-
SAT
基础班
阅读讲义
吴君如
QQ: 447196755
目录
1.
考试介绍和课程体系
.
...............................
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................... 4
1.1
阅读材料：各种角度
.
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4
1.2
资料页：
SAT
考试信息、阅读关键词
.
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1.3
工具推荐
< br>.
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1.4
参考文献
< br>.
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1.5
笔记页
.
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2.
文体、题材、主旨、结构
..
..................................................
.......................................
19
2.1
阅读材料：文体、题材、主旨、结构、方向词、长句分解
1
.......................... 19
2.2
资料页
.
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.............................. 25
2.3
参考文献
< br>.
...................................
..................................................
........................... 26
2.4
笔记页
.
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.............................. 26
3.
阅读中的词汇，词汇中的阅读
.
..................................................
.................................. 28
3.1
阅读材料：词汇题、长句分解
2 .............
..................................................
........... 28
3.2
资料页
.
.
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............... 34
3.3
参考文献
.
..................................................
..................................................
............ 34
3.4
笔记页
.
.
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............... 34
4.
推理问题
.
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................................. 36
4.1
阅读材料：推理
.
................................
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.................. 36
4.2
资料页
.
.
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............... 43
4.3
参考文献
.
..................................................
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............ 43
4.4
笔记页
.
.
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............... 44
5.
写法和态度
.
....................................
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.............................. 47
5.1
阅读材料：写法、态度
.
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..................................................
......... 47
5.2
资料页
.
.
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............... 53
5.3
参考文献
.
..................................................
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............ 56
5.4
笔记页
.
.
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............... 56
6.
作用问题
.
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..................................................
................................. 59
6.1
阅读材料：作用、长句分解
3
..................................................
............................ 59
6.2
资料页
.
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..................................................
.............................. 66
2
6.3
参考文献
< br>.
...................................
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........................... 66
6.4
笔记页
.
....................................
..................................................
.............................. 66
7.
虚拟问题
.
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................................. 68
7.1
阅读材料：虚拟、长句分解
4
..................................................
............................ 68
7.2
资料页
.
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..................................................
.............................. 75
7.3
参考文献
< br>.
...................................
..................................................
........................... 75
7.4
笔记页
.
....................................
..................................................
.............................. 75
8.
比较阅读
.
.....................................
..................................................
................................. 77
8.1
阅读材料：比较题、排除题
..................................................
............................... 77
8.2
资料页
.
....................................
..................................................
.............................. 82
8.3
参考文献
< br>.
...................................
..................................................
........................... 83
8.4
笔记页
.
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.............................. 83
3
1.
考试介绍和课程体系
1.1
阅读材料：各种角度
SAMPLE 1. (0601-21-12)
选项难于文章
In line
27,
“poor” most nearly means
(A) pitiable
(B) indigent
(C) inferior
(D) humble
(E) petty
SAMPLE
2.(OG-736-8)
推理
8. In context, the word
“
hailing
”
(line 7) most nearly means
(A) pouring
down on
(B) audibly greeting
(C) summoning
(D) operating
(E) praising
原文：
Invariably, the notice
would be accompanied by an editorial comment
hailing the meeting and expressing the
editor
’
s hope that it
“
will have a powerful
effect on the
public
’
s
mind.
”
SAMPLE 3.(OG-93-21)
作者
=
一切答案出自原文
21. The
author suggests that the
“
sticklike shape of desert
plants
”
(line 41-42) can
be attributed to the
(A)
inability of the plants to radiate heat to the air
around them
(B) presence of irregular
seasonal differences in the desert
(C)
large surface area the plants must expose to the
Sun
(D) absence of winds strong enough
to knock down tall, thin plants
(E)
extreme heat and aridity of the habitat
原文：
A desert plant faces the
opposite problem from that of an Arctic plant- the
danger of overheating. It is short of
water and so cannot cool itself by evaporation
without dehydrating. The familiar
sticklike shape of desert plants represents one
of the solutions to this problem: the
shape exposes the smallest possible surface
4
to
incoming solar radiation and provides the largest
possible surface from which
the plant
can radiate heat.
SAMPLE 4.
阅读流程：
带着问题看文章
羊历
3513
年，青青草原上，羊羊族群已经十分兴旺发达。在羊羊一族里
面已经有小镇，有学校，有超市，有美容院，所有羊羊族群的羊都幸福快乐
地生活。可是，在对岸的森林里，灰太狼带着他的妻子红太狼却对着一群群
的肥羊咽着
口水，红太狼看到了羊群，知道丈夫带她离开狼群是对的，问题
是灰太狼什么时候到对岸
去把肥羊抓回来，让她一尝羊肉大餐。
SAMPLE 5.
阅读流程：
解题过程
The first
and relatively simple question is whether the
velvet monkey’s three
types of alarm
calls convey to other monkeys information about
the type of
predator. Such information
is important,
because the animal’s
defensive tactics are
different in the
three cases. When a leopard approaches, the
monkeys climb into
trees. But leopards
are good climbers, so the monkeys can escape them
only by
climbing out onto the smallest
braches, which are too weak to support a leopard.
When the monkeys see a martial eagle,
they move into thick vegetation close to a
tree trunk or at ground level. Thus,
the tactics that help escape from a leopard
make them highly vulnerable to a
martial eagle and vice versa. In response to the
threat of a large snake, they stand on
their hind legs and look around to locate the
snake, then simply move away from it,
either along the ground or by climbing into
a tree.
