary purposes. These are
the most
useful words, or the common words, words that form
the
core of the English vocabulary.
They are the words we must learn
and
remember.
英语语言中有数万个单词，随着社会和科学进步，新词汇
频繁问世。如果都能被发现，英语词汇的总数一定是出人意料
的庞大。但
我们不必苦恼无法全部学会，就普通用途而言，普
通人仅会用到几千词汇，这些用途最广
或常见的词汇组成了英
语词汇的核心，我们必须学会并牢记。
Apart
from
the
common
words,
there
are
words
used
by
people of
special
professions or fields on
special occasions or for
special
purposes.
Among
these
are
political,
legal,
scientific,
technical,
business
and
literary
words.
It
would
be
good
for
us
to
know
some
very
useful
words
in
various
fields,
and
many
of
the
words
related
to
the
field
we
will
work
in
or
be
associated
with.
These
words
are
generally
formal,
and
may
be
called
formal
and
technical words.
除常见词汇外，还有一些单词由特殊专业或领域的人在特
定场合或为特殊目的而
使用。其中包括政治、法律、科学、技
术、商业和文学词汇。这将有益于我们了解一些很
有用的不同
13
领域的单词，其中
很多都和我们将从事或关联的领域相关。这
些词汇通常是正式的，可以称之为正式语和术
语。
There is another type of
words: those used by people who are
not
well educated or by people of special groups, such
as people of
a particular region or an
age group. Some of these words may not
be understandable to people in general,
and may disappear after a
short
period
of
time.
Some
of
them
may
continue
to
be
used,
become
acceptable
to
all
people
and
join
the
common
words.
Among these words are slang, jargon,
dialectal and obsolete words.
They
may
be
called
nonstandard
words.
We
need
to
understand
them but should
avoid using them, unless in special situations.
另有一类词汇：那些没受过良好教育或特殊群体的人在使
用，例如某
个特定区域或年龄段的人。其中一些词汇可能对一
般人来说不好理解，短期内就消失了。
还有一些可能被继续使
用，为大家所接受并纳入常用词汇。其中包括俚语，术语、方
言和陈旧的词语，可以称之为不规范语。我们需要理解但应避
免使用
，除非在特殊情况下。
Here are examples
of the first and second kinds of words:
如下是第一和第二种的例词：
same
speech
learned
destroy
stiff
try
piece
identical oration erudite annihilate
rigid endeavor fragment
14
In the first row are
common words
and in the second formal
words. It can be seen at a glance that
those common words are used
in
everyday
conversation
and
in
informal
writing
like
personal
letters, diaries
and stories. Those in the second row are used only
in
formal
writing
like
articles
documents,
research
papers,
manuals
and in public speaking.
第一行是
常用词，第二行是正式词。那些一目了然的常用
词被用于日常会话和非正式写作，如私人
信函、日记和逸事。
第二行那些词仅用于正式文献，如法规文件、研究论文、说明
书和公共演讲。
The
difference
between
these
two
types
of
words
is
very
important, for their
presence or absence has much to do with style,
区分这两类词汇很重要，使用与否更多是和风格有关。
Compare:
比较：
I saw a ghost, and I was frightened to
death.
我看到一个幽灵，被吓得要死。
I saw an apparition, and it reduced me
to a condition of mortal
terror.
我看到一个幽灵，使我陷入极度恐慌的状态。
The first sentence is informal and
colloquial, and the second is
much
more
formal,
because
it
contains
such
formal
words
as
15
apparition,
reduce, condition, mortal
and
terror
. The two sentences
are similar in structure and meaning,
so it is the words in them that
make
them
different
in
style.
Of
course,
people
seldom
say
anything like the second sentence in
daily conversation.
第一句是非正式和口语化的，第二句更加正
式，因为它包
含诸如
apparition
（幽灵）
,
reduce
（
使
…
陷入某种状态中）
,
condition
（状况、状态、环境）
,
mortal
（极度的、极大的）
和
terror
（惊恐、恐惧）等正式词。这两个句子结构和意思
相似，
所含词汇使它们呈现不同的风格。当然，人们很少会在日常会
话中象第二句那样说话。
As
we
make
progress
in
our
study
of
English,
we
certainly
learn more and
more words. It is a good policy to find a common
word of similar meaning when we learn a
formal of
“big”
word.
