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Text 1
(
2010
)
Of all the changes that
have taken place in English-language newspapers
during the past quarter-century,
perhaps the most far-reaching has been
the inexorable decline in the scope and
seriousness of their arts
coverage.
It is difficult to the
point of impossibility for the average reader
under the age of forty to imagine a time
when high-quality arts criticism could
be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a
considerable number of the
most
significant collections of criticism published in
the 20th century consisted in large part of
newspaper
reviews. To read such books
today is to marvel at the fact that their learned
contents were once deemed suitable
for
publication in general-circulation dailies.
We are even farther removed
from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in
England between the
turn of the 20th
century and the eve of World War II, at a time
when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts
criticism was considered an ornament to
the publications in which it appeared. In those
far-off days, it was
taken for granted
that the critics of major papers would write in
detail and at length about the events they
covered. Theirs was a serious business,
and even those reviewers who wore their learning
lightly, like George
Bernard Shaw and
Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they
were about. These men believed in
journalism as a calling, and were proud
to be published in the daily press. “So few
authors have brains enough
or literary
gift enough to keep their ow
n end up in
journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to
define
‘journalism’ as ‘a term of
contempt applied by writers who are not read to
writers who are.’”
Unfortunately, these critics are
virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for
the
Manchester
Guardian
from 1917 until
shortly before his death in 1975, is now known
solely as a writer of essays on the
game of cricket. During his lifetime,
though, he was also one of England’s foremost
classical
-music critics, a
stylist so widely admired that his
Autobiography
(1947) became
a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the
first music critic to be so honored.
Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his
vast body of writings on
music is
unknown save to specialists.
Is there
any chance that Cardu
s’s criticism will
enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote.
Journalistic
tastes had changed long
before his death, and postmodern readers have
little use for the richly upholstered
Vicwardian prose in which he
specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in
music criticism has been in
headlong
retreat.
21. It is indicated in
Paragraphs 1 and 2 that __________.
[A] arts
criticism has disappeared from big-city
newspapers.
[B] English-language newspapers used to
carry more arts reviews.
[C] high-quality newspapers
retain a large body of readers.
[D] young
readers doubt the suitability of criticism on
dailies.
22. Newspaper reviews in
England before World War II were characterized by
__________.
[A] free themes.
[B] casual
style.
[C] elaborate layout.
[D]
radical viewpoints.
23. Which of the
following would Shaw and Newman most probably
agree on?
[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill
journalistic goals.
[B] It is contemptible for
writers to be journalists.
[C] Writers are likely to
be tempted into journalism.
[D] Not all
writers are capable of journalistic writing.
24. What can be learned about Cardus
according to the last two paragraphs?
[A] His music
criticism may not appeal to readers today.
[B]
His reputation as a music critic has long been in
dispute.
[C] His style caters largely to modern
specialists.
[D] His writings fail to follow the
amateur tradition.
25. What would be
the best title for the text?
[A] Newspapers
of the Good Old Days
[B] The Lost Horizon in
Newspapers
[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism
[D]
Prominent Critics in Memory
Text 2
(
2010
)
Over the past
decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for
what are called business methods.
Amazon com received one for its
“one
-
click”
online payment system Merrill Lynch got legal
protection for an
asset allocation
strategy. One inventor patented a technique for
lying a box.
Now the nation’s top patent court
appears completely ready to scale hack
on
business-method patents,
which have been controversial ever
since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In
a move that has
intellectual-property
lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for the
federal circuit said it would use particular
case to conduct a broad review of
business-method patents.
In re
Bilski
, as the case is known, is “a
very big
deal,
”
says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of
Missouri School of law.
It “has the
potential to eliminate an
entire class
of patents.
”
Curbs on business-method
claims would be a dramatic about-face because it
was the federal circuit itself
that
introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in
the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a
patent on
a way of pooling mutual-fund
assets. That ruling produced an explosion in
business-method patent filings,
initially by emerging internet
companies trying to stake out exclusive pints to
specific types of online
transactions.
Later, move established companies raced to add
such patents to their files, if only as a
defensive
move against rivals that
might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted
in a court filing that it had been
issued more than 300 business-method
patents despite the fact that it questioned the
legal basis for granting
them.
Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed
themselves with patents for financial products,
even
as they took positions in court
cases opposing the practice.
The Bilski case involves a
claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the
energy market. The Federal
circu
it issued an unusual
order stating that the case would be heard by all
12 of the court’s judges, rather than a
typical panel of three, and that one
issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should
“reconsider” its state street
Bank
ruling.
The Federal
Circu
it’s action comes in the wake of a
series of recent decisions by the supreme. Count
that
has narrowed the scope of
protections for patent holders. Last April, for
example the justices signaled that too
many patents were being upheld for
“inventions” that a
re obvious. The
judges on the Federal circuit are
“reaction to the
anti
-
patent trend at the
supreme court” says Harol
d C. Wegner, a
patent attorney and professor
at
Washington University Law School.
26.
Business-method patents have recently aroused
concern because of __________.
[A] their
limited value to business
[B] their
connection with asset allocation
[C] the
possible restriction on their granting
[D]
the controversy over authorization
27.
Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
[A]
Its ruling complies with the court decisions
[B] It involves a very big business
transaction
[C] It has been dismissed by the
Federal Circuit
[D] It may
change the legal practices in the U.S.
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