-
unit 1 TextA
Love
and logic: The story of a fallacy
爱情与逻辑：谬误的故事
1 I had my first date with Polly after
I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year
every
guy on campus had a leather
jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being
the only football
player who
didn't,
so
he
made
a
pact
that
he'd
give me
his
girl
in
exchange
for my
jacket. He
wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't
too shrewd, either.
在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后，
我和波莉有了第一次约会。
那一年校园里每个人都有件皮
夹克，
而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的，
他一想到这个就受不了，
于是他和我
达成了一项协议，
用他的女友换取我的夹克。
他可不那么聪明，
而
他的女友波莉也不太精明。
2
But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair
strange colors or wear too much makeup. She
had the right background to be the
girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I
could show the elite
law firms I
applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken
counterpart by my side, I just might edge
past the competition.
但她漂亮而且
富有，
也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。
她拥有合
适的家庭背景，
足以胜任一名坚忍而睿智的律师的女友。
如果我
能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身
边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半，
我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。
3
she
was
already.
I
could
dispense
her
enough
pearls
of
wisdom
to
make
her
< br>“光彩照人”
，
她已经是了。
而
我也能施予她足够多的
“智慧之珠”
，
让她变得
“谈吐优雅”
。
4 After a banner day out, I
drove until we were situated under a big old oak
tree on a hill off the
expressway. What
I had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought
the venue with a perfect view of
the
luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in
the car, and I turned down the stereo
and took my foot off the brake pedal. <
/p>
在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后，
我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座
小山上一棵古老的大橡树
下。
我的想法有些怪异。
而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区，
我觉得它会使人的心情变轻
松。我们呆在车子里，我调低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开。“我们要谈些什么？”她问道。
5
“逻辑学。”
6
“好酷啊，”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。
7
some of them
are well known. First let's look at the fallacy
Dicto Simpliciter.
“逻辑学的原理，”我说道，
< br>“即清晰思考的主要原则。逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实，其
中有些还很普遍。我
们先来看看一种叫做‘绝对判断’的逻辑谬误。”
8
“好啊，”她表示同意。
9
everybody
should exercise.
“‘绝对判断’是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推
断。比方说：运动是有益的，所以每个
人都应该运动。”
10 She nodded in agreement.
她点头表示赞同。
11 I could see she was stumped.
say, heart disease or extreme obesity,
exercise is bad, not good. Therefore, you must say
exercise
is good for most people.
我看得出她没弄明白。
“波莉，”我解释说，
“这个
推断太过简单化了。如果你有心脏病或
者超级肥胖症什么的，
运
动就变得有害而不是有益。
所以你应该说，
运动对大多数人来说
是
有益的。”
12
Rob can't speak French.
Looks like nobody at this school can speak French.
“接下来是‘草率结论’。这似乎不言自明，对吧？仔细听好了：你不会说法语，罗伯也
不
会说法语，那么这所学校里好像是没有人会说法语。”
13
“是吗？”波莉吃惊地说。“没有人吗？”
14
is
also
a
fallacy,
I
said.
generalization
is
reached
too
hastily.
Too
few
instances
support such a con
clusion.
“这也是一种逻辑谬误，”我说，
“这一结论
太草率了，因为能够支持这一结论的例证太少
了。”
15 She seemed to have a
good time. I could safely say my plan was
underway. I took her home
and set a
date for another conversation.
她似乎学得很开心
，
而我也可以放心地说我的计划正在稳步推进中。
我把她送回家
，
并且定
下了下一次约会交谈的日子。
16
Seated
under
the
oak
the
next
evening
I
said,
first
fallacy
tonight
is
called
Ad
Misericordiam.
第二天晚上，
坐在那棵橡树下，
我说：
“今天晚上我们要谈的第一个逻辑谬误叫
‘文不对题’
。
”
17 She
nodded with delight.
她高兴地点了点头。
18
closely,
I
said.
man
applies
for
a
job.
When
the
boss
asks
him
what
his
qualifications are, he says he has six
children to feed.
“听好了，”我说，
“有
个人去申请工作，当老板问他有什么应聘资格时，他说他有六个孩
子要抚养。”
19
“哇，这太
可怕了，太可怕了
,
”她哽咽着轻声说道。
20
Instead he
appealed to the boss's sympathy
—
Ad Misericordia
m.
“对，是挺可怕的
,
”我表示赞同
地说
,
“但这不是理由。这个人根本没有回答老板的问题，
而只是在博取老板的同情，这就是‘文不对题’。”
21 She blinked, still
trying hard to keep back her tears.
她眨着眼睛，仍在竭力地忍住眼泪。
22
to
look
at
their
textbooks
during
exams,
because
surgeons
have
X-rays
to
guide
them
during
surge
ry.
“接下来”，我小心地说，“我们来讨论‘错误类比’。举个例子：学生考试时应
该允许看
课本，因为外科医生在做手术时可以看
X
光片。”
23
“我喜欢这个主意，”她说。
24
test to see how much they
have learned, but students are. The situations are
altogether different.
You can't make an
analogy between them.
“波莉，”我抱怨道，
< br>“别打岔，这一推论是错误的。医生们不是在参加考试以检查他们学
到了多少，而
学生却是。他们的情况完全不同，你不能将他们作类比。”
25
“我仍然认为这是一个好主意，”波莉说。
26 With five nights of
diligent work, I actually made a logician out of
Polly. She was an analytical
thinker
at
last.
The
time
had
come
for
the
conversion
of
our
relationship
from
academic
to
romantic.
经过五个夜晚的辛勤努力，
我竟然真的将波莉打造成了一个逻辑行家，
她总算能够分析思考
了。现在应该是时候让我们的关系从学术向浪漫发展了。
27
“波莉，
”
当我们又一次坐在那棵橡树下的时候我对她说，
“今晚我
们不讨论逻辑谬误了。
”
28
“哦？”她回答说，有一点失望。
29
Favoring
her
with
a
grin,
I
said,
have
now
spent
five
evenings
together.
We
get
along
pretty well. We make a pretty good coup
le.
我赞许地对她笑了笑，说
:
“我
们在一起已经度过了五个晚上，相互之间挺合得来，我们是
蛮相配的一对。”
30
Generalization,
said
Polly
brightly.
as
a
normal
person
might
say,
that's
a
little
premature, don't you think?
“
草率结论，”波莉伶俐地说，
“或者是按一般人的说法，这个结论有些不成熟，你不这样
认为吗？”
31
I
laughed
with
amusement.
She'd
learned
her
lessons
well,
far
surpassing
my
expectations.
don't have to eat a whole
cake to know it's good.
我被逗得笑了起来，她功课还真学得
不错，大大超过了我的预期。“亲爱的，”我开口说，
同时宽容地拍了拍她的手，
“五次约会已经够多了，
毕竟你不需要吃掉整个蛋糕才知道它是
不是好吃。”
32
cake. You're a boy.
“错误类比，”波莉立即回应。
“你的前提是约会就如同吃东西。可你不是蛋
糕，你是个男
孩。”
33 I laughed with somewhat less
amusement, hiding my dread that she'd learned her
lessons too
well.
A
few
more
false
steps
would
be
my
doom.
I
decided
to
change
tactics
and
try
flattery
instead.
我又笑了笑，
不过不觉得那么有趣了，
同时还不能表露出我害
怕她学得太好了。
再错几步我
可就无法挽回了。我决定改变策略
，转而尝试奉承她的办法。
34
“波莉，我爱你。请答应做我的女朋友，没有你我什么也不是。”
35
“文不对题，”她说。
36
don't take them so
literally. I mean this is all academic. You know
the things you learn in school
don't
have anything to do with real life.
“你还真
是能在遇到逻辑谬误时一一辨别它们了，”我说，心里的希望已经开始动摇。
“不
过不要对它们太死板，
我是说这都是些学术的东西。
< br>你知道，
学校里学的东西和实际生活根
本没有什么联系。
”
37
“绝对判断，”她说道，“而且，你自己教的东西应该自己身体力行。”
38 I leaped to my feet, my
temper flaring up.
我一下跳了起来，怒火中烧，“你到底愿不愿
意做我的女朋友？”
39
“我不愿意，”她答道。
40
“为什么？”我追问道。
41
—
Rob and I are back together.
“我对另一位求爱者更感兴趣——罗伯和我重归于好了。”
42 With great effort, I said calmly,
ingenious
student,
a
tremendous
intellectual,
a
man
with
an
assured
future.
Look
at
Rob,
a
muscular idiot, a guy
who'll never know where his next meal is coming
from. Can you give me
one good reason
why you should be with him?
我极力地保持着平静，
说道：
“你怎么会甩了我而选择罗伯？看看我，
一个聪明过人的学生，
一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无量的人。再看看罗伯，
一个肌肉发达的蠢材，一个有了上
顿没下顿的家伙。你是否能给我一
个充足的理由，为什么要选择跟他？”
43
what
presumption!
I'll
put
it
in
a
way
someone
as
brilliant
as
you
can
understand,
retorted Polly,
her voice dripping with sarcasm.
—
I like Rob in
leather. I told him
to say yes to you
so he could have your jacket!
“喔，这是什么假设啊！为了让像你这样聪明的人能够明白，我这么说吧，”波莉反驳道，
< br>声音里充满了讽刺，“事情的真相是——我喜欢罗伯穿皮衣。是我让他同意你们的协议的，
这样他就能拥有你的夹克！”
TextB
Why do
smart people do dumb things?
聪明人为何会做蠢事？
1
Orthodox
views
prize
intelligence
and
intellectual
rigor
highly
in
the
modern
realm
of
universities and tech
industry jobs. One of the underlying assumptions
of this value system is that
smart
people, by virtue of what they've learned, will
formulate better decisions. Often this is true.
Yet psychologists who study human
decision-making processes have uncovered cognitive
biases
common to all people, regardless
of intelligence, that can lead to poor decisions
in experts and
laymen alike.
传统观念将智力和思维的缜密性看作现代大学领域和科技产业工作的重要素质。
这一价
值体
系所隐含的前提是，
聪明人借助自己丰富的学识会作出更高
明的决定。
在大多数情况下，
确
实如此
。
但是，
研究人类决策过程的心理学家们却发现了每个人身上都
常见的
“认知偏差”
。
不管智力水平如
何，
这些认知偏差都会引导人们作出错误的决定，
不论他们是专
家还是门外
汉。
2 Thankfully these biases can be
avoided. Understanding how and in what situations
they occur
can
give
you
an
awareness
of
your
own
limitations
and
allow
you
to
factor
them
into
your
decision-making.