In lines
4-
8 (“When a leopard… level”), the
author juxtaposed two kinds of
behavior
in order to______
SAMPLE 6: (0601-21)
文体
-
记叙
The following passage is an excerpt
from a 1909 novel. Georgia, the main
character, is a reporter in an
otherwise all-male newsroom
.
Georgia was to be married.
…
SAMPLE 7: (0910
-43)
文体
-
议论
< br>
This passage was written in 1971 by
a woman who is a professor of art history.
The question
“
Why
have there been no great women
artists?
”
is simply the tip
of
an iceberg of misinterpretation and
misconception.
…
5
SAMPLE 8: (0901-15)
题材
-
自然
The passage below is adapted from a
book published in 1990.
The scientific
method is the systematic pursuit of knowledge
involving the
identification of a
problem, the collection of relevant data through
observation
and experimentation, and
the formulation and testing of hypotheses that aim
to
solve the problem.
SAMPLE
9: (0901-43)
题材
-
历
史、艺术
These passages are
excerpts from two different histories of rock-and-
roll music in
the United States. Both
passages were written in the 1980s
.
SAMPLE 10:(0910-14)
题材
-
艺术
Some critics believe that the frequent
use of repetition in Native American
ceremonial texts was a result of their
oral nature and helped make the works easy
to remember.
SAMPLE
11:(0905-21)
题材
-
小说
This passage is adapted from a novel
about an archaeologist on a dig in the
Yucatan Peninsula.
“
I dig through ancient
trash,
”
I told the elegantly
groomed young woman who had
been sent
by a popular magazine to write a short article on
my work.
SAMPLE 12:
(G9610)
文章结构
P1.
Whether the languages of the ancient American
peoples were used for
expressing abstract universal concepts
can be clearly answered in the case of
Nahuatl.
…
p2. The tlamatinime
(
abstract terms to express the nuances
of their thought
…
SAMPLE 13:
(G9402)
段落结构
Analyzing the physics of dance can add
fundamentally to a dancer's skill. Although
dancers seldom see themselves totally
in physical terms-as body mass moving
through space under the influence of
well-known forces and obeying physical
laws-neither can they afford to ignore
the physics of movement. For example, no
matter how much a dancer wishes to leap
off the floor and then start turning, the
law of conservation of angular momentum
absolutely prevents such a movement.
6
Some movements
involving primarily vertical or horizontal motions
of the body as
a whole, in which
rotations can be ignored, can be studied using
simple equations
of linear motion in
three dimensions. However, rotational motions
require more
complex approaches that
involve analyses of the way the body's mass is
distributed, the axes of rotation
involved in different types of movement, and the
sources of the forces that produce the
rotational movement.
SAMPLE
14:
问题分类练习
The primary purpose of the passage is
to
In line 34,
“
l
egends
”
most nearly means
The main point of the passage is to
Which best captures the meaning of the
word
“
consideration
”
in line 23
Both passages
emphasize which of the following
a
spects of …
The
passage serves mainly to
The passage is
primarily concerned with
In context,
the
“
paintings
”
(lines 5-6) are best understood as a
reference
to
SAMPLE 15: (070
5-25-9)
整体理解题
-
结构题<
/p>
原文：
P1: … Chinese American women played an
important role
in these long-term
changes.
P2:
Galvanized by…, Chinese American women
initiated an outpouring of…
Which best characterizes the
relationship between the first paragraph and the
second paragraph
(A) The
first paragraph relates an anecdote that
illustrates a generalization made
in
the second paragraph
(B) The first
paragraph presents acclaim that is supported in
the second
paragraph.
(C)
The paragraphs offer different explanations for
the same phenomenon.
(D) The second
paragraph digresses from the topic discussed in
the first
paragraph.
(E) The
second paragraph challenges the validity of the
argument made in the first
paragraph.
SAMPLE 16: (0601-6)
< br>局部理解题
-
作用题
In lines 4-5, the author refers to a
“
fashion maven
’
s
”
tone primarily
in order to
原文：
Then,
continuing with a fashion
maven
’
s hyperbole and
arbitrary
7
类型
imperatives, she gave a passionate
disquisition on
…
答案：
indicate that
Genevieve expresses her opinions with authority
and flair.
SAMPLE 17:
(0601-7)
态度题
The
author mentions
“
sharpener
shavings
”
(line 10) in order
to portray a mood of
原文：
I felt a rush of nostalgia for the
perfumed sharpener shavings of my youth.
答案：
sentimental reminiscence
SAMPLE 18:
(0905-44-7)
相似题
Which generalization is supported by
both passages?
SAMPLE 19:
(0901-46-20)
不同题
The argument in Passage 2 differs from
the argument in Passage 1 in that Passage
2
SAMPLE 20:
(0910-32-13)
关系题
The author of Passage 1 would most
likely respond to the
“
argum
ent
”
(line 22,
Passage 2) with
(A) complete
agreement
(B) partial acceptance
(C) absolute neutrality
(D)
studied disinterest
(E) surprised
disbelief
SAMPLE 21:
(0905-22-21)
排除题
The narrator mentions all of the
following as problems encountered at
archaeological digs EXCEPT
SAMPLE 22:
关键词练习
(081-28-16) It was so rare to see a
real Asian American on television when I was a
kid that we had a family ritual when
one was spotted.
(081-43-7) Newman
supposed that a literal translation must be the
most faithful
translation. Arnold,
however, argued that in
Homer
’
s work, several
qualities were
to be found
–
clarity, nobility,
simplicity, and so on. He thought that a
translator
should always convey the
impression of those qualities, even in cases where
the
original text did not bear them
out. Arnold pointed out that a literal translation
8
made for oddity and for uncouthness.
