-
第二章
如何将简单句组合成复杂句
第一章里边已经讲清楚了如何造句，
但是，
造
出的句子都是简单句。
什么是
简单句？很多学生都认为，句子比
较短，容易理解的，就是简单句，而句子比较
长，不容易看懂的，就是复杂句。这个观念
当然是错误的。
所谓
简单句
，
就是
只有一个谓语
动词
的句子，
或者说，
只有一个主干<
/p>
的句子。
简单句其实可以很复杂，
当然，
再复杂的简单句，
其实也只是定语和状语部分复
杂。不管多么复杂的简单句，其主干，只能是
5
大句型
里边的一种！
所谓
并列句
，就是
由并列连词连接两个或两个以上简单句<
/p>
而成的句子。
所谓
复合句
，
就是
< br>除主句外还包含一个或一个以上从句
的句子，
连接主句与
从句的连词有三种：①
引导词
，连接名
词性从句。②
副词连词
，连接状语从句。
③
关系词
，连接定语从句。
第一节
并列连词→并列句
1.
单一连接词：
and, or, but
此种连词可连接对等的
句子，
或连接
句子中任何对等的成分
。
①连接整个句子
He is
working for a big firm
and
he has already visited a great number of different
places in Australia.
他正在一家大公司
工作，并且已经去过澳大利亚的不少地方了。
I had just lost $$50
and
I felt very upset.
我刚刚丢了
50
英镑，感到非常烦恼。
I spent the whole
day in my room,
but
I did
not write a single card!
我在房间里关了整整一天。然而竟连一张明信片也没写成！
She never thought of it
again,
but
ten months later,
she received a letter from a girl
in
Holland.
此后她就再没去想那只瓶子。但
10
个月以后，她收到了荷兰一位姑娘的来信。
The police had a difficult time,
but
they were most amused.
警察虽然吃了苦头，但他们还是感到很有趣。
②连接句子中的对等成分：
连接主语
：
A young man
and
a
young woman were sitting behind me.
一青年
男子与一青年女子
坐在我的身后。
连接谓语
：
I visited museums
and
sat in public gardens.
我参观了博物馆，还去了公园。
I
entered the hotel manager's office
and
sat down.
我走进饭店经理的办公室，坐了下
来。
连接宾语
：
I looked at the man
and
the woman angrily.
我回过头去怒视着那一男一女。
He asked me for a meal
and
a glass of beer.
他问我要一顿饭和一杯啤酒。（连接介词
for
的两个
宾语）
The next
morning, he found
that the doors had
been blocked by chairs
and
the
furniture had been moved.
第二天早上，他发现酒吧间的门被椅子堵上了，家具也被挪动
过。（连接两个宾语从句）
He
then asked me how my brother was
and
whether I liked my new
job in London.
接着他又问我的兄弟近来如何，问我是否喜欢伦敦的新
工作。
（连接两个宾语从句，
且均为间接
宾语）
连接表语：
The railway
station was big, black
and
dark.
火车站很大，又黑又暗。
The explanation was simple
but
very unusual.
解释很简单，却异乎寻常。
连接宾语补语：
When he
was driving along Catford Street recently, he saw
two thieves rush out of
a shop
and
run towards a waiting
car.
最近，
当他正开车在凯特福德街上行驶时，
看到有两个小偷从一家商店里冲出来，
奔向等在那里
的一辆汽车。
连接定语：
Pupils
of
the
school,
old
and
new,
will
be
sending
him
a
present
to
mark
the
occasion.
为了纪
念这个日子，学校的学生
——
无论老同学还是新同学
——
将送他一件礼物。
连接状语：
We shall
all remember Mr. Page
for his patience
and understanding
and
for
the
kindly encouragement he gave us
when we went so unwillingly to school.
我们不会忘记佩奇先生对我们既有耐心又充满理解，
也不会忘记在我们不愿去上学时他给
予我们
的亲切鼓励。
2.
由单一连词衍生的连接词
:
both
…
and
…
（
……
和
……
）
either
…
or
…
（要么
……
要么
……
）
/ neither
…
nor<
/p>
（既不
……
也不
……
）
n
ot
…
but
…
（不是
……
而是
……
）
/ not only
…
b
ut(also/
…
as well)
（不仅
……
而
且
……
）
In answer to these
questions I
either
nodded
or
made strange
noises.