好在这些偏差是可以避免的。
只要知道这些偏差如何及在何种情况下发生，<
/p>
你就能意识到自
身的缺陷，并在决策过程中考虑到这些因素的影响
。
3 One of the
most common biases is what is known as the
fundamental attribution error. Through
this people attribute the failures of
others to character flaws and their own to mere
circumstance,
subconsciously
considering their own characters to be stainless.
his
incompetence;
I
lost
mine
because
of
the
recession.
It
also
leads
us
to
attribute
our
own
success
to
our
qualifications,
discounting
luck,
while
seeing
others'
success
as
the
product
of
mere
luck.
最常见的偏差之一就是通常所说的
“基本归因错误
”
。
犯这种错误的人会将别人的失败归因
于性格缺陷，
而将自己的失败仅仅归因于周遭环境，
潜意识中
认为自己的性格是完美无瑕的。
“詹金斯丢掉了工作是因为他能力太差，
我丢掉了工作则是因为经济衰退。
”同样，这种偏
差也
会让我们将自己的成功归功于自身素质而不是运气，
而将别人的成功仅仅看作是运气使<
/p>
然。
4
In
other
words,
we
typically
demand
more
accountability
from
others
than
we
do
from
ourselves. Not only does this lead to
petty judgments about other people, it also leads
to faulty
risk assessment when you
assume that certain bad things only happen to
others. For example,
you
might
assume,
without
evidence,
that
the
price
of
your
house
will
go
up
even
though
90
percent of them have dropped in price,
because you yourself are more competent.
换句话说，
我们通常要求别人承担更多的责任，
而不是自己
。
这不仅导致我们心胸狭窄地对
别人进行评价也会由于假定某种
坏事只会发生在别人身上而致使我们做出错误的风险评判。
举一个例子，
你可能会毫无根据地假定自己的房子会升值，
哪怕周围百分之九十的房子都已<
/p>
经贬值了，因为你总认为自己的能力更强。
5 Confirmation bias is
sometimes found together with fundamental
attribution error. This one has
two
parts.
First,
we
tend
to
gather
and
rely
upon
information
that
only
confirms
our
existing
views. Second, we
avoid or veto things that refute our preexisting
hypotheses.
“确定性偏差”有时会和“基本归因错误”一并出现。这种偏
差包含两部分：第一，我们往
往只收集且只依赖对我们的已有观点起支持作用的信息；<
/p>
第二，
我们回避或否认那些与自己
之前所
持的假设相左的信息。
6 For
example, imagine that you suspect your computer
has been hacked. Every time it stalls or
has a little error, you assume that it
was triggered by a hacker and that your suspicions
are valid.
This bias plays an
especially big role in rivalries between two
opposing views. Each side partitions
their
own
beliefs
in
a
logic-proof
loop,
and
claims
their
opponent
is
failing
to
recognize
valid
points. Outwitting confirmation bias
therefore requires exploring both sides of an
argument with
equal diligence.
< br>比如说，
假设你怀疑自己的电脑受到了黑客攻击，
那么它
每次死机或出个小错，
你都会认定
是由黑客引起的，
而且你认定自己的怀疑正确无误。
这种偏差在两种敌对观点的对抗中会起<
/p>
到尤其重要的作用。
每一方都会把自己的观点隔离出来，
认为其在逻辑上无懈可击，
并声称
他们的对手忽
略了某些要点。所以，要克服“确定性偏差”，就要以同样的努力认真探究论
点的正反两
面。
7 Similar to
confirmation bias is the overconfidence bias. In
an ideal world, we could be correct
100
percent of the time we were 100 percent sure about
something, correct 80 percent of the
time we were 80 percent sure about
something, and so on. In reality, people's
confidence vastly
exceeds
the
accuracy
of
those
judgments.
This
bias
most
frequently
comes
into
play
in
areas
where someone has no
direct evidence and must make a guess
—
estimating how
many people
are in a crowded plaza, for
example, or how likely it will rain. To make
matters worse, even when
people are
aware of overconfidence bias, they will still tend
to overstate the chances that they
are
correct. Confidence is no prophet and is best used
together with available evidence. When
witnesses are called to testify in a
court trial, the confidence in their testimony is
measured along
with and against the
evidence at hand.
与“确定性偏差”相类似的是“过度自信偏差”
。在一个理想的世界，当我们百分之百地确
信某件事时，
我们就
百分之百地正确；
当我们百分之八十地确信某件事时，
我们就百
分之八
十地正确，
以此类推。但在现实中，
人们的信心却大大超过了其判断的准确度。在一个人缺
乏直接证据而必须要作出某种
猜测的情况下，
这一偏差就最有可能起作用，
比如，
估计一个
拥挤的购物广场有多少人，
或下雨的可能
性有多大。
更糟糕的是，
即使人们意识到自己有过
度自信的偏差，
他们还是会高估自己的正确率。
光靠
自信是无法进行准确预测的，
只有在切
实证据的基础上，
自信才能发挥最大的作用。
当法庭传唤目击者出庭作证时，
对他们证词的
信任度是通过已经获取的相符或相反的证据来度量的。
8
The
availability
bias
is
also
related
to
errors
in
estimation,
in
that
we
tend
to estimate
what
outcome
is
more
likely
by
how
easily
we
can
recount
an
example
from
memory.
Since
the
retention and retrieval of memories is
biased toward vivid, sensational, or emotionally
charged
examples, decisions based on
them can often lead to strange, inaccurate
conclusions.
与估计失误相关的还有
“可得性偏
差”
，
因为我们常常会凭借回忆某一例证的难易程度来推
测哪种结果更可能出现。
由于记忆的留存和重拾会因为事件的生动与否
、
震撼程度和情感触
动程度的不同而产生偏差，
那么，
基于这些记忆所作出的决定也往往会是奇怪或不准确的结
论。
9
In
action
this
bias
might
lead
someone
to
cancel
a
trip
to,
for
example,
the
Canary
Islands
because of a report that the biggest
plane crash in history happened there. Likewise
some people
might stop going out at
night for fear of assault or rape.
在具体行
为中，
这种偏差可能会使某人取消比如前往加那利群岛的行程，
因为有报道说，
史
上最惨重的空难就发生在那里。
同样，
人们也可能因惧怕遭到人身侵犯或者强暴而不敢再在
< br>晚上出门。
10
Repelling the availability bias calls for an
empirical approach to a particular decision, one
not
based on the obscured reality of
vivid memory. If there is a low incidence of
disaster, like only one
out of 100,000
plane landings results in a crash, it is safe to
fly to the Canary Islands. If one out of
one million people who go out is
assaulted, it is safe to go out at night.
< br>要排除“可得性偏差”，就必须在作某一具体决定时，以实证方法所取得的证据为依据，而
不是以与现实不太相符的某个鲜明的记忆为依据。
如果灾难的发生率很低，
比如飞机着陆过
程中坠毁的可能性只有十万分之一，
那么飞往加那利群岛就仍是安全的。
如果人们外出只有
百万分之一的几率遭到人身侵犯，那么夜晚出行也就仍是安全的。
11 The sunk cost fallacy
has a periodic application and was first
identified by economists. A good
example of how it works is the casino
slot machine. Gamblers with a high threshold for
risk put
money into a slot machine
hoping for a big return, but with each pull of the
lever they lose some
money playing the
odds. If they have been pulling the lever many
times in a row without success,
they
might decide that they had better keep spending
money at the machine, or they will have
wasted everything they already put in.
“沉没成本谬误”
也时有发生，
它最初
是由经济学家发现的。
其作用机理最好的例证就是赌
场老虎机。
赌徒们冒着高风险，
把钱投入老虎机，
期望能够得到很大的回报，但随着一次次
拉动拉杆，
他们也一次
次把钱赌输了。
如果他们多次连续拉动拉杆而没有一次成功，
他
们可
能会决定最好还是继续把钱投入老虎机，否则他们之前投入的成本就悉数浪费了。<
/p>
12 The truth is
that every pull of the lever has the same winning
probability of nearly one in a
trillion, regardless of how much money
has been put in before
—
the previous plays were sunk
costs.
而事实是，
不论他们之
前投入了多少钱，
每一次拉动拉杆的成功几率都同样是极小的——之
前投入的那些即为沉没成本。
13 In everyday life this can lead
people to stay in damaging situations because of
how much they
have already put in,
stuck on the erroneous belief that the value of
that time or energy they have
invested
will decay or disappear if they leave. The wisest
course is to recognize the effects of the
sunk cost fallacy and to leave a bad
situation regardless of how much you have already
invested.
在日常生活中，
这种谬误会导致人们由于
顾及之前所投入的成本，
而持续停留在损失的状态
中，
同时困顿于一种错误的观念，
即他们害怕自己一旦离开，
之前所投入的时间和精力就会
贬值或付诸东流。
而最明
智的办法则是，
要充分认识沉没成本谬误导致的结果，
离开糟糕
的
境况，不论之前已投入了多少。
14 While there are still more biases,
the key to avoiding them remains the same: When a
decision
matters, it is best to rely on
watertight logic and a careful examination of the
evidence and to
remain aware that what
seems like good intuition is always subject to
errors of judgment.
尽管还有其他更多的偏差，
避免这些偏差的关键其实都一样：
当涉及重要决策时，
最好是依
靠严密的逻辑并仔细审查证据；
同时，
要保持警惕，
那些看上去良好的直觉总是很容易导致
判
断失误。
unit 2 TextA
The
confusing pursuit of beauty
令人困惑的对美的追求
1 If you're a man, at some point a
woman will ask you how she looks.
如果你是一
位男士，肯定在某个时候会有女士问你她看起来怎么样。
2 You must be careful how you answer
this question. The best technique is to form an
honest yet
sensitive response, then
promptly excuse yourself for some kind of
emergency. Trust me, this is
the
easiest way out. No amount of rehearsal will help
you come up with the right answer.
对于如何
应对这个问题，
你一定得小心。
最好的对策就是给一个诚实但又
谨慎的回答，
然后
借口有急事马上脱身。相信我，
这是最简单的方法。对于她的这一问题，无论你事先练习多
少次，都不会找到
正确答案。
3 The
problem is that men do not think of their looks in
the same way women do. Most men
form an
opinion of themselves in seventh grade and stick
to it for the rest of their lives. Some
men think they're irresistibly
desirable, and they refuse to change this opinion
even when they
grow bald and their
faces visibly wrinkle as they age.