当我们在英语学习上取得进步，肯定学习了越来越
多的单
词。当学习一个正式的
“
大
”
词时，找出近似含义的常用词为上
策。<
/p>
Below are examples of
nonstandard words:
以下是不规范语的实例：
ain’t
(am not, is
not, has not)
jolly
(very)
cool
(very good)
hot
(angry; fast)
16
deal
(agreement)
damn
(very)
neat
(nice)
Since
such words are nonstandard, we need not use them
either
in speech or in writing.
既然这些词不规范，我们也不必在演讲或写作时使用。
II. Choice
of
Words
二、单词的选择
When
we
write
on
common
topics
for
the
general
audience,
we may achieve
accuracy and appropriateness by bearing in mind
the following guidelines about the
choice of words:
当我们写一个大众常见的主题，通过牢记选择单词
遵循的
指导原则，会如愿以偿选出准确得体的单词。
(1)Use
common
or
informal
words
for
general
purposes;
use
formal
or
nonstandard
words
only
on
special
occasions
or
for
special purposes;
(1)
常见或非正式词用于一般用途；正式或不规范词仅用于
特殊场合或特殊目的。
(2)Use
specific
and
concrete
words
when
giving
details;
use
general or abstract words when making
summaries;
(2)
使用特指、具体的词汇描写细节
；使用概括或抽象的词
汇进行总结。
17
(3)Use
idiomatic
expressions
and
words
in
acceptable
collocations;
avoid combinations that are unidiomatic;
(3)
使用习惯表达和可接受的词语搭配，避免组合与习惯不
符。
(4)When there are
synonyms, choose the word that expresses
the meaning most exactly and that suits
the content and style.
(4)
当用
同义词时，选择的单词要表达含义最贴切，与内容
和风格相匹配。
We have given examples of common,
formal and nonstandard
words. Here are
examples of general and specific words:
常用词，正式词和不规范词的实例已经给出，如下是概括
词和具体词的实例。
General
Specific
animal
tiger, horse, fox, cat,
mouse, bird, butterfly, insect
laugh
chuckle, guffaw, giggle, roar, smile,
grin, beam
big
huge, great, large, vast, immense,
enormous, tremendous
scientist
physicist, chemist,
biologist, astronomer, geologist,
mathematician
Words
are
general
or
specific
by
comparison.
Animal
is
general
when
compared
with
tiger,
horse,
etc,
but
horse
is
more
general
than steed, stallion, etc.
18
词汇通过对比有了概括或特指的概念。动物和老虎、马等
相比是概括词，而马比战马、种马等更笼统。
Both
general
and
specific
words
are
useful
in
writing.
When
we
describe or explain things, or when we give
details, we should
try to use specific
or concrete words wherever possible, for they are
vivid, exact and interesting; when we
summarize or generalize, we
may find
general or abstract words useful.
在写作中概
括和特指词都有用。当我们形容或讲解事情、
描述细节时，应该尽可能试着用特指或具体
词，因为它们生动、
确切、有趣；当我们总结或归纳时，会发现概括或抽象词大有
帮助。
When we are
trying to enlarge our vocabulary and learn to use
effective
words,
we
need
to
pay
special
attention
to
concrete
and
specific
words.
We
usually
think
of
general
words
first
when
we
write, but we should remember that
there are many specific words
which are
similar in meaning but are more colorful and
impressive.
They are the words we
should make an effort to learn and use.
当我们试图扩大词汇量并学会实际应用单词，需要特别关
注具体和特指词。写作时，通
常首先想到概括词，但应记住许
多特指词含义相近却更加生动感人，是我们该努力学习和
运用
的词汇。
Idiomatic
expressions
are
those
habitually
used
by
native
19
speakers.
Foreign learners of English often have difficulty
in telling
what
is
not
idiomatic
from
what
is,
because
they
have
not
been
brought
up in the language, and also because they are
likely to use
English
words
in
the
way
they
use
words
of
their
mother
tongue.
Word-for-word
translation
from
Chinese
into
English
generally
results in unidiomatic expressions.
