大学英语四级分类模拟题471

大学英语四级分类模拟题

471

Part

Ⅰ

Writing

1

、

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter

to

comfort

a

friend

who

felt

depressed

because

she

couldn't

afford

fashionable

clothes. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

Part

Ⅱ

Reading Comprehension

Passage One

When you run your hands through your lover's hair, you're probably not

thinking about your place in the social hierarchy. Give your team-mate or

colleague a pat on the back after a setback, and the chances are you're not

consciously

seeking

to

change

the

mix

of

signalling

chemicals

in

their

brain.

It

may

not

seem

like

it,

but

these

socially

important

rituals

and

others

like

them predate the time our species first walked the African continent.

Human behaviours that involve physical social contact have a lot more

in

common

with

social

grooming

activities

we

typically

associate

with

other

species than we might initially think. When rhesus monkeys (

恒河猴

) or

chimpanzees pick through their friends' fur, they're not just helping them

remove

dirt

from

hard

to

reach

spots.

There

is

undoubtedly

a

hygienic

benefit,

but

this

behaviour,

which

animal

behaviour

researchers

call

has far greater significance.

For example, one chimpanzee is more likely to share food with another

that has previously groomed it. Grooming also serves to ease tensions in a

chimp

troop

following

an

aggressive

situation.

One

of

the

most

complex

forms

of

reconciliation

among

chimpanzees

occurs

when

two

rival

males

reach

a

point

of

stalemate,

neither

backing

down

nor

escalating

the

aggressive

interaction.

Sometimes, a female breaks the deadlock and eases the tension by grooming

first one male, and then the other, until the two become relaxed enough to

end what amounted to an angry staring contest.

According to anthropologist Robin Dunbar, this works because grooming

stimulates the release of endorphins (

内啡肽

)

—

opiates produced by the brain

that

trigger

feelings

of

relaxation

by

lowering

the

heart

rate,

reducing

overt

nervous

behaviours

like

scratching,

and

even

bringing

on

sleep.

Female

chimps

that use grooming as a peacekeeping strategy may also experience their own

rush of endorphins and enjoy many of the same benefits.

Humans, lacking the fur of our more hirsute evolutionary cousins, had

to find a replacement for allogrooming. Like grooming, gossip establishes

and maintains our place in the social hierarchy. Also like grooming, the

social

information

that

makes

up

gossip

is

itself

a

form

of

currency

in

human

culture. Or, at least, that's the theory put forward by Dunbar. He argued,

in

his

book

Grooming,

Gossip

and

the

Evolution

of

Language,

that

the

faculty

of language allowed our species to substitute gossip for grooming.

2

、

What is the function of examples listed in paragraph 1?

A. When you run your hands through your lover's hair, you're probably

not thinking about your place in the social hierarchy.

B. It tells us grooming is a kind of social activity and what is going

to explain in the upcoming paragraphs.

C.

These

socially

important

rituals

and

others

like

them

predate

the

time

our species first walked the African continent.

D. It reflects what the author thinks about human beings and explains

the reasons why men are willing to groom others.

3

、

What does the word

A. Grooming for and by others.

B. Enjoying interaction with others.

C. Working for and by others.

D. Sharing something with others.

4

、

The meaning of the word

similar to ______.

A. soul mate B. stamina C. roommate D. standoff

5

、

According to the passage, why does the author mention endorphins?

A. To explain why grooming can serve to ease tension in a chimp troop

following an aggressive situation.

B. Because endorphins may make female chimps enjoy many of the same

benefits.

C.

Because

endorphins

are

a

kind

of

feeling that serves to ease tension

in a chimp troop following an aggressive situation.

D.

Because

endorphins

are

also

a

mix

of

signalling

chemicals

in human's

body.

6

、

What kind of role does gossip play in our society according to Dunbar?

A. Gossip increases the frequency of social communication.

B. Gossip is where troubles come from in the society.

C. Gossip establishes and maintains our place in the social hierarchy.

D. Gossip is equal to grooming and fully takes the position of it.

Passage Two

Doctors are to begin a trial of a drug treatment that could double the

time transplanted organs survive in the body. The 20-minute procedure

effectively

coats

donor

organs

in

a

protective

shield

that

stops

them

being

rejected by the patient's immune system.

The

treatment

is

expected

to

prolong

the

time

that

organs

remain

healthy

in

patients'

bodies

and

also

increase

their

shelf-life

(

保存期限

),

so

they

can

be stored for longer or transported further before being used. If the

treatment

works,

it

could

ease

the

burden

on

organ

transplant

services,

which

face an increasing gap between the supply and demand for donor organs.

People

who

receive

transplants

must

take

drugs

to

suppress

their

immune

systems,

but

the

body

still

reacts

enough

to

cause

transplants

to

fail

sooner

than

they

should.

A

healthy

transplanted

kidney

lasts

on

average

only

10

years,

around

one

third

of

the

time

it

should

last.

Organs

such

as

hearts

and

livers

fail even sooner. The consequence is that patients who have had one donor

organ often need another.

The new treatment, developed by researchers at King's College London,

is based on the defense mechanism healthy organs use to shield themselves

from

the

immune

system.

Studies

suggest

the

procedure

could

extend

the

life

of an implanted kidney by around seven years. The scientists believe the

treatment will also extend the shelf- life of donor organs, increasing the

time

they

survive

outside

the

body

from

no

more

than

24

hours

to

several

days.

This

could

reduce

wastage

and

double

the

number

of

organs

that

work

properly

once they are transplanted, doctors said. In early tests, only a fifth of

organs

worked

properly

after

being

stored

on

ice

for

16

hours,

compared

with

50% of those treated with mirococept (

药物：米罗西普

).

A recent pilot study of the treatment on 16 patients found it was safe

to

use.

Patients

who

receive

donated

organs

treated

with

mirococept

will

still