其原因是
，
男性和女性对外表的看法截然不同。
大多数男性对自己外表的
评价在七年级时就
形成了，而且终生不变。
有些男性认为自己有
不可抗拒的魅力，即使随着年龄的增长，
他们
头发掉光了，脸上
布满皱纹，他们仍然拒绝改变这种看法。
4 Most men, I believe, are not arrogant
about their looks. If the transient thought passes
through
their
minds
at
all,
they
like
to
think
of
themselves
as
average-looking.
Being
average
doesn't
bother them; average is fine. They
don't affix much value to their looks, or think of
them in terms
of aesthetics. Their
primary form of beauty care is to shave
themselves, which is essentially the
same
care
they
give
to
their
lawns.
If,
at
the
end
of
his
four
minute
allotment
of
time
for
grooming, a man has
managed to wipe most of the shaving cream out of
the strands of his hair
and isn't
bleeding too badly, he feels he's done all he can.
我相信，大多数男性都不会对自己的相貌感到过分自傲。如果他们偶尔想到自己外表的话
，
他们愿意认为自己样貌中等。长相普通不会使他们有任何烦恼，因为普通就已经是很好
了。
男性不是特别注重自己的外貌，
也不会从美学的角度去审视
自己。
他们的打扮方式主要就是
刮刮胡子，
就像打理自家草坪一样。
对于一位男性来说，
如果能花四分
钟刮刮胡子，结束之
后再把粘到头发上的剃须膏擦净，又没有出血太厉害，他就觉得自己
已经尽心尽力了。
5 Women
do not look at themselves this way. If I had to
guess what most women think about
their
appearance, it would be:
her
perception
of
herself
is
eclipsed
by
the
beauty
industry.
She
has
trouble
thinking
beautiful.
She
magnifies
the
smallest
imperfections
in her
body
and
imagines
them
as
glaring
flaws the whole
world will notice and ridicule.
女性可不是这样
看待自己的。
如果非要我猜测大多数女性对自己的相貌是如何评价的话，
那
肯定是：
“还不够好。”一位女士，无论她看起来多
么吸引人，她对自己的看法总是由于受
美容业的影响而蒙着一层阴影。
< br>要她认为
“我很漂亮”是一件难事。她把身体上的极小的不
完美之处加以放大，
并且幻想这些缺点十分明显，
以至于全世
界的人都会注意到并且嘲笑她。
6
Why
do
women
consider
their
looks
so
deficient?
This
chronic
insecurity
isn't
inborn,
but
created
through
the
interaction
of
many
complex
psychological
and
societal
factors,
beginning
with the dolls we
give them as children. Girls grow up playing with
dolls proportioned so that, if
they
were
human,
they
would
be
seven
feet
tall
and weigh
61
pounds,
with
tiny
thighs
and
a
large upper body. This is
an absurd standard to live up to, especially when
you consider the size of
the
doll's
waist,
a
relative
measurement
physically
impossible
for
a
living
human
to
achieve.
Contrast this absurd standard with that
presented to little boys with their
of
the toys that young boys have played with were
weird-looking, like the one called Buzz-Off that
was
part
human,
part
flying
insect.
This
guy
was
not
a
looker,
but
he
was
still
extremely
self-confident.
You could not imagine him saying to the others,
of violet for this outfit?
为什
么女性会把自己的外貌想得这么差呢？这种长期的不安全感并不是与生俱来的，
而是由<
/p>
许多复杂的心理和社会因素的相互作用造成的，从小时候大人们给她们买洋娃娃时就开始<
/p>
了。
女孩成长过程中摆弄的洋娃娃，
如果
按照身材比例还原为真人大小的话，
就会是
7
< br>英尺
高，
61
英磅重，大腿纤细
，上身丰满。要达到这样的标准是很荒唐的，尤其是当我们想想
那种洋娃娃的腰围尺寸，
就知道其相对尺寸对任何一个活人来说都是不可企及的。
与女孩
玩
具的这种荒唐标准相比，
小男孩们得到的
“动作玩偶”却是完全不同的模样。大多数男孩的
玩具都样貌古怪，例如那个叫作“
蜜蜂侠”的玩偶，一半像人，一半像会飞的昆虫。这个玩
偶尽管样子不好看，
但仍然非常自信。你肯定无法想象他会问别人说：
“这个配饰的紫罗兰
色和这件外套配不配呢？”
7 But women grow up thinking they need
to look like Barbie dolls or girls on magazine
covers,
which
for
most
women
is
impossible.
Nonetheless,
the
multibillion-dollar
beauty
industry,
complete
with
its
own
aisle
in
the
grocery
store,
is
devoted
to
constant
warfare
on
female
self-esteem, convincing women that they
must buy all the newest moisturizing creams,
bronzing
powders and appliances that
promise to
Show in which supermodel
Cindy Crawford dispensed makeup tips to the studio
audience. Cindy
had
all
these
middle-aged
women
apply
clay
masks
and
other
products
to
their faces; she stressed how important
it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applying
products
via the tips of their fingers
to protect elasticity. All the women dutifully did
this, even though it
was obvious to any
rational observer that, no matter how carefully
they applied these products,
they would
never have Cindy Crawford's face or complexion.
然而，
女性在成长过程中却认为自己应该长得像芭比娃娃或杂志的封
面女郎那样，
这对大多
数女性来说是不可能的。
尽管如此，
产值达几十亿美元的美容业，
在超市化妆品
销售专区的
配合下，
总是在不停地攻击着女性的自尊，
使其相信自己只有购买最新的保湿面霜、
古铜散
粉，
以及各种美容器具，
才能
“激发和
恢复”
肌肤活力。
我曾经看过一期
《奥
普拉脱口秀》
，
在节目中，
超级名模辛
迪·
克劳馥和演播室里的观众分享了自己的化妆秘诀。
辛迪要求
这些
中年妇女在脸上敷上黏土面膜和其他去皱产品；
她还强调一
定要遵守这些方法，
例如：
往脸
上涂抹
这些产品时，
要用指尖，
这样可以保护皮肤的弹性。
所有这些妇女都非常忠实地按照
辛迪说的做了。
可
是对任何一个理智的旁观者来说，
无论她们如何认真地使用这些产品，
< br>她
们都不可能拥有辛迪那样的面容或肤色。
8
I'm
not
saying
that
men are
superior.
I'm just
saying
that
you're
not
going
to
get
a
group
of
middle-aged men to plaster cosmetics to
themselves under the instruction of Brad Pitt in
hopes
of looking more like him. Men
don't face the same societal focus purely on
physical beauty, and
they're encouraged
to reach out to other characteristics to promote
their self-esteem. They might
say to
Brad:
我并不是说男性优于女性。
我的意思是你不可能让
一群中年男子在布拉德·
皮特的指导下把
化妆品敷到自己脸上，
期望自己能看起来更像布拉德。
与女性不同，
< br>男性的外貌美不是社会
所关注的唯一焦点。
人们会鼓励男
性借助其他特征来提升自尊。
他们也许会对布拉德说：
“是
吗？那么帅哥，你对草坪维护又知道多少？”
9 Of course women argue
that they become obsessed with appearance as a
reaction to pressure
from men. The
truth is that most men think beauty is more than
just lipstick and perfume and
take no
notice of these extra details. I have never once,
in more than 40 years of listening to men
talk about women, heard a man say,
like fingernails are all homogeneous
anyway, and one woman's flawless pink polish is
exactly as
invisible as another's bare
nails.
当然，
女性会争辩说她们对外表的热衷追求是出
于对来自男性的压力的一种反应。
而事实是，
大多数男性认为美
丽不仅仅来自于口红和香水，
而且他们也不会去注意这些额外的细节。
< br>四
十多年来，
我在听男性谈论女性时，
< br>从来没有一次听到过哪位男性这样说：
“她的指甲真漂
亮
啊！
”对大多数男性来说，像指甲这样小的东西看起来都一样，
无论一个女士的指甲是用
粉色指甲油涂得完美无瑕，还是光光的毫无修饰，男性都一概视
而不见。
10 By
participating in this system of extreme
conformity, women are actually opening themselves
up to the scrutiny of other women, the
only ones qualified to judge their efforts. What
is the real
benefit of working this
hard to appease men who don't notice when it only
exposes women to
prosecution from other
women?
女性参与这种极端的从众行为，
实际上是把自己
置于其他女性的审视之下，
因为只有那些女
性才有资格评价她们
所付出的努力。但是，如此费力地去取悦男性而他们却根本不会注意，
同时又只是招致其
他女性的指责，这样做究竟有什么好处呢？
11
Anyway,
to
get
back
to my
original
point:
If
you're a
man,
and
a
woman
asks you
how
she
looks, you can't say she looks bad
without receiving immediate and well-deserved
outrage. But
you also can't shower her
with empty compliments about how her shoes
complement her dress
nicely
because
she'll
know
you're
lying.
She
has
spent
countless
hours
worrying
about
the
differences between her looks and Cindy
Crawford's. Also, she suspects that you're not
qualified
to voice a subjective opinion
on anybody's appearance. This may be because you
have shaving
cream in your hair and
inside the folds of your ears.
不管怎样，
言归正传：如果你是一位男性，当有女士问你她看起来怎么样时，你千万不能说
她看起来很糟糕，那样肯定会使她立刻迁怒于你，
这也是你咎由自取。
但是，你也不能慷慨
地大放空洞之词，
赞美她的
鞋子和裙子是多么相配，
因为她知道你是在说谎。
她已经花费了
无数个小时发愁自己的容貌不能和辛迪·
克劳馥的一样。
而且，
也许因为你的头发和耳廓上
粘着剃须膏
，她会怀疑你根本没有资格对任何人的外表给出主观评价。
TextB
Making the
choice to be truly beautiful
选择拥有真正的美丽
1
Extreme
makeovers
are
all
the
rage
these
days,
with
too
many
people
addicted
to
Botox
injection parties and reality shows.
Plastic surgery is on the rise. Many people are
trying to match
the extraordinary
measures actors and actresses go through to look
perfect on the screen. Yet,
the
shortcuts
to
create
biomedical
happiness
by
having
surgery,
taking
supplements
or
dieting
don't
usually fulfill their promise. Besides, beautiful
people are not automatically happy people.
