-
Text 1
Of all the changes that
have taken place in English-language
newspapers during the past quarter-
century, perhaps the most
far-reaching
has been the inexorable decline in the scope and
seriousness of their arts coverage.
过去的
25
年，在英文报纸发生的所有变化中
，或许最具有
深远意义的变化就是这些报纸的文艺报道范围不断缩小，
< br>严肃性
不断减弱，这是个无法逆转的必然趋势。
It is difficult
to the point of impossibility for the average
reader under the age of forty to
imagine a time when
high-quality arts
criticism could be found in most big-city
newspapers. Yet a considerable number
of the most significant
collections of
criticism published in the
20
th
century consisted in
large part of newspaper reviews. To
read such books today is to
marvel at
the fact that their learned contents were once
deemed
suitable for publication in
general-circulation dailies.
对于年龄低于
40
岁的普通读者来讲，让他们想象一下当年
可
以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方
夜谭。然而，在
20
世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集中，人们读
到的
大部分评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。
现在，
如果读到这
些集子，
人们肯定会惊诧，
当年这般渊博深
奥的内容竟然被认为
适合发表在大众日报中。
We are even
farther removed from the unfocused
newspaper reviews published in England
between the turn of
the
20
th
century and the eve of
World War
Ⅱ
, at a time when
newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish
arts criticism was
considered an
ornament to the publications in which it
appeared. In those far-off days, it was
taken for granted that the
critics of
major papers would write in detail and at length
about
the events they covered. Theirs
was a serious business, and even
those
reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like
George
Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman,
could be trusted to know
what they were
about. These men believed in journalism as a
calling, and were proud to be published
in the daily press.
“
So
few authors have brains enough or
literary gift enough to keep
their own
end up in journalism,
”
Newman wrote,
“
that I am
tempted to define
‘
journalism
’
as
‘
a term of contempt
applied by writers who are not read to
writers who are
’
.
”
从
20
世纪早期到二战以前，
当时的英国
报纸上的评论主题广
泛，包罗万象，我们现在离此类报纸评论越来越远。当时的报纸
极其便宜，
人们把高雅时尚的文艺批评当作是所刊登报纸的一个
亮点。
在那些遥远的年代，
各大报刊的评论
家们都会不遗余力地
详尽报道他们所报道的事情，这在当时被视为是理所当然的事
情。他们的写作是件严肃的事情，人们相信：甚至那些博学低调
不喜欢
炫耀的评论家，比如
George Bernard
Shaw
和
Ernest
Newma
n
也知道自己在做什么（即他们的文章会高调出现在报
纸上）。
这些批评家们相信报刊评论是一项职业，并且对于他们
的文章能够在报纸上发表感到很自
豪。
“鉴于几乎没有作家能拥
有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他
们能在新闻报纸写作中坚持
不懈”，
Newman
曾写道，“以至于我非常想把‘新闻写作’
定义为
不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢迎的作家的一个
‘轻蔑之词’”
注：
tempted to do
sth
的意思是：
To cause to be
strongly inclined:
很想做：使很倾向于，所以可以翻译为“很想做
某事，很倾向于
做某事”。另外，
keep one's
end up
的英文解释为：
(Brit infml)
continue to be cheerful and play one's
part despite difficulties
（不顾困难）仍乐观而尽本分
,
不泄气。
Unfortunately, these critics are
virtually forgotten. Neville
Cardus,
who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917
until shortly before his death in 1975,
is now known solely as a
writer of
essays on the game of cricket. During his
lifetime,
though, he was also one of
England
’
s foremost
classical-music
critics, and a stylist
so widely admired that his
Autobiography
(1947) became a best-seller. He was
knighted in 1967, the first
music
critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books
is now
in print, and his vast body of
writings on music is unknown save
to
specialists.
不幸的是，这些批评家们现在实际上已被人们遗忘。从
1917
年开始一直到
1975
年去世不久前还在为曼彻斯特《卫报》写文
章的
N
eville Cardus
，如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球比赛文章
的作家被人们所知。但是，在他的一生当中，他也是英国首屈一
指的古典音乐评
论家之一。他也是一位深受读者青睐的文体家，
所以
1947<
/p>
年他的《自传》一书就成为热销读物。
1967
年他被
授予爵士称号，也是第一位获此殊荣的音乐评论
家。然而，他的
书现在只有一本可以在市面上买到。
他大量的音
乐批评，
除了专
门研究音乐评论的人以外，已鲜为人知。
Is
there any chance that
Cardus
’
s criticism will
enjoy a
revival? The prospect seems
remote. Journalistic tastes had
changed
long before his death, and postmodern readers have
little use for the richly upholstered
Vicwardian prose in which he
specialized. Moreover, the amateur
tradition in music criticism
has been
in headlong retreat.