That is something we should be
on guard
against.
习惯表达是那些以英语为母语人士的习惯性用法。外国英
语学习者经常在表达方面遇到困难，从什么符合到什么不符合
语言习惯，因
为他们不曾在这种语言中成长，也因为他们对自
己母语词汇的用法可能阻碍其对英语词汇
的运用。逐字汉译英
通常会导致不合习惯的表达，这是我们应该警惕的。
Take
for
instance
the
Chinese
expression
meiyou
guilv
.
If
literall
y
translated,
the
English
equivalent
might
be
“to
have
no
law”
But
this
phrase
would
be
very
unidiomatic
if
it
is
used
to
describe
a
person’s
daily
life
or
habits,
though
the
above
Chinese
expression
can
be
used.
Instead,
the
word
regular
is
much
better:“
he
does
not
live
a
regular
life;”
or
“he
is
not
a
man
of
regular
habits.”
以中文表达
没有规律
为例。如果照字面意思翻译，相应的
英文或许为
“to have no law”
。
但如果这个短语被用来形容一个人
的日常生活或习惯，可能很不地道，尽管上
述表达在汉语中是
20
可以的。<
/p>
而单词
regular
（
有规律的
）
要好得多：
“
he does not live
a
regular
life
（
他过着没有规律的生活）
；
”或“
he is not a man of
regular
habits
（
他不是一个生活习惯规律的人）
.
”
Another
thing
we
should
learn
is
what
words
can
be
used
together,
or
collocations.
Again,
collocations
in
English
are
often
different
from
collocations
in
Chinese.
We
say
in
Chinese,
for
instance,
da
xue
, while in English the word
snow
is modified not by
big
but by
heavy.
另一件应学习的事是什么单词能被联合或搭配。此外，英
语搭配
往往与汉语搭配不同。例如用汉语表达
大雪
，而在英语
中，单词
snow
（雪）
不能用
big
（大）
修饰，只能用<
/p>
heavy
（量
大的、厚实的）
。
It is said that
English grammar is not too complicated, but the
idiomatic use of English words and
expressions is quite difficult for
foreign
learners.
We
must
give
special
attention
to
the
study
of
idiomatic English if we
want to improve our writing.
有人说英语语法不太复
杂，但对外国学习者来说，英语词
汇和表达的习惯用法是相当难的。如果想提高写作，必
须格外
专注于英语习惯用法的学习。
Ⅲ
. Synonyms
三、同义词
The English
language is very rich in synonyms. This is partly
21
due
to
the
fact
that
English
has
over
the
centuries
borrowed
or
absorbed tens of
thousands of words from other languages, mainly
Greek,
Latin
and
French.
Words
of
Anglo-Saxon
origin
are
generally colloquial or
informal, and
they form a great part of
the
vocabulary
that
people
use
daily.
Many
of
the
words
of
Greek,
Latin and French origin are formal,
learned or
“big;”and are mainly
used in formal writing or speech.
英语语言有大量同义词，
这在一定程度上归功于一个事实，
几世纪以来，
英语从其他语言中借入或吸收了数以万计的词汇，
主要有希腊语、拉丁语和法语。盎格鲁
-
撒克逊语的词
汇起源于
一般口语或非正式语，在人们的日常用语中占很大比重。希腊
< br>语、拉丁语和法语中的许多词汇来源于正式语、学术语或“大
词”
，主要用于正规写作或演讲。
We
should
remember
that
words
are
only
roughly
or
approximately
synonymous.
It
is
difficult
to
find
two
words
that
have
exactly
the
same
meaning,
carry
the
same
implication,
are
used in the same collocation, or have
the same stylistic value.
我们应牢记词汇只是大致或近
似同义。很难找到两个词具
有完全相同的含义、承载相同蕴涵、被用于相同搭配或有相同
的文体价值。
Little
and
small
are
both
common
words,
and
can
be
called
synonyms. But they are slightly
different in implication:
little
may
22
imply a feeling of fondness,
while
small
is objective.
Small
is often
used
to
modify
amount,
mistake,
number,
etc,
but
little
is
seldom
used with these words.
