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武汉大学
2015
年
博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题
一、阅读理解
Justice
in
society
must
include
both
a
fair
trial
to
the
accused
and
the
selection
of
an
appropriate
punishment
for
those
proven
guilty.
Because
justice
is
regarded
as
one
form.
of
equality, we find in its earlier
expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the
crime. Recorded in
the
Old
Testament
is
the
expression
eye
for
an
eye,
and
a
tooth
for
a
tooth.
That
is,
the
individual
who
has
done
wrong
has
committed
an
offence
against
society.
To
make
up
for
his
offence,
society
must
get
even.
This
can
be
done
only
by
doing
an
equal
injury
to
him.
This
conception of
retributive justice is reflected in many parts of
the legal documents and procedures
of
modern
times.
It
is
illustrated
when
we
demand
the
death
penalty
for
a
person
who
has
committed
murder. This philosophy of punishment was
supported by the German idealist Hegel.
He believed that society owed it to the
criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime
he had
committed.
The
criminal
had
by
his
own
actions
denied
his
true
self
and
it
is
necessary
to
do
something
that
will
counteract
this
denial
and
restore
the
self
that
has
been
denied.
To
the
murderer nothing less than giving up
his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death
penalty
is a right the state owes the
criminal and it should not deny him his due.
Modern jurists have tried
to replace retributive justice with the notion of
corrective justice.
The aim of the
latter is not to abandon the concept of equality
but to find a more adequate way to
express it. It tries to preserve the
idea of equal opportunity for each individual to
realize the best
that
is
in
him.
The
criminal
is
regarded
as
being
socially
ill
and
in
need
of
treatment
that
will
enable him to become a
normal member of society. Before a treatment can
be administered, the
cause of his
antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause
can be removed, provisions must be
made
to have this done. Only those criminals who are
incurable should be permanently separated
front
the
rest
of
the
society.
This
does
not
mean
that
criminals
will
escape
punishment
or
be
quickly
returned
to
take
up careers
of
crime.
It
means
that
justice
is
to
heal
the
individual,
not
simply to get even with him. If severe
punishments is the only adequate means for
accompanying
this,
it
should
be
administered.
However,
the
individual
should
be
given
every
opportunity
to
assume a normal place in
society. His conviction of crime must not deprive
him of the opportunity
to make his way
in the society of which he is a part.
1. The best title for this selection is
(
)
A.
Fitting Punishment to the Crime
B. Approaches to Just Punishment
C. Improvement in Legal Justice
D. Attaining Justice in the Courts
passage implies that the
basic difference between retributive justice and
corrective jus
tice is the
(
)
.
A. type of crime that was proven
B. severity for the punishment
C. reason for the sentence
D. outcome of the trial
3. The punishment that would be most
inconsistent with the views of corrective justice
woul
d be
(
)
.
A. forced brain surgery
B. whipping
C. solitary
confinement
D. the electric chair
4. The Biblical expression
tooth”
was presented in
orde
r to
(
)
.
A. prove
,
that
equality demands just punishment
B.
justify the need for punishment as a part of law
C. give moral backing to retributive
justice
D. prove that man has long
been interested in justice
great number of
human societies men's sureness of their sex role
is tied up with their right, or
ability, to practice some activity that
women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness
in fact
has to be underwritten by
preventing women from entering some field or
performing some feat.
This
is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret
Mead about the way in which the roles
of men and women in society should be
distinguished.
If talk and
print are considered it would seem that the formal
emancipation of women is far fr
om
complete. There is a flow of
publications about the continuing domestic bondage
of women
and about the complicated
system of defences which men have thrown up around
their
hitherto accepted advantages,
taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion
from types of
occupation and sociable
groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of
automatic doubt
of the seriousness of
women's pretensions to the level of intellect and
resolution that men, it
is supposed,
bring to the business of running the world.
There are a good many
objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of
men's status. In the
first place, there
is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman
Prime Minister, in
India, Sri Lanka and
Israel.
Secondly, there is
the very large increase in the number of women who
work, especially
married
women and mothers of children. More
diffusely there are the increasingly numerous
convergences between male and female
behaviour: the approximation to identical styles
in
dress and coiffure, the sharing of
domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all
sorts of
hitherto exclusively male
leisure-time activities.
Everyone carries round with him a
fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural
conditions o
f
human life. It
is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons
than of archaeology, but
that does not
matter since it is not significant as theory but
only as an expression of inwardly
felt
expectations of people's sense of what is
fundamentally proper in the differentiation
between the roles of the two sexes. In
this rudimentary natural society men go out to
hunt
and fish and to fight off the
tribe next door while women keep the fire going.
Amorous
initiative is firmly reserved
to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.
5. The phrase
(
)
A. are confident in their ability to
charm women.
B. take the initiative in
courtship.
C. have a clear idea of what
is considered
D. tend to be more
immoral than women are.
6.
The third paragraph
()
A. generally agrees with the first
paragraph
B. has no connection with the
first paragraph
C. repeats the argument
of the second paragraph
D. contradicts
the last paragraph
7. The
usual idea of the cave man in the last
paragraph
()
A. is
based on the study of archaeology
B.
illustrates how people expect men to behave
C. is dismissed by the author as an
irrelevant joke
D. proves that the man,
not woman, should be the wooer
8. The opening quotation from Margaret
Mead sums up a relationship between man and
wo
man which the
author
(
)
A. approves of
B. argues is natural
C.
completely rejects
D. expects to go on
changing
Farmers in the
developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes
it hard to plan ahead. But
most of them
have little choice: they sell at the price the
market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S.
and Japan are luckier: they receive
massive government subsidies in the form of
guaranteed prices
or direct handouts.
Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm
bill that gives American
farmers $$190
billion over the next 10 years, or $$83 billion
more than they had been scheduled to
get, and pushes U.S. agricultural
support close to crazy European levels. Bush said
the step was
necessary to
is
also designed to help the Republican Party win
control of the Senate in November's mid term
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