Cardus
的
评论有没有机会重新流行？前景似乎渺茫。
在他去
世之前，
新闻业的品味早已改变很长时间了，
而且他所擅长的措
词华丽的维多利亚爱德华时期的散文风格对后现代的读者没有
什么用处。
何况，
由业余爱好者作音乐批评的传统早已经成为昨
日黄花了。
Text 2
Over the past decade, thousands of
patents have been
granted for what are
called business methods.
received one
for its
“
one-
click
”
online
payment system. Merrill
Lynch got legal
protection for an asset allocation strategy. One
inventor patented a technique for
lifting a box.
在过去的十年中，成千上万的商业方法被授予了专利权
。亚
马逊网站获得的专利是在线“单击”付费系统。美林公司的资产
分配方案得到了法律保护。有个发明者的提箱技巧也获得了专
利。
< br>
Now the
nation
’
s top patent court
appears completely
ready to scale back
on business-method patents, which have
been controversial ever since they were
first authorized 10 years
ago. In a
move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz,
the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit said it would use a
particular case to conduct a broad
review of business-method
patents. In
re Bilski, as the case is known, is
“
a very big
deal,
”
says
Dennis D. Crouch of the University of
MissouriSchool of
Law. It
“
has the potential to
eliminate an entire class of
patents.
”
现在，该国最高专利法院似乎完全准备好要缩减商业方法专
利，
因为商业方法专利自从十年前第一次批准授予以来一直有争
议。
在一项使得知识产权律师们议论纷纷的提议中，
美国联邦巡
回上诉法院声称它将利用某个具体案件来对商业方法专利进行
广泛的复审。
密苏里大学法学院
Dennis D. Crouch
< br>说，
“正如人
们所知道的那样，
Bilski
案例是一件非常大的事情”它可能将消
除整个专利
类别”。
Curbs on business-method claims would
be a dramatic
about-face, because it
was the Federal Circuit itself that
introduced such patents with its 1998
decision in the so-called
State Street
Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling
mutual-fund assets. That ruling
produced an explosion in
business-
method patent filings, initially by emerging
Internet
companies trying to stake out
exclusive rights to specific types of
online transactions. Later, more
established companies raced to
add such
patents to their files, if only as a defensive
move
against rivals that might beat
them to the punch. In 2005, IBM
noted
in a court filing that it had been issued more
than 300
business-method patents,
despite the fact that it questioned the
legal basis for granting them.
Similarly, some Wall Street
investment
firms armed themselves with patents for financial
products, even as they took positions
in court cases opposing
the practice. <
/p>
对于商业方法诉求的限制是个戏剧性的彻底变化，因为正是
联邦巡
回法院自己引进了这种专利。那是在
1998
年，对于所谓
的美国道富银行的案件中，
联邦巡回法院做出了判决，
批准了筹
集共同基金资产的方法具有专利权。
这一裁
决使得商业方法专利
文件以几何数级增加，
起初只是一些新兴的
网络公司对于某些特
定类型的在线交易系统试图争取独家专有权。
后来，
更多的公司
竞相添加这样的专利权，
< br>希望这样一个防御性的行为可以先下手
为强。
2005<
/p>
年，
IBM
公司在一份法院报告中声称：
尽管怀疑这
种专利授权的法律基础，但它已经申请了
300
多份商业方法专
利。
同样，
当一些华尔街投资公司出席某些反对其金融产品的法
庭案件时，
他们会给其各类金融产品申请专利来作为自己的维权
武器。
The Bilski
case involves a claimed patent on a method for
hedging risk in the energy market. The
Federal Circuit issued an
unusual order
stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of
the court
’
s
judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and
that
one issue it wants to evaluate is
whether it should
“
reconside
r
”
its State
Street Bank ruling.