当今，
过度追求相貌修整的风气无比盛行，
太多的人沉
迷于肉毒杆菌注射的宣讲会和真人秀，
整容手术也日趋流行。
许
多人的做法堪比男女演员为了使自己在屏幕上看起来完美无瑕而采
取的手段。
为了获得生物医学标准下的幸福感，人们会走做整容手术、
吃营养品、
节食这样
的捷径，
但这些捷径并不总能实现
它们所承诺的效果。
而且，
外表漂亮的人并不一定就幸福。
2 Attaining the
highest degree of your beauty is not about looking
good during social interaction,
or
physiological
perfection,
and
you
can't
get
there
via
technology.
It's
a
growth
process,
a
transformation of self
through awareness and learning. It's about
meaning, and being real. It's an
emotional and spiritual walk, and it
requires faith fueled with liberal doses of loving
kindness.
最大限度地实现你自己的美并不是指要让自己在社交时漂亮或在生
理上完美，
况且这些也不
是通过技术就能实现的。美是一个成长
的过程，是一种通过意识和学习而达到的自我改造。
美在于生活的意义，
在于真实。
它是一个情感和精神的旅程，
需要人有信念
才能获得，
而且
这种信念的动力来自慷慨和充满爱心的善良。<
/p>
3
Every
day,
I
have
the
delight
and
privilege
of
loving
Richard,
my
husband,
a
real,
human,
emotionally accessible man. We're about
the same age, and our looks have corroded a bit
over
time. After almost 20 years,
though, we have grown together in ways that go far
deeper than the
surface
of
our
skin.
Our
life
is
lovely
even
if
it
doesn't
match
the
criterion
of
love
in
movie
fantasies. We laugh together, we share
the struggles of daily life together, and the
thought that
he
might
die
before
I
do
fills
me
with
dread.
All
the
muscle-bound
male
models
in
the
world
couldn't replace my very own, sensual,
outgoing friend. It took me 37 years to find him,
and I'm
not about to replace him with
the so-called
能有幸每天爱着理查德，我感到很高兴。他是我丈夫，一
个真实的、有人情味的、情感上可
以靠近的人。我们年龄相仿，相貌已在岁月中有所消退
。但近二十年来，我们共同成长，远
超肌肤之表。
尽管我们的生
活不如虚幻的电影故事中描述的爱情生活那样，
它却很美好。
我
们一起欢笑，
一起分担日常生活的磕磕绊绊。
< br>如果想到他有可能先于我离世，
我会充满恐惧。
世界上任
何一位肌肉发达的男模都不能取代我自己的这位性感、外向的伴侣。我花了
37
年
时间才找到他，我决不会因为所谓的“审美标准上的完美”而另寻他人
。
4 I work as a
psychotherapist, and clients come to my office
every day scarred with emotional
pain
because their lives aren't
with
jealousy
because
they
can't
attain
life
as
they
see
it
on
the
big
screen.
It
helps
when
I
preface our sessions with
the mention that tens of thousands of dollars go
into every second of
media they see,
that stars have dozens of people devoted
exclusively to making them look good
(even when they're naked), that the
effort of maintaining their images is an
exhausting, full-time
job. The
and
for
some
reason,
my
clients
don't
realize
that
they're
exempt
from
that
predominant
pressure.
我是一名心理理疗师。每天我都要接待许多客户，
他们都是因为生活不够“完
美”
而倍受情
感痛苦。由于无法获得大屏幕上所看到的那种生活
，他们感到力不从心、绝望无助，并因嫉
妒而陷于沮丧。
给他们
提供治疗时，
如果在治疗开始前，
我告诉他们，
他们在媒体上所看到
的每秒钟的图像都耗资数万，
每个
明星都有几十个人专门为其打理形象，
使其外表悦目
（甚
至是裸体时也是如此）
，
而且明星们保持形象
是一件既费力又费时的事，
这会对他们的治疗
有所帮助。
媒体上的俊男俏女们承受着保持形象的巨大压力，
而我的客户却因某种
原因，
没
有意识到他们有幸免受了这种强大的压力。
5
I
underscore
that
all
the
face
creams,
physical
workouts,
dietary
fads,
Prozac
capsules
and
meditation regiments in the world
aren't going to make their lives, their bodies, or
their mental
state much better. In
fact, they often hamper happiness by distracting
from the things that lead
to real inner
beauty. Life is not about maintaining some young
and stylish outward costume to
hide
behind. It's about growing and deepening your
soul.
我要强调的是，世界上所有的面霜、健身锻炼、饮食风尚、抗抑郁症的百忧
解胶囊，乃至许
多人在一起打坐冥思等等，都不能改善一个人的生活、身体或精神状况。
事实上，
这些方法
还常常阻碍人们获得幸福，因为它们会使人分
心，不去关注那些能带来真正内在美的事物。
生活的意义不在于通过维持某种年轻时髦的
外表来掩盖自己，而在于精神的成长和升华。
6 The only way I know to develop my
soul is through feelings. Witnessing natural
phenomena
—
the
star-lit galaxy, a centuries-old redwood, the
symphony of birds' songs in spring
—
stretches
it, making me feel humble and majestic,
all at the same time. Human relationships bruise,
collide
and
comfort,
teaching
me
maturity
and
passion.
Love
urges
my
soul
to
blossom
and
glow,
affection elicits
feelings of eternity, and so I learn to accept
others as they are.
我所知道的唯一的精神升华的途径就是通过
情感。
亲眼目睹各种自然现象——星光闪烁的银
河，
几百年树龄的红杉木，
春天里鸟儿的叫声汇成的交响乐——这些都使我的精
神得以延伸，
让我觉得自己既卑微又伟大。
人际关系中的摩擦、
冲突和安慰使我变得成熟并充满激情。
爱
情促使我的精神成长并焕发光彩，
亲情激发了我对永恒的感受，
因此我学会了接受他人的真
实本色。
7 The humans in my life are
not the barren, self-absorbed
ordinary,
real, imperfect people. Together, we work hard
stumbling through life, trying to be our
best selves, knitting together families
and friendships, and striving to illuminate the
world with
our personal ethics and
aspirations.
我生活中的人都不是屏幕上那种思想平庸、迷恋自我的“美
貌人士”。我们只是平凡的、实
实在在的、有缺点的人。我们一起勤奋努力，患难与共，
尽力完善自我，和家人及朋友紧密
相处，努力用我们的个人道德和志向去照亮世界。
8 We come from
numerous backgrounds and we don't always approve
of each other's decisions,
but
we
care
for
each
other
the
best
we
can.
We
struggle
to
be
less
self-
indulgent,
more
compassionate and understanding. We try
to resist the lure of novelty fads, the
manipulations of
advertising. We
survive through social phenomena that we don't
agree with, through interwoven
natural
and
unnatural
disasters
that
take
our
loved
ones
and
possessions,
through
fads
and
fancies
that are often unhealthy. From each event, we
learn, we stretch, we sometimes fracture,
we process the emotional outcome, and
we move on. These life events are the soul's
workout,
and though we may groan and
complain, we can feel the growth eventually.
我们来自各种不同的背景，
而且有时意见相左，
但
是我们尽力互相关心。
我们努力消除自己
的任性，
努力使自己更具同情心、
更宽容。
我们努力抗拒新奇
事物的潮流的诱惑及广告的操
纵。
我们会经历自己并不赞同的社
会现象，
经历那些夺走我们所挚爱的人和财物的错综交织
的自然
及人为灾难，
经历不良的时尚和幻想。但从每一例这样的事件
中，我们都不断地学
习、成长。我们有时也会发生分歧，也要处理分歧对感情所带来的影
响，然后继续前行。这
些人生经历是对我们心灵的历练。虽然我们会抱怨、发牢骚，我们
终会感受到自己的成长。
9
The secret is that this growth is visible to
others, and the effort registers on one's entire
being.
It becomes an authentic element
that makes the spirit glow radiantly like that of
a saint. Have
you ever seen an elderly
person like that, one whose wisdom shows in his
eyes, and whose love is
evident
as
he
gently
enquires
about
your
health,
or
offers
a
brief
sentiment
that
calms
and
affirms? The spirit that shines from
within this person is true beauty, and it can't be
bought in a
jar.
这其中的秘密就在于这种
成长是他人可见的，
而且这种努力在一个人的全身上下都能得到展
现。
它成了一种真实的存在，
使一个人的精神像圣人那样光彩
四溢。
你是否见过这样一位老
者，
他眼
睛里透射着智慧，
当他温柔地询问你的健康，
或以简短的抚慰让
你感到平静和放心
时，
他对你的关爱是那样显露无遗？这样的老
者内心所散发出的精神才是真正的美，
这种美
不是瓶瓶罐罐的化
妆品所能买得到的。
10 The
miracle is that each of us has the total capacity
to achieve this perspective, this fullest
embodiment
of
the
highest
expression
of
soul,
even
as
our
mortal
bodies
wear
out
and
degenerate.
神
奇的是，
尽管我们的肉体会老去并且衰退，
我们每个人都完全有
能力达到这个境界，
即最
大程度地展现最崇高的精神内涵。
11 In other
words, true beauty is not about looks. It's about
choices. As we move through life and
grow through each of its checkpoints,
we should seek out and build the kinds of
experiences that
reveal and purify our
divine inner beauty. We must look at our own lives
and decisions from a
more valuable
perspective than the media's shallow eye.
< br>换句话说，真正的美丽无关外貌，而在于选择。在人生的旅途中，每当我们经过一个节点，
都应该寻找那些能够展示和净化我们神圣的内在美的人生体验，
并且将它们积累
下来。
我们
必须从一个更有价值的角度而非以媒体肤浅的眼光来
看待自己的人生和决定。
12
The decisions we make today affect the rest of our
lives. We ourselves are ultimately the only
people to whom we are accountable and
for whom we are responsible. Each new decision we
make can be a new resolution to build
the beautiful future we long to have.
我
们今天所作的决定会影响我们的余生。归根到底，我们自己才是唯一要对自己负责的人。
我们所做的每一个新决定都可能表明了一个新决心，
一个创造我们所渴望拥有的美好未来
的
决心。
unit3 TextA
Fred
Smith and FedEx: The vision that changed the world
弗雷德?史密斯与联邦快递：一个改变了世界的创想
1 Every night several
hundred planes bearing a purple, white, and orange
design touch down at
Memphis Airport,
in Tennessee. What precedes this landing are
package pick-ups from locations
all
over the United States earlier in the day. Crews
unload the planes' cargo of more than half a
million
parcels
and
letters.