Littl
e
和
small
都是常用词汇，可称为
同义词。但它们在蕴
涵上稍有不同。
Little
可能暗示一种宠爱之情，而
small
是不带
感情的。
Small
常用于修饰数量、错误、数字等等，但
little
很
少用来修饰这些词。
Similarly,
big,
large,
huge
and
great
are
not
the
same
in
the
degree
of
emphasis
and
collocation.
Large
is
more
emphatic
than
big
;
huge
is
the
most
emphatic
of
the
three
words.
Great
can
be
used
to
modify
abstract
nouns
like
courage
and
wisdom,
and
persons
with
special
qualities,
such
as
a
great
leader,
a
great
strategist and a
great
composer, while the other three words
are not
used in this way.
类似地，
big, large,
huge
和
great
强调的程度和词语搭配也
有所不同。
Large
比
big
更有力；
huge
与其他三个词相比最有<
/p>
力。
Great
可用来修饰抽象词，象勇
气、智慧；人的特殊品质，
如
a
great
leader
（
一位伟大的领袖
）
, a
great
strategist
（一位卓
越的军事家
）
和
a
great
composer
（一位杰出的作曲家）
，
而其他
三个词没有这种用法。
Suitable
and
appropriate, lucky
and
fortunate
,
dangerous
and
hazardous
,
many
and
myriad
,
have
similar
meanings,
but
are
23
different in style: of
each pair the second word is more literary than
the first.
Suitable
和
appropriate
，
lu
cky
和
fortunate
，
dangerous
和
hazardous
，
many
和
myriad
，
分别具有相似的含义，
却风格迥异：
每对词中，第二个词比第一个词更适于写作。
Laugh,
smile,
chuckle
and
giggle
are
verbs
and
nouns
with
similar
meanings,
but
they
denote
different
ways
of
laughing.
To
laugh
is to
smile
with sounds of the
voice, and to
smile
is to
show
amusement
with
an
expression
of
the
face
without
producing
any
sound
of
the
voice,
to
chuckle
is
to
laugh
quietly
with
a
closed
mouth, and to
giggle
is to
laugh
repeatedly in an
uncontrolled way,
especially
when
one
is
amused,
nervous
or
embarrassed.
To
describe
a
certain
person’s
smile
or
laugh
on
a
certain
occasion
perhaps only one of
these words is most suitable.
Laugh
、
smile
、
chu
ckle
和
giggle
是意思相近的
动词和名词，
但它们意味着不同的笑法。
laugh
是指
smile
（微笑
）
并笑出声
来。
smile
是
脸上露出快乐的表情，没有发出任何笑声。
ch
uckle
是抿嘴轻声笑。
giggle
是止不住地反复笑，
特别用在一个人被逗
笑、神经质或尴尬的
时候，在某个特殊场合形容某个人的
smile
或
laugh
时
，
这些词中或许只有这个是最恰当的。
All
this
shows
that
it
is
important
to
study
useful
synonyms
and their minute
differences, so that we may choose the best word
24
to
express
an
idea.
A
good
dictionary
with
explanations
of
synonyms may be helpful.
这一切表明，学习有益的同义词和区分细微差异很重要，
以便我
们选出最适合的词汇表达思想。一本有同义词注释的好
词典可能会帮上忙。
In
understanding
the
meaning
of
words
we
should
avoid
equating an English
word with a Chinese one. It is hardly possible
to find an English word which has
exactly the same meaning and
implication as a Chinese word.
Book
and
shu
,
strike
and
da
,
land
and
tudi
,
family
and
jia
, are synonymous only in
one of their many
senses,
and
are
different
in
others.
Take
family
for
instance.
The
word
refers
to
people
who
are
closely
related,
especially
father,
mother
and
their
children.
It
does
not
refer
to
the
house
where
a
family
lives,
while the Chinese word jia has this meaning. We
have
to be careful when we use those
English words which we think are
equivalent to certain Chinese words.