前面提到的
Bil
ski
案例牵扯到一份已申请的方法专利，即关
于能源市场的风
险规避方法（注：也可译为“套期保值或对冲风
险”）。上诉法院罕见地裁定，该案件将
不由三位法官听审，而
是由全部十二名法官共同进行。另外，上诉法院还宣布，它想探<
/p>
讨的另一件事情是是否应该“重审”道富银行的裁决。
The Federal
Circuit
’
s action comes in
the wake of a series of
recent
decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed
the
scope of protections for patent
holders. Last April, for example,
the
justices signaled that too many patents were being
upheld
for
“
inven
tions
”
that are
obvious. The judges on the Federal
Circuit are
“
reacting to the anti-patent
trend at the Supreme
Court,
”
says Harold C. Wegner, a patent
attorney and
professor at
GeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.
联邦
巡回法院的这一裁决效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做
出了一系列的判决，缩小了专利持
有者的受保范围。例如，去年
四月，法官们认定太多的专利授予了一些显而易见的“发明
”。
乔治华盛顿大学法律学院的专利法律师
Harold C.
Wegner
教授
表示，
“联邦巡回法
院的法官们正在对最高法院的反专利动态做
出反应”。
26. Business-method patents have
recently aroused concern
because of
__________.
A. their limited value to
business.
商业价值有限。
B. their connection with asset
allocation.
它们与资产配置关联。
C. the possible restriction on their
granting.
批准可能受到限制。
D. the controversy over their
authorization.
对于专利授权有争
议。
正确答案：
C. the possible
restriction on their granting
【分析】：题目问题
是：商业专利方法在最近引起关注的原因是
是什么
?
本题关键词为
Business-method patent
s
，可以定位于第二段。第
一段说：“过去
10
年商业方法授予了成千上万的专利”；第二
段说，
“国家最高专利法庭准备对商业模式专利进行缩减，这件
事引起了广
泛争议。
”
AB
属于无中生有。
而且文章强调
recently
应该是第二段
now
引出的内容，即美国
the
U.S. Court of
Appeals for the Federal
Circuit
要全面审查商业模式专利，有可
能会
eliminate an entire class of patents
。
C
选项是最近公众对商
业专利方法关注的可能结果——要限制过多授予
专利权。
27. Which of
the following is true of the Bilski case?
A. Its ruling complies with the court
decisions.
B. It involves a very big
business transaction.
C. It has been
dismissed by the Federal Circuit.
D. It
may change the legal practices in the U.S.
正确答案：
D. It may change the
legal practices in the U.S.
【分析】
B
错误的原因是错误理解原文
“
a very big
deal
”的含
义。文章不是指
big
business transaction
的意思。而是指
B
ilski
这个案子很重要。
文章第二段用
Bilski
的案例强调
the U.S. Court
of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
要通过
Bilski
的案例来全面审
查商业专利方法。而且根据我们的傻瓜阅读法，有
may
< br>可以优
先选。
28. The word
“
about
–
face
”
(Line 1, Para 3) most probably
means __________.
A. loss of
good will.
B. increase of hostility.
C. change of attitude.
D.
enhancement of dignity.
正确答案：
C. change of attitude.
【分析】：本题是典型的猜词题，从前两段主要内容和第三段开
头，不难看出原来
the Federal Circuit
鼓励专利申请，现在要抑
制，约束（即三段第一个单词
curb
s
），即态度变化了。
29. We learn from the last
two paragraphs that business-method
patents __________.
A. are
important to legal challenges.
B. are
often unnecessarily issued.
C. lower
the esteem for patent holders.
D.
increase the incidence of risks.
正确答案：
B. are often
unnecessarily issued.
【分析】：正确答案来自原文第五段：
“
too many patents were
being upheld for
“
inventions
”
that
are obvious.
”
D
是正反
混淆，与第四段第一句不符合，也不符合常识。专利不可能增
加
风险，而是规避风险的。
AC
无中生
有。
30. Which of the following would be the
subject of the text?
A. A looming
threat to business-method patents.
B.
Protection for business-method patent holders.
C. A legal case regarding business-
method patents.
D. A prevailing trend
against business-method patents.
正确答案：
A. A looming threat to
business-method patents.
【分析】：本题是全文主旨题。
文章首段提到“过去
10
年”，
而二段
首句转到
“
Now
”
< br>，
文章的此脉络结构可知
“
A prevailing
tread
”可统领文意，此外文章二至四段，主要谈及联邦法院对
“
b
usiness-method patents
”的立场变化，即缩小保护范围，要<
/p>
重新审查商业方法专利。
AD
均像答案，
但
D
选项关键词只出现
在第五段中最后
一句，
The judges on the Federal circuit
are
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