The
rectangular
packages
and
envelopes
are
rapidly
reshuffled
and
sorted according to
address, then loaded onto other aircraft, and
flown to their destinations to be
dispersed by hand
—
many within 24
hours of leaving their senders. This is the
culmination of a
dream of Frederick W.
Smith, the founder, president, chief executive
officer, and chairman of the
board
of
the
FedEx
Corp.
—
known
originally
as
Federal
Express
—
the
largest
and
most
successful overnight
delivery service in the world. Conceived when he
was in college and now in
its 28th year
of operation, Smith's exquisite brainchild has
become the standard for door-to-door
package delivery.
每天夜晚，在田纳西州
的孟菲斯机场，都有几百架带着白、紫、桔色图案的飞机降落。而在
每天此前的早些时候
，
这些飞机都在美国各地收集包裹。
工作人员从飞机上卸下的包
裹及信
件数量超过五十万之巨。
长方形的包裹和信封又在这里依
据收件地址被迅速整理分拣，
然后
装载上其他飞机，
飞往各自的目的地，
在那儿再由人工投递——到这时很多邮件离开寄件人<
/p>
之手还不到
24
小时。这是弗雷德里克·
W.
史密斯的终极梦想，他就是联邦快递集团（最初
为联邦快递）这一全球最大、最成功的隔夜送达服务企业的创始人、总裁、
首席执行官及董
事会主席。如今，史密斯这一源于大学时代的妙想已在现实中经营到了第
28
个年头，并已
成为包裹快递入户行
业的标杆。
2
Recognized as an outstanding entrepreneur with an
agreeable and winning personality, Smith is
held in high regard by his competitors
as well as his employees and stockholders. Fred
Smith was
just 27 when he founded
FedEx. Now, so many years later, he's still the
attributes the success of the company
simply to leadership, something he deduced from
his years
in the military, and from his
family.
史密斯被公认为是一位和蔼可亲、性格迷人的杰出企业家。无论是他的
竞争者、员工，
还是
他公司股票的持有人，都对他十分敬重。弗
雷德·史密斯创建“联邦快递”时只有
27
岁。
现在多年过去了，他仍然坐在“掌门人”的位置上。他将公司的成功简单地归因于领导力，
而这一推论则来自于他的军旅生涯及其家庭的影响。
3 Frederick Wallace Smith
was born into a wealthy family clan on August 11,
1944 in Mississippi.
His father died
when he was just four years old. As a juvenile,
Smith was an invalid, suffering from
a
disease that left him unable to walk normally. He
was picked on by bullies, and he learned to
defend himself by swinging at them with
his alloy walking stick. Cured of the disease by
the age
of l0, he became a star athlete
in high school, playing football, basketball, and
baseball.
弗雷德里克·
华莱士·
< br>史密斯
1944
年
8
月
11
日出生于密西西比州一个富裕的家族。
他四岁
时父亲就离世了。史密斯年少时被视为病残者，因为他得了一
种病，使他无法正常行走。为
此他常遭受坏孩子的侮辱捉弄，他学会了挥舞合金拐杖来保
护自己。十岁时他的病治好了，
到了高中他则成了学校里的体育明星，足球、篮球、棒球
样样能行。
4
Smith's
passion
was
flying.
At
15,
he
was
operating
a
crop-
duster
over
the
skyline
of
the
Mississippi Delta, a terrain so flat
that there was little need for radar navigation.
As a student at
Yale
University,
he
helped
revive
the
Yale
flying
club;
its
alumni
had
populated
naval
aviation
history, including
the famous
business end and ran a small
charter operation in New Haven.
史密斯对飞行充
满了激情。
15
岁时，他就曾驾驶一架作物喷粉飞机在密西西比
三角洲的天
际翱翔，三角洲的地形平坦开阔，甚至都不需要雷达导航。在耶鲁大学上学时
，他参与重建
了耶鲁飞行俱乐部，
在美国海军航空史的每个时期
都有这一俱乐部出来的校友的身影，
包括
一战时期著名的
“百万富翁飞行队”
。史密斯负责管理俱乐部的事务，
同时还在纽黑文经营
一项小规模的租赁业务。
5 With his study time
disrupted by flying, his academic performance
suffered, but Smith never
stopped
looking for his own
for
an
economics
class.
He
drafted
a
prototype
for
a
transportation
company
that
would
guarantee
overnight
delivery
of
small,
time-sensitive
goods,
such
as
replacement
parts
and
medical supplies, to
major US regions. The professor wasn't impressed
and told Smith he couldn't
quantify the
idea and clearly it wasn't feasible.
由于
飞行打乱了学习时间，
他的学业受到了影响，
但史密斯从未停止
寻找自己的
“伟大想法”
。
在撰写一门
经济学课程的学期论文时，
他认为自己已经找到了它。
他设计了
一份运输企业的
经营草案，
该运输企业可以确保连夜递送小型或
时间紧迫的货品到达美国的主要地区，
如替
换零件、
医药用品等等。
教授对这篇论文未予重视，
他告诉
史密斯说，
他无法量化他的想法，
并说这一想法明显不切合实际
。
6 However,
Smith was certain he was onto something, even
though several more years elapsed
before he could turn his idea into
reality. In the interim, he graduated from Yale in
1966, just as
America's
involvement
in
the
Vietnam
War
was
deepening.
Since
he
was
a
patriot
and
had
attended officers'
training classes, he joined the Marines.
然而，
史密斯确信自己已经发现了些什么，
尽管又过了好几
年他才得以把自己的想法付诸实
施。在此期间，他于
1966<
/p>
年从耶鲁大学毕业，那时正值美国在越战中越陷越深，而他是个
充
满爱国热情的人，又参加过士官训练课程，所以他加入了美国海军陆战队。
7
Smith
completed
two
tours
in
Vietnam,
eventually
flying
more
than
200
missions.
the
military, leadership means getting a
group of people to subordinate their individual
desires and
ambitions for the
achievement of organizational goals,
and
business
experiences.
good
leadership
has
very
measurable
effects
on
a
company's
bottom line.
史密斯在越南战场上服役两期，
完成了两百多次飞行任务。
“在军队中，
领
导力意味着能使
团队中所有成员将个人的期望与抱负置于从属地位，
而以实现集体目标为重，
”
史密斯说道，
< br>这其中融合了他军旅生涯和经营管理的经验。
“而优秀的领导力对控制一个公司的
盈亏底线
来说具有相当重要的作用。”
8
Home
from
Vietnam,
Smith
became
fascinated
by
the
notion
that
if
you
connected
all
the
points of a network
through an intermediary hub, the streamlined
efficiency could be enormous
compared
to
other
disjointed,
decentralized
businesses,
whether
the
system
involved
moving
packages and letters or people and
planes. He decided to take a stab at starting his
own business.
With an investment from
his father's company, as well as a chunk of his
own inheritance, Smith
bought his first
delivery planes and in 1971 formed the Federal
Express.
从越南战场回国后，
史密斯开始执着于这样
一个理念，
即如果能将某个运输网络的各个节点
通过一个中介枢
纽相互连接，
其效率较之其他各环节相互之间无联系的分散经营的模式来说
要高出许多，不论这一系统所涉及的是运送包裹和信件还是人员和飞机。他决定放手一搏，
创建自己的企业。
史密斯用父亲公司的投资和他自己继承财产的一部分购买
了第一架快递飞
机，并于
1971
年创
建了联邦快递。
9
The
early
days
were
underscored
by
extreme
frugality
and
financial
losses.
It
was
not
uncommon
for
FedEx
drivers
to
pay
for
gasoline
for
their
vans
out
of
their
own
pockets.
But
despite
such
problems,
Smith
showed
concern
for
the
welfare
of
his
employees.
Just
as
he
recalled, even when they didn't have
the money, even when there weren't couches in the
office
and electric typewriters, they
still set the precedent to ensure a good medical
and dental plan for
their people.
最初的日子伴随着极度的拮据乃至财务损失。
联邦快递公司的司机自己掏腰
包为货车付汽油
费的情况屡见不鲜。
但是，尽管面对这样的问题
，
史密斯仍然为公司雇员的福利着想。
正如
他所回忆的那样，
即使在他们公司没有钱、
办公室没有沙发
和打字机的情况下，
他们仍然开
辟先例，保证员工享受很好的医
疗和牙齿保健福利。
10
Along
the
way,
FedEx
pioneered
centralization
and
the
and
spoke
system,
which
has
since
been adopted by almost all major airlines. The
phrase FedEx it has become a fixture in our
language as much as Xerox or Google.
一路走来，联邦快递率先践行了集中调控和
轴辐式
空中交通系统。自它以后，该系统被几
< br>乎所有大航空公司所采纳。而“联邦快递一下”也成为了像“复印一下”或“谷歌一下”这
样的固定说法，成为了我们的词汇。
11 Smith says success in business boils
down to three things. First, you need to have
appealing
product or service and a
compelling strategy. Then you need to have an
efficient management
system.
Assuming
you
have
those
things,
leading
a
team
is
the
single
most
important
issue
in
running
an organization today.
史密斯说生意上的成功归根结底就是
三点：
首先你需要一项吸引人的产品或服务以及一套制
胜的战略
；
其次你需要一套高效的管理系统；
在拥有这些之后，
如何领导好一个团队就是当
今经营一家公司最为重要的事了。
12 Although Smith
avoids the media and the trappings of public life,
he is said to be a friendly
and
accessible employer. He values his people and
never takes them for granted. He reportedly
visits FedEx's Memphis site at night
from time to time and addresses sorters by name.
For years
he
extended
an
offer
to
any
courier
with
10
years
of
service
to
come
to
Memphis
for
an
Smith
says,
P-S-P
philosophy
is
like
an
unbroken
circle
or
chain.
There
are
no
clearly
definable points of
entry or exit. Each link upholds the others and
is, in turn, supported by them.
In
articulating this philosophy and in personally
involving himself in its implementation, Frederick
Smith is the forerunner of the new
sphere of leadership that success in the future
will demand.