理解单词含义时，应避免将英语和汉语词汇等同看待。几
乎找不到哪
个英语单词的含义、
蕴涵和一个汉语词汇完全相同。
book<
/p>
和书，
strike
和打，
land
和土地，
family
和家都是同义词，
只是在其众多含义中，有某个相同，其他不尽相同。以
family
为例，这个词指有密切亲戚关系的人们，尤指父亲、母亲和孩
子。并不是指一家人居住的房子，而中国字
家
< br>有这个意思。当
25
在考虑哪些中文词汇与要用的英语单词相对应时，必须谨慎。
IV
．
Idioms
四、习惯用语
Refined
and
sanctified
by
long
usage,
idioms
have
been
described
as
the
crystallization
of
language.
Without
idioms
our
language would become dull and dry,
whereas an appropriate use of
them
in
our
speech
and
writing
will
add
to
the
strength
and
vividness posed of few words, contain
an extremely profound and
rich meaning;
for another most idioms carry a vivid image.
历经久远的提炼和升华，习惯用语已被形容为语言结晶。
若没有习惯用语，
我们的语言将变得单调而枯燥。而恰当地在
演讲和写作中应用它们，会增添说服力，构成
生动的一些话，
包含极其深远而丰富的内涵；另一方面，大多数习惯用语包含
一个生动的比喻。
An
idiom
is
a
fixed
group
of
words
with
a
special
meaning
which is different from the meanings of
the words that form it. To
“
read a
book
”
, for instance, is not
an idiom, for the meaning of the
phrase
is
the
meanings
of
the
three
words
put
together,
and
“
a
book
”
can
be
replaced
by
other
words
like
“
a
newspaper
”
or
“
a
magazine
”
. To
“
read between the
lines
”
is different. The
four words
that form the idiom give no
hint as to what it means and none of the
words can be changed to form another
understandable phrase.
26 <
/p>
习惯用语是一个有特殊含义的固定词组，
含义和字面不同。
例如
“
read a book
（读一本书）
”
不是一个习惯用语，因为这个词
组的意思是将三个词的含义合为一体。
“
a
book
（一本书）
”
可换
成其他词如
“
a
new
spaper
（
一份报纸
）
”
或
“
a
magazine
（
一本
杂志
）
”
。
“
read
between the lines
（体会言外之意）
”
则不同，四
个词构成的习惯用语，暗示的含义不是字面意思，不能换
词，
那会构成另一种可理解的词组形式。
English
is
rich
in
idioms.
The
following
types
of
idioms
are
most common:
英语包含丰富的习惯用语，以下是最常见的类型：
l verbs
短语动词
put up with
turn out
look forward to
容忍
生产，出动
期待
carry on
come across
继续、执行
碰到，遇到
2
．
N.+prep.+n.
名词<
/p>
+
介词
+
名词<
/p>
a straw in the wind
the apple of
one’s eye
蛛丝马迹
掌上明珠
like a fish out of water
like a fish in
of water
不自在
如鱼得水
in a world of one’s own
不管他人、我行我素
27
Prep.+n.
介词
+
名词
in kind
on the air
at
length
以物交易
广播中
详细
(come off/through)with flying colors
彩旗招展
3
．
V
.+n.
动词
+
名词
won’t hold
water
slip one’s mind
站不住脚
不留神忘了
kill two
birds with one stone
go to the dogs
一石二鸟
大不如前
4
．
As…as…
as big as life
as easy as pie/ABC
千真万确
小菜一碟、易如反掌
as different as night and day/black and
white
天壤之别、截然不同
as poor as a church mouse
as innocent as an angel
一贫如洗、家徒四壁
像天使一样纯洁
as wise
as Solomon
as
cunning as a fox/an ape
像所罗门一样聪明
像狐狸
/
猿
猴一样狡猾
as greedy as a
Jew/bear
as cruel as a tiger
像犹太人
/
熊一样贪婪
残暴如虎
28
as stubborn
as a bear/mule
as hard as rock/stone
其犟如熊
/
骡子
铁石心肠
as steady as
iron
as round as a ball
稳如铁
圆如球
as light as
air/a feather
as red as rose
轻如鸿毛
红如玫瑰
as silent as
the Sphinx
as rich as a millionaire
沉默如雕塑
非常富有
as soft as silk
as
white as snow
as cold as ice
软如缎
白如雪
冷若冰霜
as dark as coal/pitch/ink
as proud as a peacock/rooster
伸手不见五指
像孔雀
/
公鸡一样骄傲
as cool as cucumber
as heavy as lead
头脑冷静
重如铅
as swift as
an antelope/wind
as mute as a fish
快如羚羊
/
风
默不作声
as merry as
a lark/cricket/king/prince
非常快活
as silly as