(GNO9.5) By 1832 feminism was the
central concern of Saint-Simonianism and
entirely absorbed its adherents'
energy; hence, by ignoring its feminism, European
historians have misunderstood Saint-
Simonianism.
1.2
资料页：
SAT
考试信息、阅读关键词
1.2.1
SAT VS.
ACT
SAT (new)
SAT II
no trigonometry
vocabulary
emphasized
non-multiple choice
questions include
guessing penalty
math account for
1
/
3 of your score
questions go form easy to hard in most
sections
report scores by
test date and SAT
Subject Test scores
by individual test
you choose
(optional)
ACT
与<
/p>
SAT
分数换算表
SAT (with writing test addition)
2400
2340
2280
2220
2160
2100
2040
1980
1920
1860
1800
1740
1680
1620
1560
1500
1440
ACT
Science Reasoning
Section
math section include
trigonometry
vocabulary less important
entirely multiple choice
no
guessing penalty
math account for
1
/
4 of your score
easy and hard questions mixed with
sections
report scores only
from the test dates
you choose
ACT composite score
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
9
1380
1320
1260
1200
1140
1080
1020
9600
900
1.2.2
SAT I+ SAT
II
SAT I (2400 points)
Critical Reading (800)
Math
(800)
Writing (800)
SAT II/
Subject Test (800 points each)
Literature
U.S History
World History
Mathematics
Level 1
Mathematics
Level 2
Biology
Chemistry
Physics
Chinese with Listening
French
French
with Listening
German
German
with Listening
Modern Hebrew
Italian
Japanese
Korean with Listening
Latin
Spanish
Spanish with
Listening
1.2.3
SAT
分数换算
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
SAT
考试数学部分成绩换算一览表
10
Raw score
-6
and
below
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Scaled
score
200
200-210
200-230
200-250
200-270
200-290
210-310
230-330
240-340
260-360
270-370
280-380
290-390
310-410
320-420
330-430
340-420
350-430
360-440
380-440
390-450
Raw
score
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Scaled
score
400-460
400-460
410-470
420-480
430-490
430-490
440-500
450-510
460-520
460-520
470-530
480-540
490-550
490-550
500-560
510-570
520-580
520-600
520-600
530-610
540-620
Raw
score
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Scaled
score
550-630
550-630
560-640
570-650
580-660
600-660
610-670
620-680
620-680
630-690
640-700
660-720
670-730
680-740
690-770
700-780
720-800
750-800
800
SAT
考试阅读部分分数换算一览表
Raw score
Scaled
score
Raw
score
Scaled
score
Raw
score
Scaled
score
11
-6 and
below
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
200
200-210
200-230
200-250
200-270
200-290
200-290
220-320
230-330
250-350
260-360
270-370
290-370
300-380
310-390
330-390
340-400
350-410
350-410
360-420
370-430
380-440
380-440
390-450
400-460
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
400-460
410-470
420-480
420-480
430-490
440-500
440-500
450-510
450-510-
460-520
470-530
470-530
480-540
480-540
490-550
500-560
500-560
510-570
510-570
520-580
530-590
530-590
540-600
550-610
550-610
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
560-620
560-620
570-630
580-640
580-640
590-650
600-660
610-670
600-680
610-690
620-700
630-710
630-710
640-720
650-730
660-740
660-760
670-770
690-790
700-800
720-800
740-800
770-800
800
12
1.2.4
关键词
类型
话题词
子类
例词
<
/p>
人名、
地名、
时
Blair = B, Serena= S
间、
缩写、
复合
isoflavone
…
isoflavone
…
isoflavone= I
词、
反复出现的
名词
creativity, emptiness, sanctity,
urgency, urgency
态度词
气氛
(urgent)
…
（也常
出现在
cautionary,
genuine, serious, severe, solemn,
性格
题干中）
idealistic,
idiosyncratic, imagery, moralistic,
nostalgic, pedagogical, propaganda,
political,
pragmatic, presumptuous,
provocative
…
?
UNHAPPY:
annoyance (annoy), apprehension,
负面
bored, comical
self-pity, confused, defeat,
despair
((sth.) despairing), disappointment,
dismay, frustration (frustrated),
impatience, sad,
somber, sorrowful,
unimportant, wrenching
?
DISAPPROVAL: disagree, oppose,
objection,
(act/action) absurd, (sb.)
grasping, (act/action)
calculated self-
interest, (act/action) aggressive,
(act/action) mischief, (act/action)
preemptive,
(action) baseless, (action)
misleading, (sb.)frail
pride,
(sb.)superstitious nature, (sth.)
convoluted, (sth.) erroneous, (sth.)
false, (sth.)
harmful, (sth.)
heavyhanded, (sth.) implausible,
(sth.)
inconsistent with the fact, (sth.)
lamentable , (sth.) misleading, (sth.)
questionable ,
（
sth.) suspicious, (sth.)
unpopular, (sth.) unprofitable, (sth.)
unsophisticated, (sth.) unwise,
(sth.)too ...,
(view) inconclusive,
(view) unintelligible,
criticism
(critical), disapproval, disbelief,
distrust, doubt, hesitant, of little
consequence,
skepticism(skeptical),
(sth.) drab, (sth.) uniform,
(sth.)
oppressive
?
COMPROMISE: compromise, resignation
(resigned)
?
CONTEMPT: (sb.) timid, condescending,
contempt (contemptuous), derision,
ridicule,
disdainful, dismissive,
disparaging, disrespect,
distaste for,
quizzical, scoff at, scorn (scornful),
smug, (sth.) ill-conceived failure
13
中性
正面
?