作为对这些问题的回答，我不是点头，就是发出奇怪的声音。
He answered me, but he
spoke
neither
slowly
nor
clearly.
他回答了，但他讲得既不慢也不清楚。
I
not
only
spoke English very carefully,
but
very clearly
as well
.
我的英语讲得不但非常认真，而且咬字也非常清楚。
Winter
was
coming
on
and
the
hills
threatened
the
surrounding
villages
with
destruction, for heavy
rain would
not only
wash
away the soil
but
would
cause
serious floods
as
well
.
冬季即将来临，
这些山丘对周围的村庄具有毁灭性的威胁，
因为大雨不仅会冲走土壤，<
/p>
而且还会
引起严重的水灾。
It is
not
only
of immense size,
but
is extremely accurate
as well
.
此钟不仅外型巨大，而且走时也非常准确。
The fish are
not
sharks or killer whales,
but
favorite eating
varieties like cod and
skate which grow
to unnatural sizes, sometimes as much as twelve
feet in length.
这些鱼并不是鲨鱼或逆戟鲸，
而是深受人们喜爱的食用鱼品种，
如鳕鱼和鳐鱼，
只不过它们
长得
出奇地大，有时长达
12
英尺。<
/p>
3.
as well as
（以及
……
）
与
rather than
（而非
……<
/p>
）
4.
一种特殊的并列连词——
so
so
到
底是并列连词，
还是副词连词，
学术界有所争论。
因为
so
连接两个句子时，
意思是“
所以
……
”，此时有类似结果
状语的含义。但是，从严格的定义来看，
我认为
so
在连接两个句子时，还是应该归在并列连词一类，因为此时两个句子
都能独
立存在而且意义都是完整的。
My
brother has never been abroad before,
so
he is finding this trip
very exciting.
我弟弟以前从未出过国，因此，他觉得这次旅行非常激动人心。
Pinhurst is only five miles
from Silbury,
but
Mr. Scott
cannot get a telephone for his
new
garage,
so
he has just
bought twelve pigeons.
平赫特离锡尔伯里只有
5
英里，但
詹姆斯
.
斯科特先生未能为他新的汽车修理部搞到一部电话机，所以他买了
12
只鸽子。
To make matters worse, the room is
rather small,
so
I have
temporarily put my
books on the floor.
更糟糕的是房间还非常小，所以我暂时把书放在了地板上。
so
引导的句子，也可以和前面的句
子分开。
The
children were at school, my husband was at work
and the house was quiet.
So
I decided to make some tarts for tea. <
/p>
孩子们在上学，我丈夫在上班，家里清静得很。于是我决定做些肉馅饼。
< br>
第二节
引导词→名词从句
在汉语里边，经常遇到这样的句子：
1
：他不爱读书让我很生气。
2
：她告诉我她是一个老师。
3
：这次环境污染事件的焦点是那家化工厂是否长期违规生产。
上面三个句子里边，
划线部分本身就是一个完整的句子，
同时，
这个句子在
整个句子里边，分别作主语，宾语，表语。划线部分的句子，就叫做
名词从句。
名词从句的本质
：相当于一个名词，名词能做什么，它就能做什么！
所以，名词从句的用法非常简单：
作主语，
叫
主语从句。
作宾语，
叫
宾语从句。
作表语，
叫
表语从句。
作同位语，叫
同位语从句。
名词从句必须有
引导词
，比如上面第一句话：他不爱读书让我很生气。
就绝对不能翻译为：
He
doesn
’
t like to study makes
me angry.
ⅹ
而必须加上引导词：
That he
doesn
’
t like to study makes
me angry.
√
名词从句的构成只有
3
种：
that
从句，
whether
从句
，疑问词从句。
⑴
that
从句：
任何一个
陈述句
，前面加上引导词
that
，构成
that
从句。
（作宾语时，
that
可省略
）
Many people pretend
that
they understand modern
art.
有很多人装成很懂现代艺术的样子。（宾语从句）
Jasper hopes
that
she will turn motorists to stone.
贾斯珀希望她把汽车和车主们都变成石头。（宾语从句）
When he returns home at
night, he always finds
that
someone has parked a car
outside his
gate.