an ass/a goose
as
strong as a horse/an ox
蠢极了，呆头鹅
壮如牛
as nimble as
a goat
as
clear as crystal
身手灵活，举动敏捷
水落石出
29
as brave as a lion
as
blind as a bat
as good as gold
勇猛如狮
有眼无珠
很乖、规规矩矩
as scarce
as chicken teeth
as
busy as a bee
少得可怜
忙的团团转
as slippery as an eel
as firm as rock
圆滑
坚如磐石
as timid as
a hare/rabbit
as
fit as a fiddle
胆小如鼠
非常健康、精神很好
of
words
(to stand)wear and tear
high and dry
磨损、消耗
船搁浅；人孤立无助
touch-
and-go
Tweedledum and Tweedledee
结果未明
难以区分的两个人、
两件事
;
半斤八两
neither fish nor
flesh
不伦不类
(to
have sth. done)in black and white
hither and thither
白纸黑字、把
……
记录下来
到处
safe and sound
fair and square
vim and vigor
安然无恙
公平合理
精力、活力
fair or
foul
pots and pans
odds and ends
好坏
锅碗瓢盆
七零八碎
weal and woe
thicks and thins
at sixes and
sevens
30
祸福相依
风风雨雨
乱七八糟
t
o mind one’s P’s and
Q’s
谨言慎行
s
One man’s meat is another
man’s poison.
萝卜青菜各有所爱
A stitch
in time saves nine.
小洞不补大洞吃苦
Take it or leave it.
取舍自便、不要讨价还价
Don’t
count your chickens before they are
hatched
.
不要过早的乐观
First catch your hare, then cook it.
先把野兔抓住，然后再吃
To
run after two hares, you can catch neither.
不要三心二意、脚踏两只船必定落空
When the cat’s away
, the
mice will play.
山中无老虎，猴子称大王；猫不在，鼠成精
Jack of all trades and master of none.
Grasp all, lose all.
样样通，样样不精
Man
proposes, God disposes.
谋事在人，成事在天
31
Once bite/bitten, twice
shy.
一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳
A fall into the pit, a gain in your
wit.
吃一堑，长一智
The
spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.
力不从心；心有余而力不足
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者事竟成
When there
is life, there is hope.
世上无难事，只怕有心人
The
child is father of the man.
三岁看到老
There is no
smoke without fire.
无风不起浪、无烟不起火
Don’t
you see the writing on the wall?
难道你不知道要大难临头了吗？
No
cross, no crown.
吃得苦中苦、方为人上人
As you sow, so will you reap.
种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆
An idle
youth, a needy age.
少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲
32
Follow love, and it will
flee; flee love, and it will pursue.
有心栽花花不开，无心插柳柳成荫
Many a pickle makes a nickel.
积少成多
Money makes
the mare to go.
有钱能使鬼推磨
Ⅴ
. Figures of Speech
五、修辞格
Words used
in their original meanings are used literary,
while
words
used
in
extended
meanings
for
the
purpose
of
making
comparisons or calling up pictures in
the reader
’
s or
listener
’
s mind
are used figuratively.
词汇使用原
义应用于文学作品，
当为了作比喻或唤起读者、
听众脑中的记忆
而象征时，要使用引申义。
As a Chinese
idiom goes,
“
With all its
beauty the peony needs
the green of its
leaves to set it off.
”
The
rich and colorful content of
writing
can be expressed through such artistic devices as
figures of
speech,
which
contribute
much
to
its
expressive
and
emotional
power.
例如一个汉语习语说，
“
With
all
its
beauty
the
peony
needs
the green of its leaves to set it
off.
（牡丹虽好尚需绿叶陪衬）
”
通
过如此艺术的手法、
以有助于增加表
现力和感染力的修辞形式，
33
表达出丰富而生动的写作内容。
A
knowledge of various figures of speech commonly
used in
writing will help us not only
to appreciate beauty of language, but
also learn to use the various
rhetorical figures in our own writing.