IRONY: cynicism
(cynical), dry humor, irony
(ironic),
sarcasm (sarcastic), satire (satirical),
understatement, sacasm
?
EMBARASSMENT:
discomfort, embarrassment,
reluctant
?
ANGER:
angry, furious, irate,
outraged,
sullenness, volatile
temperament
?
HATRED: combative, envious, hostility,
malice,
resentment (resentful),
spiteful, vindictive
?
REGRET: apologetic, confession, regret
(regretful)
?
WORRY: alarm, diffidence, (sth.)
menacing, fear
(fearful), (sth.) a
threat, foreboding, worried
?
DISTANCE: (sb.)
cruelity, (sb.) reserved, (sth.)
easily
overlooked *, awe, distance, guarded,
tolerance, unsympathetic
?
其他：
arrogance (arrogant), be
free from (sth.),
difiance, jocular,
negative
?
AMBIVALENCE: (sth.)double-edged,
(sth.)indecipherable, ambivalent,
bafflement,
bewildering, bittersweet,
confusion, equivocal,
puzzlement about
(puzzled), tentative,
mysterious,
unknowable, multifaced,
uncertainty
?
IMPARTIAL:
detachment, factual, scholarly
?
INDIFFERENT:
(sth.)unremarkable , apathy,
indifference (indifferent), nonchalant,
unconcerned
?
SURPRISE: astonished, surprise
?
其他：
neutral, sentimental
?
CONFIDENT:
confident
自信
(confiding
相信）
,
dignified, pride
?
HAPPY:
celebration, cheerful, delight, ebullient,
elated, exhilarated (exhilarating),
fortunate,
hilarious, luck, pleasure,
proud, wonder
?
AFFECTION: admiration (admirable),
affectionate, compassion, concern,
friendly,
respectful, reverence for,
sincere, sympathy,
(sth.) appealing
?
APPROVAL:
(act/action) effective, (act/action)
justified, (act/action) reliable,
carefully
reasoned, (sth.) important,
(act/action)
courageous defiance,
(act/action) lucrative,
(act/action)
progressive, (act/action) tested,
14
(sb.) cunning
instincts, (sb.) resolute
determination, (sth.) (sth.) desirable
, (sth.)
necessary, (sth.) need, (sth.)
preferable for,
(sth.) rational, (sth.)
successful, (sth.) suitable
for, (sth.)
thought-provoking, (sth.) timely, (sth.)
trend-setting, (sth.) understandable,
(sth.)
grounds for granting increased
plausibility to a
particular theory,
accept, appreciation
(appreciative),
approval , conviction , endorse,
enlightening, satisfactory
?
HOPE:
aspiration, eagerness(eager),
encouraged, hopeful, long to,
optimistic, wistful
?
INTEREST: (sb.) exotic, (sth.)
alluring, (sth.)
captivating,
amazement, amused, excitement,
intrigued, curiosity
?
其他：
positive, forgiveness,
humor
?
QUALIFIED: deceitful, feigned,
misguided,
限定
grudging, qualified, somewhat, veiled
?
UNQUALIFIED:
decisive, deliberate, emphatic,
proof,
virtually certain to be verified, explicit,
essential to, frank, frantic,
indulgent, open, vivid
方向词
分类（
/
列
举）
Categories,
classifications, approaches, groups,
parts, types, characteristics,
elements, kinds, sorts,
ways, classes,
features, numbers, 1,2,3,4,
first/second/, moreover, next, also,
then,
furthermore, another
…
First, now, later, second,
after, stages, third, before,
步骤
steps, next,
finally, then, most important,
furthermore, when, last…
For example, for instance, to
illustrate, specifically,
举例
especially, such as,
to
demonstrate, to express, to
emphasize,
to underscore, to exemplify
...
Define, known as, we mean,
is , that is, we can state,
定义
is defined as,
the term means, we mean, viewed as,
figured as, regarded as,
…
Because, for this reason,
since, cause, on account of,
因果
why, due to, attribute to, reflex,
inspire, spur, spark,
stimulate,
traceable
as a result, in
effect, therefore, consequently, result
in, thus, hence, the outcome is,
accordingly,
contribute to, so that,
lead to, reflection,
motivation,
expansion
比较
&
对比
like/alike, resemble, likewise, in the
same way/
manner , similar, parallels,
compare, in comparison,
15
问题
解决
程度词
绝对程度词
Although, as opposed to, in
contrast to, unlike,
rather than,
instead of
but, yet,
however,
nevertheless, on the other
hand, instead, on the
contrary,
conversely, difference, whereas,
different
…
problem, duskiness, fogginess, general
supportive,
dilemma, mistiness, general
illustrative,
phenomenon
solution, remedy, therapy,
systematically
Always, definitely,
irrefutably, assuredly,
indisputably,
undeniably, certainly, invariably,
without question
Almost,
probably
,
presumably, there is little
question, …
Apparently, maybe, may,
possible
, could be, might,
seems, likely ,perhaps, seemingly,…
加强程度词
削弱程度词
1.2.5
题目分类
1.3
工具推荐
(1)
词典
金山词霸
“韦氏”
Merriam Webster
Collegiate Dictionary
/
灵格斯
Lingoes
(2)
阅读材料扩展
Google Scholar
16
/
1.4
参考文献
< br>姚坤《
SAT
基础班阅读讲义》
/
太傻网
/
Wikipedia /wiki/SAT_Subject_Tes
1.5
笔记页
SAT
阅读
=
迅速理解作者逻辑并作推理
题目
文章
内容
?