当他夜里回到家时，总是发现有人把车停在他家大门外。（宾语从句）
The most
surprising thing about it, however, is
that
it can land anywhere:
on snow,
water, or even on a ploughed
field.
然而，最令人惊奇的是它能够在任何地方降落：雪地，水面，甚至刚耕过
的田里。（表语从句）
To
his surprise, she said she hadn't.
使他吃惊
的是，她说她不喜欢。（宾语从句，其中
she
前面省略了引导
词
that
）
When
the
news
got
round
that
a
variety
show
would
be
presented
at
our
local
cinema by the P. and
U. Bird Seed Company, we all rushed to see
it.
当
“
皮尤
”
鸟食公司将在我们当地影院演出喜剧节目的消息传开后，
我们都赶紧跑去观看。
（同位语从句，作名词
news
的同位语）
注：
that
从句作主语时，通常可用
it
作形式主语，而将真正的主语后置。
It was obvious
that
he was very
embarrassed.
显然他感到很尴尬。
It is a curious coincidence
that
the day before his
retirement, Mr. Page will have
been
teaching for a total of forty years.
佩奇先生退休的前一天正好是他执教满
40
年的日子，这真是奇妙的巧合。
⑵
whether / if
从句：
任何一个
一般疑问句
，前面加上引导词
whether
< br>或
if
，构成
whether<
/p>
从句
，但主
语与
be
动词或助动词的
位置还原
。（如果
助动词为
do,
does,
did,
还原后将
do,
does,
did
去掉，后面的动词根据人称和时态变化）
My sister is only seven,
but she always tells me
whether
my pictures are good
or
not.
我的妹妹只有
7
岁，但她总能说出我的画是好还是坏。（宾语从句）
He asked
if
Mr Gilbert's operation
had been successful and the doctor told him that
it had been.
他问吉尔伯特先生的手术中否成功
，医生告诉他手术很成功。（宾语从句）
Then Dr Millington asked the caller
if
he was a relative of the
patient.
之后，米灵顿医生问打电话的人是否是病人的亲属。（宾语从句，直
接宾语）
He
knew
I
collected
match
boxes
and
asked
me
whether
my
collection
was
growing.
他知道我收集火
柴盒，于是问我收藏的火柴盒是否在增加。（宾语从句，直接宾语）
On the way home, he asked
Jenny
if
she had enjoyed the
speech.
在回家的路上，他问珍妮是否喜欢他的祝词。（宾语从句，直接宾语）
Whether
they will ever
become future Olympic champions, only time will
tell.
他们将来是否能成为奥林匹克的冠军，这只能由时间来作出回答。
（宾语从句，为了强调宾语而采用倒装）
⑶
疑问词从句：
由于
< br>特殊疑问句
的构成方式为：
疑问词
+
一般疑问句，
故
疑问词从句
的构成方法
与
whether
从句一样，只是将
whether
换成疑问词而已。（
who, what, which
本身
为疑问代词，在问句中作主语时，结构不变！）
They always tell you
what
a picture is 'about'.
他们总是告诉你一幅画的
“
意思
”
是什
么。（宾语从句，其中
what
作从句中介词<
/p>
about
的宾语）
He then asked
when
Mr Gilbert would be allowed to go
home and the doctor told
him that he
would have to stay in hospital for another two
weeks.
（宾语从句，其中
when
作从句中的状语）
然后他又问吉尔伯特先生什么时候可以
回家，医生说他在医院还必须再住上两个星期。
Jeremy asked her
why
this was so and she told
him
that
she did not like to
see so
many people laughing at him!
杰里米问他为何不喜欢，她说她不愿意看到那么多的人嘲笑他！（两个宾语从句，其中
why
在
第一个宾语从句里边作状语）
两种特殊的宾语
从句：
直接引语
与
间接引语
直接引语：
指直接叙
述说话人所讲的内容，
将话语内容直接放在引号内，
直接引
语可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，或者前后各放一句。。
'I can't hear a
word!'
I said angrily.
我生气地
说：
“
我一个字也听不见了！
”
‘It’s
none
of
your
busines
s,'
the
young
man
said
rudely.
'This
is
a
private
conversation!'