尽管史密斯回避媒体采访和公众生活的荣耀，但他却被称为
是一位友善而平易近人的雇主。
他重视自己的雇员，
从不认为他
们理所应当该为自己工作。
有报道称，
他会时不时在晚上造
访联邦快递位于孟菲斯的基地，
并且称名道姓地与包裹分拣人员打招
呼。
他会主动发邀请给
任何一位已在公司服务十年的快递员，请
他们到孟菲斯出席“周年庆典早餐”，这已经持续
了很多年。而这其中包含了弗雷德·史
密斯自己的哲学：人员，服务，利润（
P-S-P
）。史
密斯说，“
P-S-P
的哲学理念就好像一个
不可分割的循环，没有清晰可辨的入口或出口，每
一个环节都支持着其他环节，
同时也反过来受其他环节支撑。
”
通过明确表达
并亲身践行这
一理念，弗雷德里克·史密斯已成为未来成功所必需的新领导领域的开拓者
。
TextB
Building the dream of
Starbucks
霍华德·舒尔茨创造“星巴克”之梦
1 Howard Schultz is not a
household name to most North Americans, but those
living in urban or
suburban
communities
know
his
company:
the
specialty
coffee
retailer
Starbucks.
With
impressive velocity,
Starbucks has grown into the largest coffee
roaster and retailer of specialty
coffee in North America in a span of
only a decade. By 2000, its coffee houses could be
found in
more than 3,000 locations
worldwide; even President Bill Clinton was seen in
a snapshot with a
Starbucks brew in his
hand. According to the US weekly magazine,
Newsweek, Schultz's merging
of the
three Cs
—
coffee, commerce and community
—
surely ranks as
one of the '90s greatest
retail
successes.
霍华德·
舒尔茨这个名字在北美并非家
喻户晓，
不过居住在城市或市郊社区的人都知道他的
公司：
特色咖啡零售商星巴克。
区区十年间，
星巴
克已凭借惊人的速度成长为北美最大的咖
啡豆烤制商和特色咖啡零售商。
截至
2000
年，
它旗下的咖
啡店已经遍布世界三千多个角落。
就连美国前总统比尔·克林顿也被人拍到手捧星巴克咖
啡。根据美国杂志《新闻周刊》
的报
道，舒尔茨将“
3C
”概念——咖啡、商业和社区——融为一体，这已然使星巴克名列
20
世
纪
90
年代最成功的零售商之列。
2 Schultz was born in 1953 and grew up
in an extremely poor Text of the Brooklyn borough
of
New York City. His mother worked as
a receptionist, and his father held a variety of
jobs, none of
which offered decent pay
or medical insurance. When Schultz was seven, his
father lost his job as
a delivery
driver when he broke his ankle in an accident. In
the ensuing months, the family was
literally too poor to put food on the
table.
舒尔茨出生于
1953
年，在纽约市布鲁克林区一个极其贫困的街区长大。他母亲是一位前台
接待员，
父亲则从事过很多不同的工作，
但其中没有哪一份工作给他支付过体面的
酬劳或购
买过医疗保险。
舒尔茨七岁时，
他父亲在一次事故中扭断了脚踝，
失去了他当时做送货司机
的
工作。在接下来的几个月中，他们家真的是穷到了揭不开锅的地步。
3 During his youth, Schultz
was hounded by the shame of his family's
escaped
the
hot
Brooklyn
summer
one
year
to
attend
camp,
but
would
not
return
when
he
learned
it was for low-income families. He was teased by
boys in high school and ashamed to tell
his girlfriend where he lived. The
harsh memories of those early times stayed with
him for the
rest of his life.
青年时代的舒尔茨一直由于其家庭
“穷困工人阶层”
地位所
蒙受的耻辱而备受精神折磨。
有
一年他逃离布鲁克林炎热的夏天
去参加夏令营，
但当他得知这个夏令营是专门为低收入家庭
的学
生开办的时候，
就再也不愿意去参加了。
中学时他遭受到了男孩
子们的奚落，
也羞于告
诉女朋友自己住在哪里。这些早年痛苦的
记忆一直伴随着他一生。
4
Sports became an escape from the shame of poverty.
Schultz earned an athletic scholarship to
Northern
Michigan
University
in
1975.
He
was
the
first
person
in
his
family
to
graduate
from
college as none of his predecessors had
training beyond vocational school.
体育运动
成了他逃避穷困这一耻辱的方式。
1975
年，舒尔茨获得了北
密歇根大学体育奖学
金。他也是他家族中第一个从大学毕业的人
,
因为他的前辈中没有一个人接受过比职业学校
培训更高的教育
。
5
The
bud
of
inspiration
for
his
phenomenal
coffee
business
began
growing
in
a
1983
visit
to
Milan,
Italy.
Schultz
conceived
of
a
new
American
way
of
life
in
the
coffee
bars
of
Milan.
He
sought
to recreate such forums for people in the US to
start their days or visit with friends. In
1987, at the age of 34, Schultz
organized a group of investors and purchased the
company that
had formerly employed him,
the Starbucks Coffee Company in Seattle, which he
restructured as
the Starbucks
Corporation.
舒尔茨令人瞩目的咖啡生意的最初灵感源于
1983
年他对意大利米兰的造访。在米兰的咖啡
馆里
，
舒尔茨设想了一种新型的美国式生活方式。
他寻求在美国重现
那种米兰式的交往平台，
使人们能以那种方式开始新的一天或与朋友小聚。
1987
年，当舒尔茨
34
岁时，他组织了投
资团队并购买下了他原先工作的公司，即西雅图的“星巴克咖啡公司”
，将其重组为“星巴
克集团”。
6 The public verdict was overwhelmingly
positive. Schultz's premium coffee bars were an
instant
success, acting as a stimulus
of rapid growth and expansion not only for
Starbucks but also for the
coffee
industry around the world. In 1992, Starbucks
became the first specialty coffee company
to go public, affirming its magnitude
and prospects.
公众的反映出奇地好。
舒尔茨
创建的高端咖啡厅立即获得了成功，
这刺激了星巴克乃至全球
整
个咖啡产业的迅速成长和发展。
1992
年，星巴克成为第一家
公开上市的特色咖啡经营公
司，确证了公司的发展规模和前景。
7
Starbucks'
first
major
venture
outside
of
the
northwestern
part
of
the
nation
was
Chicago,
where
the
company's
specialty
sales
division
developed
new
business
with
department
stores
and
established
Starbucks
coffee
bars
adjacent
to
the
business
Texts
in
national
bookstores.
Starbucks also
formed a partnership with PepsiCo to create and
distribute a new ready-to-drink
coffee-
based beverage, and entered into a licensing
agreement with Kraft Foods. As a company
seeking to develop with a multilateral
approach, Starbucks even developed a relationship
with
the
music
industry
to
sell
Starbucks-tailored
CDs
of
classical
brass
and
orchestral
music
in
the
coffee
bars.
星巴克迈出美国西北部进行投资的第一站是在芝加哥。
在那里，
公司分管特色销售的部门开
创了与百货商店联手以
及在国家书店毗邻营业区的地方开设星巴克咖啡吧的经营新渠道。
同
时，星巴克还和百事可乐公司建立了伙伴关系，研发并销售一款即开即饮的新型咖啡饮品，
< br>他们与卡夫食品公司也签订了一份许可协议。作为一家寻求与多方进行合作而发展的企业，
星巴克甚至与音乐产业合作，
在咖啡吧里销售为星巴克量身定做的古典铜管乐及
管弦乐激光
唱片。
8 When Starbucks opened its first store
in New York City, it was a homecoming for Schultz,
but he
did not act like the head of the
reigning royalty of coffee he had become. The New
York Times
commented,
almost
apologetic manner.
星巴克在纽约开第一家分店对于舒尔茨来说是回
归故里，
但他并没有摆出一副咖啡行业王者
的姿态。
《纽约时报》评论说：
“舒尔茨先生说话温和，几乎没有一丝纽约口音的痕
迹，而
且他举止腼腆，甚至谦卑。”
9 Schultz has also attracted
considerable attention with his unconventional
employment policies.
He wanted to give
Starbucks' employees both a philosophical and a
financial stake in the business.
He
decreed that employees who worked the quota of 20
hours a week or more were eligible for
medical,
dental,
and
optical
coverage
as
well
as
for
stock
options.
At
a
time
when
other
companies were trimming benefits as a
cost-cutting measure, Schultz, who grew up in a
family
without any medical coverage,
was vocal in his belief that genuinely caring
about your employees
is critical to
building a sturdy workforce.
Times.
We
want
to
provide
our
people
with
dignity
and
self-
esteem,
and
we
can't
do
that
with
lip
service.
Starbucks
stipulates
that
every
employee
with
at
least
half-time
hours
can
receive
health-care
benefits.
Schultz
credits
the
utilization
of
such
a
benefits
policy
as
the
key
to
the
company's
growth because it has given Starbucks a more
dedicated workforce and an extremely
high level of customer service. The
chain also achieved a dramatically low turnover
rate, half that
of the average fast
food business. This creates a significant
numerical payoff for Starbucks, since
each
new
employee
represents
an
expenditure
of
$$3,000
in
recruiting
and
training
costs
and
productivity losses.
舒尔茨与众不同的员工政策也引起了人们的广泛关注。
他希望给星巴克
的员工提供不仅是经
营理念上的而且也是经济上的参与公司成败的机会。他规定，员工完
成每周
20
小时的工作
定额或超过这一
定额，
就有资格享受医疗、
牙齿及眼部保健方面的福利，
也能享受股票优先
认购权。
就在其他企业通过
削减福利来节省成本之时，
舒尔茨，
虽然生长在一个没有任何医
疗福利保障的家庭，
却仍然坦言自己的信仰，
< br>即真诚地关心员工对建立一个坚实的员工队伍
是至关重要的。
“服务在美国是一门缺失的艺术，”他对《纽约时报》如此说道，
“我相信
人们愿意把工作做好，
但如果遭受的待遇很差，
他们就会受到打击。
我们希望给予员工尊严
与自尊，而这一点光
靠动动嘴皮子是做不到的。”
星巴克规定，每一位工时超过半工制的员
< br>工都能享受医疗保障福利。
舒尔茨相信这一福利政策的切实施行是企业成长的关键
，
因为此
举已使星巴克拥有了更加尽心尽力的工作团队以及至高
水准的客户服务。
这一连锁反应也使
员工的流动率极低，
几乎只有快餐行业平均流动率的一半。
在经营数字上，
这一政策则给星
巴克带来了显著回报，
因为每招募和培
训一位新员工及其生产率损失所产生的费用就高达三
千美元。
10 Schultz has remained
firmly committed to employee and community
enrichment, a philosophy
which
is
embedded
in
the
very
core
of
Starbucks'
business
culture.
He
has
never
grown
accustomed
to
success
enough
to
forget
his
working-class
roots.
He
dedicated
his
book
to
the
memory of his father, whom he had once
spoken harshly to and accused of a lack of
ambition.