时、地、人、物、情感态度
形式
Form
?
背景段、
首段
Background &
First Para.
?
各段首末句
First
Sentence
of Each Para.
?
关键词
Key Words
17
SAT
阅读歌
时地人物拎拎清，对比转折多留心
primary purpose
主旨句，
as/with
态度词
to
看本句前后主，
by
和
use
写法题
because<
/p>
因果
mean
词汇，
might/would
类比寻
作业（
Homework
）
18
2.
文体、题材、主旨、结构
2.1
阅读材料：文体、题材、主旨、结构、方向词、长句分解
1
SAMPLE 1:
文体题材判断练习
首句：
(OC
1-5-
8…)
Apes raised by
humans seem to pretend more frequently than
do apes in the wild. Animal handlers
see behaviors they interpret as pretending
practically every day.
文体：
_____
题材：
______
背景：
(OG-426)This passage, taken from early
nineteenth-century novel, presents
two
characters- Shirley Keeldar, a young woman of
twenty-one who has inherited
a fortune
and land in Yorkshire, England, and Mr. Sympson,
the uncle who was her
guardian until
she reached adulthood.
首段首句：
Miss Keeldar and her
uncle had characters that would not harmonize.
文体：
______
题材：
< br>______
背景：
(OC 1-2-13)This
passage is adapted from a series in which a
college
professor dramatizes the
lectures of famous scientists from the past. Here
he
speaks as Louis Pasteur (1822-1895).
In this part of the lecture, Pasteur has just
described his discovery of the effect
of heating certain microbes that infect bottled
beverages (the process later named
pasteurization).
首段首句：
But
these undesirable microbes!....
文体：
______
题材：
______
SAMPLE 2: (OG-80-7)
主旨判断法
-
背景→主旨句
背景：
The following passage is
an excerpt from a book written by two female
historians about professional women who
began their career in science in the late
nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries.
首句：
The
strong efforts to gain equality for women in the
scientific workplace
began to show
results in the last quarter of the twenties
century.
SAMPLE 3: (OG-57-1)
主旨判断法
-
从首句开始
首句：
Art forgery
is a peculiar curse.
The primary
purpose of the passage is to
(A)
describe the motivations of art forgers
(B) indicate the artistic merit of
particular forgeries
19
(C) discuss the challenges
facing art forgers
(D) catalogue the
skills of a successful art forger
SAMPLE 4: (OG-476-8)
主旨判断法
-
从首句开始
首句
: As a slang word,
“
cool
”
has stayed cool for longer than most such words.
第二句：
One of the main
characteristics of slang is the continual renewal
of its
vocabulary:
…
_______
SAMPLE 5: (OG-92-18)
主旨判断法
-
从首句开始
首句：
Why do some desert plants
grow tall and thin like organ pipes?
第二句：
Why do most trees in the
tropics keep their leaves year round?
第三句：
Why
…
?
第四句：
After
many
years
without
convincing
general
answers,
we
now
know
much about what sets
the fashion in plant design.
第二段首句：
Using terminology more
characteristic of a thermal engineer than of
a
botanist,
we
can
think
of
plants
as
mechanisms
that
must
balance
their
heat
budgets.
________
SAMPLE 6: (OG-477-10)
主旨判断法
-
从首句开始
背景：
This passage was adapted
from a 1995 book about astronomy
首句：
Apart from the Moon and
occasional comets and asteroids, Venus is often
our nearest neighbor.
第二句：
Its orbit brings it
closer to Earth than any other planet- only 26
million
miles away at certain times.
第三句：
Despite that proximity,
for a long time it was generally termed
“
the planet
of
mystery.
”
________
SAMPLE 7: (G-9004)<
/p>
主旨判断法
-
从首句开始
首句：
Traditionally,
pollination by wind has been viewed as a
reproductive process
marked by random
events in which the vagaries of the wind are
compensated for
by the generation of
vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate
production of
new
seeds
is
assured
at
the
expense
of
producing
much
more
pollen
than
is
actually used.
Because
…
第
二
段
首
句
：
However,
a
number
of
features
that
are
characteristic
of
wind-pollinated plants
reduce pollen waste.
________
20
SAMPLE 8: (OG-922-13)
主旨判断法<
/p>
-
挖掘结构
背景：
The following
passages discuss the controversy that surrounded
Napster, a
service that allowed users
to download recordings of music from the Internet
at no
cost. Both passages were written
in 2000 by former songwriters.
P1
首段：
（首句）
In 1950, when I was
seventeen, Jerry Lieber and I had our first
song recorded
…
（末句）
Our songs were recorded
by many great artists, including
Ray
Charles,
…
,
…
,
…
P1
第二段：
（首句）
But
whatever the style and whoever the artist, there
has been
one constant: the songs that I
have written have been my bread and butter
< br>…
.
（末
句）
< br>Each time a Napster user downloads a copy of a song that I have composed, I
am
deprived of the royalty that my work should have
earned me.
P1
第三段：
（首句）
Some say
that
…
（末句）
In
fact, by taking the incentive out of
songwriting,
Napster
may
be
pushing
us
closer
to
a
time
when
there
won
’
t
be
many songs left to swap.
SAMPLE 9: (OG-551-14)
主旨判断法<
/p>
-
抽象共同点
I read a lot of books about mythology,
and then about science: not the missiles
and
spaceships
Brother
preferred,
but
the
birds
and
the
bees-
literally.
I
brought
home a giant book of birds an searched
the skies an trees for anything other than
robins and pigeons. And I read about
bees because I liked the idea that all of them
listened to the queen and
couldn
’
t go on without her.