“
不关你的事，
”
那男的
毫不客气地说，
“
这是私人间的谈话！
”
<
/p>
间接引语：
指间接叙述说话人所讲的内容，话语内容不带引号。<
/p>
主句的谓语动词为
< br>say
和
tell
。通常用一般
过去时
said
和
told
1
）
say
是完全及物动词，其后直接接间接引语作宾语。
After I had sat down, he said
that business was very bad.
待我坐下后，他说生意非常不景气。
2
）
tell
为授予动词，其后先接间接宾语（听话人），再接间接引语作直接宾语。
He told me
that the firm
could not afford to pay such large
salaries.
他告诉我，公司支付不起这么庞大的工资开支。
The secretary told me
that Mr. Harmsworth would see
me.
秘书告诉我说哈姆斯沃斯先生要见我。
直接引语变成间接引语时，
人称代词
、
时态
、<
/p>
时间及地点状语
，都要发生变化。
直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下变化：
①
第一人称
变成
第三人称，<
/p>
第二人称
变成
第一人称，
第三人称
不变，
但多数时候，
还需要根据具体
②主句是现在时或将来时，直接引语变成间接
引语的时候，时态不变。
主句是一般过去时
(
said
和
told),
直接引语变
成间接引语的时候，遵循
“时态
前移”
的原则，即现在时变成过去时，过去时变成过去完成时，将来时变成过去
将来时。
第三节
副词连词→状语从句
说起状语从句，
很多英语学习者都觉得很复杂，
什么
时间状语从句，
地点状
语从句，原因状语从句，目的状语从句，
结果状语从句，条件状语从句，让步状
语从句，比较状语从句，方式状语从句。很多语法
书更是长篇大论，每种状语从
句都可以写一大堆东西出来。
让我
们还没有开始学习之前，
光是看看目录，
就产
< br>生了恐惧感。其实，状语从句，简单得不能再简单：
一个句子，在另一个句子里<
/p>
边，作状语。
或者说，你把整个状语从句，看成一个很大很大的<
/p>
副词
，就行了。
引导状语从句的词，叫
副词连词
。
1
）
时间状语从句
①
when
当
……
的时候，
before
在
……
之前，
after
在
……
之后
（通常接
短暂动词
，但也可接
延续动词
）
When
he began to play a
tune, we had our first glimpse of the snake.
当他开始吹奏一支曲子时，我们才第一次看到那条蛇。
We were very much surprised
when
the snake charmer
suddenly began to play jazz
and modern
pop songs.
当耍蛇人突然又吹奏起爵士乐和现代流行乐曲时，我们感到非常
惊奇。
I looked
down and nearly fell off the ladder
when
I saw a policeman.
当我看清是一个警察时，差一点儿从梯子上掉下去。
When
the
Ambassador of Escalopia returned home for lunch,
his wife got a shock.
当艾斯卡罗比亚国的大使回到家吃午饭
时，把他的夫人吓了一跳。
After
I had left a small
village in the south of France, I drove on to the
next town.
在离开法国南部的一个小村庄后，我继续驶往下一个城镇。
After
he has
retired, he will devote himself to gardening.
他退休后，将致力于园艺。
Before
he retired, Frank was
the head of a very large business company, but as
a
boy he used to work in a small shop.
在退休前，弗兰克是一家非常大的商业公司的经理，但他小时
候却在一家小铺里做工。
Nearly a week passed
before
the girl was able to
explain what had happened to her.
几乎过了一个星期，那姑娘才能讲述自己的遭遇。
when
有时候也有
“
就在此时
”
的意思，
用以说明前一个分句的时间。
这时，
when
引导的从句必须放在主句后面。
I was having dinner at a
restaurant
when
Tony Steele
came in.
我正在一家饭馆吃饭，托尼
.
斯蒂尔走了进来。
I
had nearly reached the town,
when
the young man suddenly
said, very slowly, 'Do
you speak
English?'
就要到达那个镇时，那青年突然开了口
，慢慢地说道：
“
你会讲英语吗？
”<
/p>
He had hardly
had time to settle down
when
he sold the house and left the country.
还没等安顿下来就卖掉了房子，离开了这个国家。（
hardly
…
when
…
刚
…
…
就
……
）
Both
men
had
hardly
had
time
to
realize
what
was
happening
when
they
were
thrown
violently into the sea.