They
were
words
Schultz
would
regret
the
rest
of
his
life,
a
reminiscence
he
wished
he
could
scrub from his memory. His father
received the diagnosis of lung cancer and died
before his son
became a millionaire.
Schultz once told his audience that his crowning
success was that
build the kind of
company that my father never got to work for.
舒尔茨一直坚定地致力于员工及社区发展，这一理念已经根植于星巴克的核心企业文化当< p>
中。
他从未因为太过习惯于成功而忘却自己劳动阶层的根基。
他把自己的一本书献给了父亲
以表纪念。
他曾经对父
亲说过尖刻的话，
甚至曾指责他缺乏上进心，
这些话让舒尔茨后
悔终
生，
他期望能够将这些回忆从记忆中抹去。
他的父亲被诊断出了肺癌，
在儿子成为百万富翁
之前就
离去了。
舒尔茨曾经告诉他的听众，
他最重要的成功在于
“我创立了一个我父亲从来
都不曾有福气为之工作的那种企业。”
unit4 TextA
Achieving sustainable
environmentalism
实现可持续性发展的环保主义
1
Environmental
sensitivity
is
now
as
required
an
attitude
in
polite
society
as
is,
say,
belief
in
democracy or disapproval
of plastic surgery. But now that everyone from Ted
Turner to George H.
W.
Bush
has
claimed
love
for
Mother
Earth,
how
are
we
to
choose
among
the
dozens
of
conflicting
proposals,
regulations
and
laws
advanced
by
congressmen
and
constituents
alike
in
the
name
of
the
environment?
Clearly,
not
everything
with
an
environmental
claim
is
worth
doing.
How do we segregate the best options and
consolidate our varying interests into a single,
sound policy?
在上流社会，
< br>对环境的敏感就如同信仰民主、
反对整容一样，
是一种不
可或缺的态度。
然而，
既然从泰德·特纳到乔治·
W.H.
布什，每个人都声称自己热爱地球母亲，那么，在由议员、
选民之类的人以环境名义而提出的众多的相互矛盾的提案、
规章和法规中
，
我们又该如何做
出选择呢？显而易见，
并不是每一项冠以环境保护名义的事情都值得去做。
我们怎样才能分
< br>离出最佳选择，并且把我们各自不同的兴趣统一在同一个合理的政策当中呢？
2 There is a simple way.
First, differentiate between environmental
luxuries and environmental
necessities.
Luxuries are those things that would be nice to
have if costless. Necessities are those
things we must have regardless. Call
this distinction the definitive rule of sane
environmentalism,
which stipulates that
combating ecological change that directly
threatens the health and safety of
people is an environmental necessity.
All else is luxury.
有一种简便的方法。
首先要区分什么是环境奢侈品，
什么是环境必需品。
奢侈品是
指那些无
需人类付出代价就能拥有的给人美好感受的东西。
必需
品则是指那些无论付出什么代价，
都
一定要去拥有的东西。
这一区分原则可以被称为理性环保主义的至高原则。
它规定，
对那些
直接威胁人类健康与安全的生态变化采取应对措施是环境保护的
必需品，
而其他则都属于奢
侈品。
3
For
example,
preserving
the
atmosphere
—
stopping
ozone
depletion
and
the
greenhouse
effect
—
is an
environmental necessity. Recently, scientists
reported that ozone damage is far
worse
than previously thought. Ozone depletion has a
correlation not only with skin cancer and
eye problems, it also destroys the
ocean's ecology, the beginning of the food chain
atop which we
humans sit.
例如
，
保护大气层——阻止臭氧损耗及控制温室效应——是环境保护的必需品。
近来，
科学
家报告说臭氧层遭受破坏的程度远比我们
先前认为的要严重得多。
臭氧损耗不仅与皮肤癌及
眼疾有关，<
/p>
而且它还会破坏海洋生态。
而海洋生态是食物链的起点，
人类则位于该食物链的
顶端。
4 The possible thermal
consequences of the greenhouse effect are far
deadlier: melting ice caps,
flooded
coastlines,
disrupted
climate,
dry
plains
and,
ultimately,
empty
breadbaskets.
The
American Midwest feeds people at all
corners of the atlas. With the planetary climate
changes,
are
we
prepared
to
see
Iowa
take
on
New
Mexico's
desert
climate,
or
Siberia
take
on
Iowa's
moderate climate?
温室效应所可能引发的
热效应是非常具有毁灭性的：
冰川融化、
海岸线被淹没、
气候遭受破
坏、平原干涸，
最终食物消失殆尽
。
美国中西部地区的粮食供养着全世界。
随着全球气候的
变化，
我们难道准备看到衣阿华州变成新墨西哥州的沙漠气候，
而西伯利亚变成衣阿华州的
温和气候吗？
5 Ozone depletion and the
greenhouse effect are human disasters, and they
are urgent because
they directly
threaten humanity and are not easily reversible. A
sane environmentalism, the only
kind
of
environmentalism
that
will
strike
a
chord
with
the
general
public,
begins
by
openly
declaring
that
nature
is
here
to
serve
human
beings.
A
sane
environmentalism
is
entirely
a
human
focused
regime:
It
calls
upon
humanity
to
preserve
nature,
but
merely
within
the
parameters of self-
survival.
臭氧损耗和温室效应是人类的灾难，
而且
是需要紧急处理的灾难，
因为它们直接威胁到人类，
且后果很难
扭转。理性环保主义——唯一能够引起公众共鸣的环保主张——首先公开声明，
自然是服
务于人类的。
理性环保主义是一种完全以人类为中心的思想。
它
号召人类保护自然，
但是是在人类自我生存得到保证的前提之下。
6 Of course, this human
focus runs against the grain of a contemporary
environmentalism that
indulges in overt
earth worship. Some people even allege that the
earth is a living organism. This
kind
of environmentalism likes to consider itself
spiritual. It is nothing more than sentimental. It
takes,
for
example,
a
highly
selective
view
of
the
kindness
of
nature,
one
that
is
incompatible
with the reality of natural disasters.
My nature worship stops with the twister that came
through
Kansas
or
the
dreadful
rains
in
Bangladesh
that
eradicated
whole
villages
and
left
millions
homeless.
当然，
这种以人类为中心的主张与当下盛行的环保主义是格格不入的，
后者已经沉溺于对地
球的公然崇拜。
有的人甚至声称
地球是一个活的生物体。
这种环保主义喜欢把自己看作是神
圣的
，
其实它只是感情用事而已。比如，
在自然是否友善的问题上，
当下的环保主义采取了
高度选择性的片面的观点，
而这种观点与
自然造成的灾难这一现实是不相协调的。
当龙卷风
肆虐堪萨斯州
，
当瓢泼大雨袭击孟加拉国，
毁灭了整座整座的村庄，
使几百万人失去家园的
时候，我对自然的崇拜便停止了。
7
A
non-sentimental
environmentalism
is
one
founded
on
Protagoras's
idea
that
is
the
measure of all
things.
the dense forest of
environmental arguments. Take the current debate
raging over oil drilling in a
corner
of
the
Arctic
National
Wildlife
Refuge
(ANWR).
Environmentalist
coalitions,
mobilizing
against a
legislative action working its way through the US
Congress for the legalization of such
exploration, propagate that Americans
should be preserving and economizing energy
instead of
drilling for it. This is a
false either-or proposition. The US does need a
sizable energy tax to reduce
consumption.
But
it
needs
more
production
too.
Government
estimates
indicate
a
nearly
fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR
rests one of the five largest oil fields ever
discovered in
America. It seems
illogical that we are not finding safe ways to
drill for oil in the ANWR.
非感情用事的环保主义是建
立在普罗泰哥拉的格言
“人是万物的尺度”
的基础上的。
在建立
人类权威的过程中，
这条原则会帮助我
们梳理各种错综复杂的关于环境保护的争议。
就以当
前关于是否
在北极国家野生动物保护区的某一角落开采石油的激烈争论为例吧。
环保主义者
联盟动员人们反对目前正在试图通过美国国会审议、
使这一开采行为变得
合法化的一项立法
行动。
他们散布说美国应该保护并且节约能源
而不是开采能源。
这其实是一个错误的非此即
彼的主张。
美国确实需要征收高额的能源税以减少能源消耗，
但同时也需要生产更
多的能源。
政府的估测表明，
在北极国家野生动物保护区的地下
蕴藏着美国五大油田之一的可能性几乎
到达
50
％。我们没有寻找安全的方法开采北极国家野生动物保护区地下的石油，这看上去
是不符合情理的。
8
The
US
has
just
come
through
a
war
fought
in
part
over
oil.
Energy
dependence
costs
Americans
not
just
dollars
but
lives.
It
is
a
bizarre
sentimentalism
that
would
deny
oil
that
is
peacefully attainable because it risks
disrupting the birthing grounds of Arctic caribou.
美国刚刚经历了一场战争，
其部分原因就是为了获取石油。
对能源的依赖使美国不但付出了
金钱的代价，
而且也付出了生命的代价。
就因为可能破坏北美驯鹿的繁衍地而放弃能够以和
平手段获得的石油，这是一种十分怪异的感情用事。
9
I
like
the
caribou
as
much
as
the
next
person.
And
I
would
be
rather
sorry
if
their
mating
patterns were disturbed. But you can't
have your cake and eat it too. And in the standoff
of the
welfare of caribou versus
reducing an oil reliance that gets people killed
in wars, I choose people
over caribou
every time.
我像别人一样喜欢驯鹿。
如果他们的
交配模式受到干扰，
我会感到非常遗憾。但是，鱼和熊
掌不能兼
得。
是要保护驯鹿，
还是要为了避免人们在战争中丧生而减少对
石油的依赖，
面对
这一僵局，我每次都会选择人类而不是驯鹿。
10
I
feel
similarly
about
the
spotted
owl
in
Oregon.
I
am
no
enemy
of
the
owl.
If
it
could
be
preserved
at
a
negligible
cost,
I
would
agree
that
it
should
be
—
biodiversity
is
after
all
necessary
to
the
ecosystem.
But we
must remember
that
not every
species
is
needed
to
keep
that diversity.
Sometimes aesthetic aspects of life have to be
sacrificed to more fundamental ones.
If
the
cost
of
preserving
the
spotted
owl
is
the
loss
of
livelihood
for
30,000
logging
families,
I
choose the families (with their saws
and chopped timber) over the owl.