I went through a phase of
loving
books
with
practical
science
experiments
and
used
up
a
whole
bottle
of
white vinegar by pouring it on the
sides of out apartment building to prove that it
was constructed of limestone.
The primary purpose of the fourth
paragraph (lines 41-51) is to
(A)
contrast
the
books
about
mythology
and
science
that
the
author
had
been
reading
(B) discuss why the
author enjoyed books that were a bout birds and
bees
(C) characterize the
author
’
s reading interests
during a particular period of
time
”
(D)
distinguish between books preferred by the author
and those preferred by her
brother
(E)
provide
several
examples
of
practical
science
experiments
that
the
author
conducted
SAMPLE10:
(OG-91-12)
主旨判断法
-
记叙文中的议论或心理描写
背景：
The following is adapted
from a translation of a novel first published in
1894.
The author of the novel was a
Puerto Rican legislator.
首句：
The thin crescent of the
new moon was greeted by torrential rains.
< br>末二段
（心理描写）
：
Juan
enjoyed rereading it all. His son had imagination
and wit.
He
loved
everything
with
childlike
candor,
but
was
simultaneously
a
thinker
21
beginning the great journey
along life
’
s rugged trail.
Juan loved him infinitely, as
though
Gabriel were made of fragile Bohemian crystal.
Thus passed the hours of that nostalgic
day.
主旨题答案：
The passage is
primarily concerned with a
father
’
s efforts to guide
his son
’
s
intellectual and emotional growth.
SAMPLE 11: (0910-11)
主旨题练习
Some
critics
believe
that
the
frequent
use
of
repetition
in
Native
American
ceremonial texts
was a result of their oral nature an helped make
the works easy
to
remember.
Native
American
scholar
Paula
Gunn
Allen
argue
that
this
factor
must
be
peripheral,
however,
because
people
in
societies
without
writing
traditionally have
had more finely developed memories than do people
who use
writing.
Native
American
children
learned
early
to
remember
complicated
instructions
and
long
stories
by
heart.
For
a
person
who
couldn
’
t
run
to
a
bookshelf to look up information,
reliance on memory became very important in
everyday
life.
Such
a
highly
developed
everyday
memory
is
not
likely
to
fail
on
ceremonial occasions.
11. The primary purpose of the passage
is to
(A) refute a claim
(B)
describe a process
(C) analyze a
discovery
(D) advocate a practice
(E) reveal a problem
SAMPLE
13: (OG-538-9)
结构把握法：同指
P1: The second World War was a
watershed event for all Americans.
…
Chinese
American women played an
important role in these long-term changes.
P2:
Galvanized
by…, Chinese American women initiated an
outpouring of…
Which best
characterizes the relationship between the first
paragraph and the
second paragraph
(A) The first paragraph relates an
anecdote that illustrates a generalization made
in the second paragraph
(B)
The
first
paragraph
presents
acclaim
that
is
supported
in
the
second
paragraph.
(C) The paragraphs offer different
explanations for the same phenomenon.
(D)
The
second
paragraph
digresses
from
the
topic
discussed
in
the
first
paragraph.
(E) The second paragraph challenges the
validity of the argument made in the
first paragraph.
22
SAMPLE 14:
结构把握法：方向词
The
majority
of
successful
senior
managers
do
not
closely
follow
the
classical
rational model of first clarifying
goals, assessing the problems, formulating
options,
likelihoods
of
success,
making
a
decision,
and
only
then
taking
action
to
implement the decision.
According to the passage, the classical
models of decision analysis includes all of
the following EXECEPT to
(A) evaluation of a problem
= assess-> evaluation
(B) creation of possible solutions to a
problem
= formulating
options
(C) establishment of
clear goals to be reached by the decision
= clarifying goals
(D)action undertaken in order to
discover more information about a
problem
?
(E) comparison of the probable effects
of different solutions to a problem
SAMPLE 15:
结构把握法：方向词
Faced
with this
situation,
many historians
based their
investigations
on
the only
records that seemed
to exist: birth, marriage, and death records. As a
result, much
of the early work on the
nonelite was aridly statistical in nature.
SAMPLE 16: (OG-592-22)
结构题解答
Bats have
always figured as frightening or supernatural
creatures in the mythology,
religion
and superstition of peoples everywhere. Finnish
peasants once believed
that
…
Ancient
Egyptians
prized
…
Perhaps
the
most
mystical,
ghoulish,
and
intimate
relationship
between
bats
and
humans
occurred
among
the
Maya
…
Zotzilaha
Chamalcan,
…
,
had
…
His
image
appears
…
One
especially
frightening
engraving
shows
…
A
number
of
other
Central
American
cultures
raised
…
But
it
was Bram
Stoker
’
s riveting novel
Dracula that
…
If vampires
were semihuman
…
The author develops the third paragraph
(line43-66) by presenting
(A) different
sides of a single issue
(B) details
that culminate in truth
(C) a thesis
followed by specific illustrations
(D)
a common argument followed by a refutation
(E) a common opinion and the reasons it
is held
SAMPLE 17: (0901-34-19)
结构题解答
上段：
That is where vanity
comes in. One wants to leave
one
’
s mark on the world.
Like
…
,
like
…
I want
to
…
I
copy
…
I try
to
…
But instead
of
…
, I
change
…
I
alter
…
line 45:
All art, of course, is full of deception.
下文：
Nature,
too,
and human behavior,
but
more
of that
later.
Remember
the
story of Zeuxis? No?
Then I
’
ll tell
you
…
.