他们两个还没来得及意识到究竟发
生了什么事情，就被猛地抛入了海里。
Both
men
had
just
begun
to
swim
towards
the
shore,
when
they
noticed
with
dismay that the speedboat was moving in
a circle.
两个人刚开始向岸边游去，就突然惊愕地发现快艇正在转着圈行驶
。
They
had
just
had
enough
time
to
swim
out
of
danger
when
the
boat
again
completed a circle.
他们刚刚来得及游出危险区，快艇就又转完了一圈。
I was almost there
when
a sarcastic voice below
said,' I don't think the windows
need
cleaning at this time of the night.'
快要
爬到窗口时，下面一个人用讽刺的口吻说：
“
我看不必在夜里这
个时候擦窗子吧。
”
②
while
在
……
期间
（只能接
延续动词
< br>）
While
he was
eating, I asked him to lend me twenty pounds.
当他吃饭时，我提出向他借
20
英镑。
While
the battered
car was moving away, Roy stopped his bus and
telephoned the
police.
当那辆被撞坏的车开走后，罗伊停下车，给警察挂了电话。
注：
while
既可以作副词连词，也可以作并列连词：
1.
表示
“当
……
时”
，
while
视为副词连词，引导状语从句，此时两个句子通
常
时态不同
（有时候时态可以相同，需要视具体语境而定）。
While
two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two
others opened the parcel.
这时两个侦探把住门口，另外
两个侦探打开了包裹。（时态不同）
While
John
Gilbert
was
in
hospital,
he
asked
his
doctor
to
tell
him
whether
his
operation had been successful, but the
doctor refused to do
so.
（时态相同）
当约翰
.
吉尔伯特住院的时候，他问医生他的手术是否成功，但医生拒绝告诉他
。
They had
rushed up to her
while
she
was having a picnic at the edge of a forest with
her children and tried to steal her
handbag.
（时态不同）
刚
才，当她和孩子们正在森林边上野餐的时候，这两个人冲到她跟前，企图抢走她的手提包。
A
robot-arm
will
grab
the
telescope
and
hold
it
while
the
astronauts
make
the
necessary repairs.
（时态不同）
当宇航员进行必要的修
复工作时，
“
奋进
”
< br>号上的一只机器手将抓住望远镜并托住它。
2.
表示
“而
……”
, while
视为并列连
词，
连接两个分句，
此时两个句子
时态
相同
。
When
the
plane
arrived,
some
of
the
detectives
were
waiting
inside
the
main
building
while
others were waiting on the airfield.
当飞
机到达时，一些侦探等候在主楼
内，另一些侦探则守候在停机坪上。
③
until
直到
……
（只能接
短暂动词
）
< br>
The young man did not wake up
until
the bed had struck the
ground.
那年轻人直到床撞到地上才醒了过来。
As soon as he opens the
gate from the outside, he comes into the garden
and waits
until
the gate
shuts.
它从外面把门一打开，就走进花园，等着门自动关上。
He waited
until
the volcano became
quiet and he was able to return two days later.
他等到火山平静下来，两天以后又返回去。
④
as
soon as / the moment
一
…
...
就
……
（只能接
短暂动词
）
As soon
as
he had got into the car, I said good
morning to him in French and he
replied
in the same language.
他一上车，我就用法语向他问早上好，他也同样用法语回答我。
As soon as
this
was done, they cooked a meal over an open fire.
这件事刚刚做完，他们就在篝火上烧起了饭。
As soon as
he
saw us, he picked up a long pipe which was covered
with coins and
opened one of the
baskets.
他一见我们，就拿起了一个长长的上面镶有硬币的管乐器，并掀开了
一个筐的盖子。
The
moment
you leave this tent, you will
get a big surprise.
您一走出这个帐篷，就会大吃一惊。
⑤
no
soon…than…
一
…
...
就
……
（只能接
短暂动词
）
(
主句用过去完成时，从句用一般
过去时
)
He had
no sooner
returned
than
he bought a
fine house and went to live there.
他刚一回到英国便买下了一幢房子住了进去。
I had
no
sooner
got back to the kitchen
than
the door-bell rang loud
enough to
wake the dead.