我对俄勒冈
州的斑点猫头鹰的态度也是一样。
我绝不是仇视猫头鹰。
如果花
很少的代价就可
以保护猫头鹰，
我会赞同它应受保护——毕竟，
生物多样性对生态系统是非常必要的。
但是，
< br>我们必须记住，
保持生物多样性并不意味着要留住每一种物种。
< br>有时候，
为了更加根本的利
益，
我们不得不牺牲一部分生活中美的东西。
如果为了保护斑点猫头鹰而让三万伐木工家庭<
/p>
失去生计，我会选择伐木工家庭（包括他们的锯子和砍伐的木材），而不是猫头鹰。
11 The important
distinction is between those environmental goods
that are fundamental and
those that are not. Nature is our ward,
not our master. It is to be respected and even
cultivated.
But when humans have to
choose between their own well-being and that of
nature, nature will
have to
accommodate.
重要的是，
我们要区分哪些东西对
环境保护是根本性的，
哪些是非根本性的。
自然受我们的
监护，而不是我们的主人。我们应该尊重自然，也可以开发利用自然。但是，如果人类必须
在自身的福利和自然的福利之间作出选择，自然则必须作出让步。
12 Humanity should
accommodate only when its fate and that of nature
are inseparably bound
up. The most
urgent maneuver must be undertaken when the very
integrity of humanity's habitat,
e.g.,
the atmosphere or the essential geology that
sustains the core of the earth, is threatened.
When
the
threat
to
humanity
is
lower
in
the
hierarchy
of
necessity,
a
more
modest
accommodation that
balances economic against health concerns is in
order. But in either case the
principle
is the same: protect the environment
—
because it is
humanity's environment.
只有当人类的命运与自然的命运密
不可分时
,
人类才应该作出让步。当人类栖息地的完整性
（比如大气层或维持地球核心的基本地质状况）
受到威胁时，
人类就必须立即调整自己的行
为。
而当人类受到
的威胁不大，
不太需要对自己的行为进行调整时，
恰当的做法是
平衡考虑
经济方面和与之相对的健康方面的因素，
以便作出适度
的调整。但是，
无论是哪种情况，其
遵循的原则是一致的：保护
环境，因为这是我们人类的环境。
13
The
sentimental
environmentalists
will
call
this
saving
nature
with
a
totally
wrong
frame
of
mind.
Exactly. A sane and intelligible environmentalism
does it not for nature's sake but for our
own.
感情用事的环保主义者会说这种拯救自然的思路是完
全错误的。
的确是这样。
理性、
明确的
环保主义保护环境是为了人类自身，而不是为了自然。
TextB
What nature is telling you?
倾听自然诉说
1 Let's sit down here, all of us, on
the open prairie, where we can't see a highway or
a fence, free
from the debris of the
city. Let's have no blankets to sit on, but let
our bodies converge with the
earth, the
surrounding trees and shrubs. Let's have the
vegetation for a mattress, experiencing its
texture,
its
sharpness
and
its
softness.
Let
us
become
like
stones,
plants,
and
trees.
Let
us
be
animals,
think and feel like animals.
让我们在这儿坐下来吧
，
我们所有的人，
就在这片广阔的草原上。
在这里，
我们看不见高速
公路，看不见围栏，远离城市垃圾
。我们不要铺毯子，就让我们的身体和大地、周围的树木
及灌木来个亲密接触吧。
让我们把草当垫子，
感受它或许坚硬或许柔软的质地。
让我们想象
自己变成了石头、植物和树木，想象自己变成了动物，并像动物那样
思考和感觉。
2 This is
my plea: Listen to the air. You can hear it, feel
it, smell it, taste it. We feel it between us,
as a presence presiding over the day.
It is a good way to start thinking about nature
and talking
about it. To go further, we
must rather talk to it, talk to the rivers, to the
lakes, to the winds as to
our
relatives.
这就是我的请求：倾听空气。你们可以听见它，感觉它，闻到它
，品尝它。我们可以感到它
就在我们中间，
作为一种实实在在的
存在，主宰着每一天。这是一个好方式，我们可以就这
样开始思考自然，谈论自然。如果
再想好点的话，
我们就不如和自然说话，
也就是和江河说
话，和湖泊说话，和风说话，就像我们和亲人说话一样。
3 You have impaired our
ability to experience nature in the good way, as
part of it. Even here we
are conscious
that somewhere beyond the marsh and its cranes,
somewhere out in those hills
there are
radar towers and highway overpasses. This land is
so beautiful and strange that now
some
of you want to make it into a national park. You
have not only contaminated the earth, the
rocks, the minerals, all of which you
call
changed the animals, which are
part of us, changed them into vulgar zoological
mutations, so no
one can recognize
them.
你们已经损坏了我们人类作为大自然的一部分以一种美好的方式体验大自然
的能力。
即使在
这里，
我们也知道，<
/p>
在沼泽地和栖息于此的鹤之外的某个地方，在远处山里的某个地方，就
建有雷达塔和高速公路立交桥。
这片土地如此美丽与奇特，
以至于你们中的某些人想把它变
成一座国家公园。你们已经污染了土地、岩石、矿物——
这些都是被你们称为已经“死去”
但其实是非常有生命活力的东西。
不仅如此，
就连属于我们一部分的动物，
也被你们改造了。
你们把它们变成了低级的基因变异动物，以至于没有人能再认识它们。
< br>
4 There is power in an
antelope, so you let it graze within your fences.
But what power do you
see
in
a
goat
or
sheep,
prey
animals
with
no
defenses,
creatures
that
hold
still
while
you
slaughter them? There was great power
in a wolf, even in a fox. You have inverted nature
and
turned these noble animals into
miniature lap dogs. Nature is bound by your ropes
and whips and
is obedient to your
commands. You can't do much with a cat, so you fix
it, alter it, declaw it, and
even cut
its vocal cords so that you can experiment on it
in a laboratory without being disturbed
by its cries.
羚羊是一种有力量的动物，因而
你们把它圈养在栅栏里。
但是，山羊或绵羊，
这些没有自卫
能力的猎物、
这些悄无声息任凭你们宰杀的动物，
< br>你们在它们身上看到了什么力量？狼身上
有巨大的力量，
狐狸身上也同样有巨大的力量。
你们违背自然，
把这些高贵的动
物变成了小
型的可以放在腿上把玩的哈巴狗。
自然被你们的绳索
和鞭子所束缚，
屈服于你们的命令。
对
猫，你们无能为力，所以你们就设法修理它们、改造它们，剪掉它们锋利的爪子，甚至切断
它们的声带，这样你们就可以用猫在实验室做实验，而不会再受它们叫声的干扰。
5 You have also made all
types of wild birds into chickens
—
creatures with
wings so impaired
that they cannot fly.
There are farms where you breed chickens for
breast meat. Those birds are
kept
in
low,
repressive
cages,
forced
to
be
hunched
over
all
the
time,
which
makes
the
breast
muscles very big. One loud noise and
the chickens go mad, killing themselves by flying
against the
walls
of
their
cages.
Having
to
spend
all
their
lives
stooped
over
makes
an
unnatural,
crazy,
no-good bird. It also makes unnatural,
detached, no-good human beings.
所有的野生鸟类
都被你们改造成了鸡禽——一种翅膀退化、
根本不会飞的生物。
你们有许多
农场，
专门用来饲养鸡以提供鸡胸脯肉。
这些鸡被关在狭窄压抑的笼子里，
不得不一直弓着
身体，
这使它们的胸脯肌肉变得很大。如果突发一声巨响，鸡群会吓得发疯般乱跑，撞死
在
笼子壁上。一辈子都必须佝偻着背使得这些鸡变成了既不天然又不正常、毫无用处的禽
类。
同时，人类也变得很不自然、冷漠无情、残酷刻薄。
6 That's where you've
fooled yourselves. You have not only altered,
declawed, and deformed your
winged and
four-legged cousins; you have done it concurrently
to yourselves. You inject Botox, or
use
plastic
surgery,
synthetic
make-up
and
countless
drugs.
You
have
filtered
and
remolded
humans into
executives sitting in boardrooms, into office
workers, into time-clock punchers. Your
homes
are
filled
with
families
disconnected
from
one
another
but
tied
to
one
great
entity,
television.
在这点上，你们愚弄了自己。你们对
自己带翅膀的和长四条腿的近亲兄弟姐妹进行了改造，
剪掉了它们的爪子，
甚至让它们变得畸形。同时，
你们也在对自己做这些事情。你们注射肉
毒杆菌毒素，
接受整容手术，
使用人造化妆品
和数不清的药物。
你们把人类进行筛选和改造：
有的人是坐董事
会议室的高级管理人员，
有的人是坐办公室的白领，
有的人是每
日要按考勤
钟打卡的工人。
在家里，
每
个家庭成员之间也没有联系，
却都沉溺于一个大实体，
那就是电
视。
7
your head against the wallpaper; your
hair may be greasy. Don't spill liquor on that
table: You'll
peel off its delicate
finish. You should have wiped your boots; the
floor was just cleaned. Don't,
don't,
don't
?
prisons
which you have built for yourselves, calling them
“小心烟灰，不要抽烟，否则你会熏脏窗帘。小心金鱼缸。不要把头靠在墙纸上，你的头
发
也许很油。
不要把饮料洒在桌子上，
你会把它精美的涂层弄掉。你应该先擦擦靴子，地板刚
刚才打扫过。不要做这个，不要做
那个，不要??”这太荒谬了！人类生下来不是忍受这种
压抑的。你们住在自己亲手打造
的监狱里，只不过你们把它们称之为“家”、办公室或工厂
而已。
8
Sometimes
I
think
that
even
our
pitiful
small
houses
are
better
than
your
luxury
mansions.
Strolling a hundred feet to the
outhouse on a clear wintry night, through mud or
snow, that's one
small link with
nature. Or in the summer, in the back country,
taking your time, listening to the
humming of the insects or the flapping
of birds' wings, the sun warming your bones
through the
nodding
branches
of
trees;
you
don't
even
have
that
pleasure
of
coexistence
with
nature
anymore.
有
时，
我认为我们的寒酸小屋也比你们的奢华大厦要好。
在一个晴
朗的冬夜，
踏着泥土或积
雪，漫步一百英尺去上厕所，这是我们
与自然之间的一个小小的接触。
抑或是在夏天，
在一
个偏僻的乡村，
悠闲地听着昆虫的嗡鸣或鸟儿拍打翅膀的声音，
感受太阳透过随风摇摆的树