通常用于写作的各种修辞格知识，
不仅有助于语言的审美，
还使
我们学会了在写作中使用各种修辞形式。
The most
common of figures of speech are the following:
如下是最常用的修辞格：
明喻
Simile is a direct comparison, in which
subject, reference and
indicator of
resemblance are all present, its formula being:
Subject +indicator of resemblance
+reference.
明喻是一种直接比喻，其中的本体、喻体和相似的指示词
全部用现在时，其公式是：
本体
+
相似的指示词
+
喻体
Time flies like an
arrow.
光阴似箭。
One
day apart seems like three
years.
一日不见，如隔三秋。
like a duck to
water
如鱼得水
as dry
as saw dust
枯燥无味
like a cat on hot
bricks
热锅上的蚂蚁
He
is something of a musician/a political chameleon.
他有点像音乐家
/
政治变色龙。
34
soft
as
dove
’
s
down
—
—
William
Shakespeare
free
as
mountain winds (Ibid.)
象鸽子绒毛一样柔软——威廉
?
莎士比亚如
山风般自由
(
如
上
)
rapid as the shadow of a
cloud
——
Thomas Hardy
< br>如云影般迅速——托马斯
?
哈迪
happy as a rose tree in
sunshine
——
William M.
Thackeray
如阳光下的玫瑰树般快乐——威廉
?
梅克皮斯
?
萨克雷
I wandered lonely as a
cloud
——
William Wordsworth
我像一朵云般孤独地漫游——威廉
?
沃兹沃
斯
A Red, Red Rose
一朵红红的玫瑰
O my
luve
’
s like a red, red,
rose,
That
’
s newly
sprung in June;
O my
luve
’
s like the melodie
That
’
s sweetly
played in tune.
As fair art
thou, my bonnie lass,
So deep in luve am I;
And I
will luve thee still, my dear,
Till
a
’
the seas gang dry.
35
Till a
’
the seas
gang dry, my dear,
And
the rocks melt wi
’
the sun;
And I will luve thee still, my dear,
While the sands
o
’
life shall run.
And fare thee well, my only
luve,
And fare thee well awhile!
And I will come again, my luve,
Tho
’
it ware ten
thousand mile!
——
Robert
Burns
我的爱人象朵红红的玫瑰
——罗伯特
?
彭斯（王佐良
呵，我的爱人象朵红红的玫瑰，
六月里迎风初开；
呵，我的爱人象支甜甜的曲子，
奏得合拍又和谐。
我的好姑娘，多么美丽的人儿！
请看我，多么深挚的爱情！
亲爱的，我永远爱你，
纵使大海干涸水流尽。
36
译）
纵使大海干涸水流尽，
太阳将岩石烧作灰尘，
亲爱的，我永远爱你，
只要我一息犹存。
珍重吧，我惟一的爱人，
珍重吧，让我们暂时别离，
但我定要回来，
哪怕千里万里！
备注：
“A Red, Red Rose”
< br>这首诗的作者是苏格兰乡村诗人罗
伯特
·
彭斯，也是著名歌曲
“
友谊地久天长
< br>”
的作者，纽约曼哈顿
岛的中央公园里还有他的塑像。<
/p>
从格律来说，
比较工整。全诗分四节，
每节又有四行，大都
采用抑扬格，即
“
弱强弱强弱强弱强
”
的节奏，非常适合朗读和
< br>吟诵。
从诗意来说，
热烈而理
智，奔放而又深沉，让人久读不厌。
由明喻开篇，第一节将爱人比成六月玫瑰和琴上乐曲
；再转暗
喻，第二节指自己对她的爱延续至海枯石烂；第三节心态复杂，
暗指时间的流逝，爱也会有变化，让人回想起第一节中
“
六月玫
瑰
”
，终有凋零之时；第四节
更将复杂心态推向高潮，既需短暂
分手，又承诺必将归来。
37
从用词来说
< br>，多用古语，更增添了诗的严谨和华美。比如：
thou=you(
主格
,“
你
”
，
相当于中文古字
“
君
”
或
“
卿
”
）
,thee=you
（宾
格，
“
你
”
，
亦相当于中文古字
“
君
”
或
“
卿
”
）
，
fare thee well=farewell
to you=say
good-bye to you
（
“
再见
”
）
亦
用方言，较显亲切。如：
luve=love
（
“
爱人
”
，
< br>“
爱
”
）
,
melodie=melody
（
“
乐曲
”
）
, gane=gone
（
“
逝去
”
）
, ware=were
（
are
过去式，
“
是
”
）
2. Metaphor
2.