我刚回到厨房，门铃又响了起来，响声足以把死人唤醒。
⑥
as
当
……
时
（可以接
短暂动词
< br>，也可接
延续动词
）
As
the thieves
were trying to get away in their car, Roy drove
his bus into the back
of it.
当那两个小偷企图乘车逃跑时，罗伊驾驶他的公共汽车撞在了那辆车的后尾上。
As
we had had a
long walk through one of the markets of Old Delhi,
we stopped at
a square to have a rest.
当我们穿过旧德里的市场时走了很长一段路，我们在一个广场上停下来休息。
' I'm going to
Woodford Green,' I said to the conductor
as
I got on the bus,' but I
don't know where it is.'
“
我要去伍德福德草地，
”
我一上车就对售票
员说，
“
但我不知道它在那儿。
”
As
she
walked away, I followed her out of the fair.
当她走开时，我也跟着她出了集市。
As
the man tried to swing
the speedboat round, the steering-wheel came away
in
his hands.
当那人试图让快艇转弯时，方向盘脱手了。
⑦
since
/
ever since
自从
……
（
可以接
短暂动词
，也可接
延续动词
）
He has just
bought a new house in the city, but
ever since
he moved in, he
has had
trouble with
motorists.
他刚在城里买下一所新房子，但自从搬
进去后，就和汽车及车主们发生了磨擦。
⑧
by the time
⑧
某些表示时间的名词短语
next time,
every
time,
the day,
the first time
…
Every
time
he
wanted
to
come
into
the
garden
he
would
bark
until
someone
opened the
gate.
每当它想到花园里来时，便汪汪叫个不停，直到有人把门打开。
2
）
地点状语从句
地点状语从句由
where+
陈述句
构成，用来表达主句动作发生的地点。地点
状语从句在英语中出现得不多，这里仅仅简
单举几个例子。
Where
there is a will, there
is a way.
有志者，事竟成。
A driver should slow down
where
there are schools.
在有学校的地方，司机应缓行。
3
）
原因状语从句
because, for , as, since
均可引导
原因状语从句，但
because
语气最强，只有它能
回答
why
的提问，也只有
because
才能被强调词
only, just,
perhaps
来修饰。
The man wanted to fly to Rockall, a
lonely island in the Atlantic Ocean, but Captain
Fawcett did not take him
because
the trip was too
dangerous.
这个人想要飞往大西洋上的一个孤岛
--
罗卡尔岛，
弗西特机长之所以不
送他去，
是因为那段飞
行太危险了。
She knew she was near the
shore
because
the light was
high up on the cliffs.
她知道自己已经接近岸边了，因为那灯光是在高高的峭壁上。
As
a
great many people will be visiting the country,
the government will be building
new
hotels, an immense stadium, and a new Olympic-
standard swimming pool.
由于将有大批的人到我们国家来，
所以政府准备建造一些新的饭店、
一个大型体育场和一个新的<
/p>
奥运会标准游泳池。
As
they are expected to be
hungry after their long journey, food is laid out
for them.
因为预料到他们在经过长途旅行之后会感到饥饿，所以为他们摆放
好了食品。
Byrd now
knew that he would be able to reach the South Pole
which was 300 miles
away,
for
there were no more
mountains in sight.
伯德这时知道他能
够顺利飞抵
300
英里以外的南极了，因为前面再没有山了。<
/p>
He had had a
long and uncomfortable trip,
for
he had been confined to
the wooden
box for over ten hours.
他经历了一次漫长而又难受的旅程，因为他在那木箱里闷了
18
个多小时。
The
police were called in, but they could not arrest
anyone,
for
the basket
contained
two Members of Parliament and
the Commanding Officer of the station!
警察被召来了，但他们却不能逮捕任何人，因为筐里是两名国会议员和一名基地的指挥官！
This festival is a
cheerful occasion,
for
on
this day, the dead are said to return to
their homes and they are welcomed by
the living.
这个节日是个欢乐的日子，
因为在这一天，
据说死去的人要回到他们的家里来，
活着的人则对他
们表示欢迎。
4
）
目的状语从句
目的状语从句，一般翻译为“以便于
……
”，
常用连词有
so that,
in order that,
that
，
主句和从句一般
没有逗号隔开
，在目的状语从句中，常含
有情态动词。
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