23
The statement
in line 45 (
“
All
arts
…
deception
”
) signals a shift
from
(A) a discussion about a vocation
to a discussion about private life
(B)
a description of a person to a description of a
community
(C) an analysis of a
deception to a rumination on that
deception
’
s consequences
(D) an account of a particular
individual
’
s action to an
explanatory anecdote
(E) a historical
consideration of a trade to a mythical tale of the
trade
’
s origins
SAMPLE 18:
方向词专项练习：分类
Reports
on
an
organization
’
s
projects
may
fill
several
major
functions
at
the
same time. A report can be used to
educate and gain support from key people and
groups, to facilitate and inform
decision- making about current and future
projects,
and to provide documentation
for the organization
’
s
records
SAMPLE 19:
方向词专项练习：举例
Translation
is
a
daunting
task
at
best.
Each
language
has
its
own
peculiarities
that are difficult, if not impossible,
to convey effectively in another tongue. English
is especially rife with such oddies.
Even efforts to use computers have failed due
to the difficulty of choosing from
among so many definitions of a given word.
SAMPLE 20:
方向词专项练习：下定义
(OG522-14)In
most
people
’
s
minds,
yawning-
that
slow,
exaggerated
mouth
opening with the long, deep inhalation
of air, followed by a briefer exhalation- is
the most obvious sign of sleepiness.
SAMPLE 21:
方向词专项练习：因果
Because
the
report
contained
much
more
information
than
the
reviewers
needed to see, the author was asked to
submit a compendium instead.
SAMPLE 22:
方向词专项练习：比较
(G94-2)
Kohler
in
referring
to
the
lack
of
great
discoveries
in
psychology
as
compared with physics, accounts for
this by saying that
with
practically
all
territories
of
mental
life
a
long
time
before
the
founding
of
scientific psychology.
SAMPLE
23:
方向词专项练习：对比
Canon
and
Islamic
law,
were
dominated
by
the
dualism
of
religion
and
state,
24
where the state was not, in
contrast with Judaism, an alien power but the
political
expression of the same
religion.
SAMPLE 24 :
长句分解练习
句子成分：
_________ _________
_________
×
_________ ________
词性：
________ ________
________ ________ ________ ________
(G)
Hardy’s weakness derived from his
apparent inability to control the
comings
and goings of these divergent
impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate
and
sustain the energetic and risky
ones.
译文：
哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无
能，
无法控制好那结不尽
相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面
缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富
于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。
(G) Although Gutman admits that
forced separation by sale was
frequent
，
he
shows
that the slaves
’
preference
，
revealed most
clearly on plantations where sale
was
infrequent
，
was very much for
stable monogamy.
译文：
虽然古特曼承认，
由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，
但他还
是证明，奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地
揭
示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制（
monogamy
< br>）
。
(G)
In
large
part
as
a
consequence
of the feminist
movement,
historians
have
focused a great deal of attention in
recent years on determining more accurately
the status of women in various periods.
译文：在很大程度上，由于女权主义运动（
feminist
movement
）的缘故，史
学家近年来汇聚了大量的注意力
，来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的
地位。
(G)
Is
this
a
defect,
or
are
the
authors
working
out
of,
or
trying
to
forge,
a
different kind of aesthetic?
译文：
这究竟是一种缺陷呢，
还是这些作者想要按照一种与众
不同的美学体
系进行创作，抑或是在试图创立一种与众不同的美学体系？
2.2
资料页
2.21
成分性质术语
事实类
anecdote,
events, description, personal
account
(OG900-13),
*recounting (OG976-23) , phenomenon,
evidence, case study, observation,
information
(OG524-24), details
argument, claim (OG438-9),
theory, insight, thesis
(OG592-22),
hypothesis, comment, analysis,
explanation(explaining), exhortation
topic, sides, issue
25
观点类
事实
/
观点
2.22
成分关系术语
support(OG538-9),illustrate
(illustration)(OG592-22),
demonstrate,
explain (explanation), account, culminate,
generalize (generalization), reasons,
lead to (OG900-13)
challenge, refute
(refutation),counter, digress, shift
反面
(0901-34-19)
progression from a state of ... to a
state of...,lead to
顺序
(OG975-16)
NOTE: [THESIS] A
thesis is what you conclude to after you do all
this difficult work
(examine, analyze,
critique, argue, and verify the evidence for or
against your
hypothesis.)
正面
2.3
参考文献
Gord
Hotchkiss,
/chinese-eye-tracking-study-
baidu-vs-google-11477
杨鹏，
《
GRE&GMAT
阅读难句教程》
，新东方
大愚英语学习丛书
2.4
笔记页
题目
主旨题：
标志
the primary
purpose of the passage
the passage
serves mainly to
the passage primarily
concerned with
the passage primarily
focuses on
main point in/ the passage
the episode presented in the passage is
best described as
（记叙）
the passage
is best described as
（记
叙）
解法
主旨句同义改写
平行结构归纳
记叙文中的议论句
文章
文体题材判断：
看背景段、首段首句
找关键词
-
话题词
主旨判断：
线索
背景
各段首末句
结构标记
话题词
态度词
方向词
事实
/
观点
步骤
背景→
TS
？
首句→
TS
？
__________
验证：
___________
26
___________
___________
___________
结构挖掘→
TS
？…
无主旨句：
________
________
________
结构题解答
结构把握法
标志
：
线索：
the passage
as a whole is characterized
自然段、
方向词
（
L1
资料页）
、
同指关
as
系、
平行结构、观点
/
事实
characterize the relationship between A
步骤
paragraph and
B paragraph
各段首末句→
develop the… paragraph by
段内方向词
the general
organization of the passage
成分性质术语
(n.)
