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海淀一模
If
you have ever been in a school play or even made
believe you were a doctor, detective, or a
space traveler, you know the enjoyment
that acting brings. Almost all of us have the wish
to play
the part of
someone
—
or
something
—
else.
71
In the ancient
world, acting was often associated with religious
ceremonies and other special
occasions.
As
far
back
as
2200
B.C.
trained
Chinese
actors
performed
ceremonial
dances
in
costume
and
makeup
at
harvest
festivals.
72
To
the
dance
was
gradually
added
pantomime
—
the
imitation
of
movements
and
gestures
—
as
well
as
the
wearing
of
masks,
the
singing of chants, and
finally the use of dialogue.
While
acting was coming into its own in the ancient
Chinese classical theatre, it was doing
the
same
in
the
western
world,
in
Greece.
From
about
500
B.C.
on,
acting
became
a
highly
specialized art in Greece. Greek
actors, however, still wore masks, and their
motions were largely
fixed by custom.
73
Modern acting, by contrast, gives the
individual actor great
opportunity to
develop his or her
personal
talents
for
serious, comic,
or
musical
drama.
The
names, faces,
and styles
of famous
movie
actors
are
known
worldwide.
74
A
special
form
of
acting
takes
place
in
radio
drama,
which
was
highly
popular
before
television.
In
radio
drama
the
actors
face
an
unique
challenge.
They
are
unseen
by
their
audience.
So
they
must
rely
on
voice
alone
to
make
their
characters real to the
listeners.
75
Only forty percent of Broadway actors
are employed, most of them for only part
of
the
year.
Those who
become stars
need
not
only
talent,
but
determination.
They must
not
be
easily
discouraged.
Otherwise,
they
might
give
up
before
the
opportunity
for
stardom
presents
itself.
A. The
origins of acting are in the act of remembering.
B. Drama in Greece began with festivals
honoring Dionysus.
C. It is believed
that this was the first step in the development of
acting.
D. Historical records indicate
that this desire is as old as civilization itself.
E. Acting is not, as many
people think, a quick, easy road to fame and
riches.
F. Broadway and television
provide other stages on which actors can display
their talent.
G
.
Consequently, they had little opportunity to
demonstrate their individual personalities.
西城一模
Claustrophobia
Claustrophobia, or fear of enclosed
spaces, is one of the most common
fears
．
Claustrophobia
can be deep fear or even panic as a
result of being in a small
space
．
Claustrophobia can develop after a
troubling childhood experience
（
such as being
trapped
in a small space during a
childhood game
）
,
or from another unpleasant experience later on in
life
related
to
small
spaces
（
such
as
being
stuck
in
a
lift
< br>）
．
_71
This response
then
becomes
programmed
in
the
brain,
making
an
association
between
being
in
a
tight
space
and
feeling
anxious or out-of-
control
．
As a result, the
person often develops
claustrophobia
．
1
According
to
Mark
Powers, <
/p>
Ph
．
D
．
,
Associate
Professor
of
Psychology
at
Southern
Methodist
University,
Claustrophobia
is
a
specific
fear
and
not
a
type
of
panic
disorder
．
The
primary specific danger forecasts for
claustrophobia are that either the person will be
trapped or
run out of
air
．
72
Claustrophobia symptoms can include:
sweating, accelerated heartbeat, upset stomach,
passing out, light-headedness, shaking,
breathing problem, etc
．
Some common situations can cause
anxiety in claustrophobia
sufferers
．
The claustrophobia
sufferer will
look for an
exit when inside a room, avoid driving on the
highway or major roads
where
there is heavy traffic when inside a car,
avoid taking lifts when inside a
building, or stand
near a door when at
a party
．
73
Claustrophobia can have
harmful social and psychological effects, since
the patient will often
avoid
situations
in
which
she
thinks
she
will
have
an
anxiety
attack,
leading
to
hiding
and
sadness
．
74
According to
Dr
．
Powers,
usually results in a total reduction in
anxiety symptoms if conducted
properly
．
Flooding
is a type of exposure treatment in which the
person is exposed to a situation until
the
anxiety
attack
passes;
a
less
extreme
form
of
exposure
treatment
is
counter-
conditioning
．
Counter
conditioning
includes behavior
treatment, as the person is taught
visualization and relaxation techniques
before being slowly reintroduced to the cause
situation
．
75
Medications
to
help
treat
claustrophobia
include
things
which
help
to
ease
the
heart
pounding often
associated with anxiety
attacks
．
A
．
The
good news is that claustrophobia is very
treatable
．
B
．
The past
experience can trace back to the moment of
birth
．
C
．
According to
some doctors, claustrophobia is worse than the
fear of heights
．
D
．
When a person
experiences such an event, it can often cause a
frightening panic attack
．
E
．
In
extreme
cases, the
very sight
of
a
closed
door can
lead
to
feelings
of
anxiety
in
a
person
．
F
．
Treatment for
claustrophobia
can
also
include
medication
or
a
combination
of
several
treatments
．
G
．
When a person
with claustrophobia finds herself in a restricted
space, her body responds
in certain
ways
．
东城一模
The War
Against Sand
Imagine
living
on the edge of a
vast desert, which is
moving quietly closer to your village
every day and covering your fields. The
desert is on the move. This is called
desertification.
Desertification occurs
in regions close to an already existing desert.
71
The first is
over-use of water in the area. There is
not enough water in any case, and if it is not
carefully used,
disaster can follow. As
time goes on, water shortages make farming more
and more difficult. In
some
places,
locals
can
remember
local
lakes
and
marshes which were
once
the
homes
for
all
kinds of fish and birds.
72
Farmers leave the land, and
fields are replaced by deserts.
The
second cause is misuse or over-use of the land.
73
Ploughing(
耕
)
large fields
and removing bushes and
trees means that the wind will blow away the soil.
Once the soil is lost,
it is hard to
replace, and if there is rain, it has nowhere to
go, and brings no benefit.
74
Every
spring,
the
skies
over
some
of
eastern
cities,
thousands
of
kilometers
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