-
the
concentration
(
含量
)
of
gold
and
other
precious
metals
was
higher
in
So-called
e-waste
than
in
naturally
occurring minerals.
Electronic
wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even
when the machines are recycled and the
harmful
metals
removed,
the
recycling
process
often
is
carried
out
in
poor
countries,
in
practically
uncontrolled
ways which allow many poisonous substances to
escape into the environment.
Creating products out of
raw materials creates much more waste material, up
to 100 times more, than the
material
contained
in
the
finished
products.
Consider
again
the
cell-phone,
and
imagine
the
mines
that
produced those metals, the factories
needed to make the box and
packaging(
包装
) it came in.
Many wastes
produced in the producing
process are harmful as well.
The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency notes that most
waste is dangerous in that
“
the production,
distribution,
and
use
of
products
—
as
well
as
management
of
the
resulting
waste
—
all
result
in
greenhouse gas
release.
”
Individuals can
reduce their contribution by creating less waste
at the start
—
for
instance, buying
reusable products and recycling.
In
many countries the concept of extended producer
responsibility is being considered or has been put
in
place as an incentive
(
动机
) for reducing waste. If
producers are required to take back packaging they
use to
sell their products, would they
reduce the packaging in the first place?
Governments
’
incentive
to
require
producers
to
take
responsibility
for
the
packaging
they
produce
is
usually
based
on
money.
Why,
they
ask,
should
cities
or
towns
be
responsible
for paying
to
deal
with
the
bubble wrap (
气泡垫
)
that encased your television?
From the
governments
’
point of view,
a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer
responsibility
is to transfer both the
costs and the physical responsibility of waste
management from the government and
tax-
payers back to the producers.
58. By
mentioning the Swiss study, the author intends to
tell us that _________ .
A. the weight
of e-goods is rather small
B. E-waste
deserves to be made good use of
C.
natural minerals contain more precious metals
D. the percentage of precious metals is
heavy in e-waste
59. The responsibility
of e-waste treatment should be extended _________
.
A. from producers to governments B.
from governments to producers
C. from
individuals to distributors D. from distributors
to governments
60. What does the
passage mainly talk about?
A. The
increase in e-waste. B. The creation of e-waste.
C. The seriousness of e-waste. D. The
management of e-waste.
C
Suppose you
become a leader in an organization.
It
’
s very likely that
you
’
ll want to have
volunteers to
help with the
organization
’
s activities.
To do so, it should help to understand why people
undertake volunteer
work and what keeps
their interest in the work.
Let
’
s begin with
the question of why people volunteer. Researchers
have identified several factors that
motivate
people
to
get
involved.
For
example,
people
volunteer
to
express
personal
values
related
to
unselfishness,
to
expand
their
range
of
experiences,
and
to
strengthen
social
relationships.
If
volunteer
positions do not meet these needs,
people may not wish to participate. To select
volunteers, you may need to
understand
the motivations of the people you wish to attract.
People also volunteer because they are
required to do so. To increase levels of community
service, some
schools
have
launched
compulsory
volunteer
programs.
Unfortunately,
these
programs
can
shift
people
’
s
wish of participation from an internal
factor (e.g.,
“
I volunteer
because it
’
s important to
me
”
) to an external
factor (e.g.,
“
I
volunteer because I
’
m
required to do so
”
). When
that happens, people become less likely to
volunteer
in
the
future.
People
must
be
sensitive
to
this
possibility
when
they
make
volunteer
activities
a
must.
Once people begin to volunteer, what
leads them to remain in their positions over time?
To answer this
question, researchers
have conducted follow-up studies in which they
track volunteers over time. For instance,
one study followed 238 volunteers in
Florida over a year. One of the most important
factors that influenced
their
satisfaction
as
volunteers
was
the
amount
of
suffering
they
experienced
in
their
volunteer
positions.
Although this
result may not surprise you, it leads to important
practical advice. The researchers note that
attention should be given to
“
training methods that would
prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or
provide them with strategies for coping
with the problem they do
experience
”
.
Another study
of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused
on individual differences in the degree to
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