隐喻
Metaphor is an
implied comparison in which both subject and
reference
are
used,
but
no
indicator
of
resemblance.
Metaphor
is
more
advanced
than
simile,
for
comparison
is
implied
in
the
structure, instead of being expressed
by an indicator of resemblance.
It
’
s formula is:
Subject+ to be + reference:
隐喻是一种应用于本体和
喻体的隐含比喻，但没有相似的
指示词。隐喻比明喻更高级，因为在句子结构中比喻是隐
含地，
而不是通过一个相似的指示词来表达。
它的公式是：
本体
+to
be+
喻体
Time is
money. An inch of time is an inch of gold.
时间就是金钱。一寸光阴一寸金。
With money you are a dragon; without it
you are a worm.
有钱就是龙，没钱就是虫。
38
Money becomes
the king.
金钱成为主宰一切的真正权威。
Many retirees are couch potatoes.
许多退休者成天窝在沙发里看电视。
The newspaper is a jungle of ads.
报纸上尽是杂七杂八的广告。
It
takes two to tango.
孤掌难鸣（一个巴掌拍不响）
I
t’
s lonely at
the top.
高处不胜寒
Some
special
interest
groups
hijack
the
people
through
uncontrolled profit
and inflation.
他们通过无休止的通货膨胀和利益最大化的特殊团体来
榨
取金钱。
My life is
one long curve, full of turning points.
我的生命犹如一条长长的曲线充满转折。
All the world is a stage.
世界是个大舞台。
Sometimes
you
go
into
what
I
call
a
bubble
boom.
Every
bubble bursts.
有时你会进入一种泡沫式的繁荣，但泡沫终究要破灭的。
Efficiency is undermined in a jungle of
red tape.
39
效率淹没在使人如入迷津的繁琐手续之中。
The scandal took a lot of luster off
the president
’
s status.
这一丑闻使总统的地位失去了很多光彩。
Life is but a dream.
人生如梦。
Life
’
s but a
walking shadow.
——
William
Shakespeare
人生如一个行走的影子。——威廉
?
莎士比亚
TOEFL/IELTS
is a bridge to foreign universities.
托福
/
雅思考试是通往外国大学的桥梁。
His friend has become a thorn in his
side.
朋友成了他的眼中钉。
You are your
mother
’
s glass.
你长得酷似妈妈。
cf.
He sat all the evening as
silent as the Sphinx.
比较：他整晚坐在那儿，像雕像般沉默。
He was like a cock who thought the sun
had risen to hear him
crow.
他像一只以为太阳出来是为了听它啼声的雄鸡。
Sometimes the moon looks like a bow,
and sometimes like an
O.
有时月
亮看起来像张弓，有时像字母
O
。
3. Personification
40
3.
拟人
Personification
is
a
figure
of
speech
in
which
human
beings
are
compared to inanimate things or vice versa. Being
new, original
and
impressive,
personification
can
make
an
abstract
truth
more
vivid and expressive. <
/p>
拟人是一种修辞方法，
把人比喻为无生命的事物或正相反。
因其新颖、独特、感人，拟人使抽象的事实更生动并富有表现
力。
In
the
following
sentences
human
attributes
are
given
to
abstract qualities, to objects or to
animals:
下列句子中人的特征被描写成抽象的品质、物体或动物：
Action speaks louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
Walls
have ears.
隔墙有耳。
Failure is the mother of success.
失败是成功之母。
a
walking dictionary(cf. a living dictionary; know-
it-all)
活字典（比较
a living
dictionary
：活字典
; know-it-
all
：万事
通）
an old stick-in-the mud(cf. old
diehard; old fogey)
一个老顽固
(
比较
old
diehard
老顽固；
old
fogey
老顽固）
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