（资料页）
事实、观点
成分关系术语
(v.)
（资料页）
正面、反面、顺序
作业（
Homework
）
为讲义中每个方向词找到一个句子（电子词典
、
google
均可）
，抄写或打印出
来。
本次完成：因果、比较、对比、问题解决
27
3.
阅读中的词汇，词汇中的阅读
3.1
阅读材料：词汇题、长句分解
2
SAMPLE 1
结构线索
-
平行
But it is not
only group expectations that color what we see;
personality and mood fluctuation
can
also alter our perceptions.
In line 31,
“color” most nearly means
(A) modify
(B) brighten
(C) disguise
(D) excuse
(E) adorn
SAMPLE 2 (OG-89-1)
结构线索
-
平行
If
you
want
to
convict
these
twenty
men,
then
do
it.
I
ask
no
consideration
on
behalf of any one of them.
Which best capture the meaning of the
word
“
consideration
”
in line 23?
(A) Leniency
(B) Contemplation
(C) Due
respect
(D) Reasoned judgment
(E) Legal rights
SAMPLE 3 (O
G-80-8)
结构线索
-
递进
line 18: In the first quarter
of the twentieth century, some women scientists
who
engaged in research worked at the
most prestigious
institutes of the
period and
enjoyed
more
career
mobility
than
women
researchers
would
experience
again
for several decades.
line
32-33: As a result, they found it almost
impossible to provide opportunities
for
a younger set of female colleagues seeking
employment in a research setting,
to
foster their productivity and facilitate their
career mobility, and eventually to
allow them access to the top ranks.
The passage as a whole suggests that
“
career
mobility
”
(line 18 and
32-33) means
the
(A) freedom
to work on projects that one is more interested in
28
(B) freedom to publish research
findings no matter how controversial they are
(C) ability to obtain funding to travel
to important professional meetings
(D)ability to find a job in any part of
the country
(E) ability to advance in
one
’
s chosen field
SAMPLE 4 (OG-90-4)
结构线索
-
举例
Most of
what has been presented to this jury to stir up
feeling in your souls has
not
the
slightest
bearing
on
proving
conspiracy
in
this
case.
Take
Mr.
Lloyd
’
s
speech in Milwaukee. It had nothing to
do with conspiracy.
In line 47, the
word
“
bearing
”
most nearly means
(A) connection
(B) posture
(C) endurance
(D) location
(E) resemblance
SAMPLE 5
(0503-4-10)
结构线索
-
解释
The hubbub summons sense-
memories: the coolness of the red metal folding
chair, reserved
for guests, that was
always set up when I arrived in the apartment; the
shadows cast by the
amulet that hung
from the ceiling and swung in
the
breeze on its length of grocer’s twine; the
tastes of Hmong food.
In
line 17, “summons” most nearly means
(A) sends for
(B) calls
forth
(C) requests
(D)
orders
(E) convenes
SAMPLE 6
(OG 395-20)
结构线索
-
同指
This
idea
originated
at
the
beginning
of
the
nineteenth
century,
though
it
had
precedents. It is still the position of
many critics.
In line 41, “position”
most nearly means
(A) rank
(B) role
(C) policy
(D) view
(E) location
29
SAMPLE 7 (OC 3-2-17)
结构线索
-
同指
This
passage was written in 1996 after the discovery of
a meteorite that appeared
to contain
fossil evidence of microscopic life on
Mars
.
P2.
…The
composition of ALH 84001, as the much scrutinized
rock is
designated,
closely
matches the makeup of Martian matter that was
analyzed on site in 1976
by miniature
chemistry laboratories aboard two Viking Mars
landers.
(NOTE:
“
ALH
84001
”
appears here the
first time in this passage)
In line 15,
“designated” most nearly means
(A) drawn
(B) called
(C) stipulated
(D) selected
(E) allocated
SAMPLE 8 (P168-14)
结构线索
-
比较
How
could this juvenile painting claim to compare its
use of light to the luminous
quality of
a Johannes Vermeer?
In line 39,
“juvenile” most nearly means
(A) indifferent
(B) spoiled
(C) inexpert
(D) pure
(E) delinquent
SAMPLE 1
(P223-22)
结构线索
-
对比
I had believed that the
particular stream I was following existed in
splendid isolation, while in
reality it
was hopelessly intertwined with all sorts of other
streams, in such a way...
In line 46, “
splendid“ most nearly means
(A) perplexing
(B)
optimistic
(C) accessible
(D) attractive
(E) absolute
SAMPLE 9 (OC 1-5-23)
结构线索
-
转折
*
It
suggests
too
that
in
the
realm
of
real
life,
and
not
simply
in
that
of
aesthetic
translation,
childhood was a period of transition that passed
quickly and that was
just as quickly
forgotten.
30
In line 48, “translation” most nearly
means
(A) substitution
(B) explanation
(C)
representation
(D) transportation
(E) correction
SAMPLE 10 (OG 542-18)
结构线索
-
修饰
But
in
1997
a
blue-ribbon
panel
of
archaeologists
visited
a
site
in
Chile
called
Monte
Verde
and
agreed
that
people
had
lived
there
at
least
14,500
years
ago,
about 1,000 years before the first sign
of Clovis people.
In line 33, “sign”
most nearly means
(A) omen
(B) symbol
(C) gesture
(D) indication
(E) figure
SAMPLE 11 (OC 3-2-20)
结构线索
-
修饰
This
crude assortment of materials allowed a reasonable
representation of what
was known 40
years ago about the nine planet:
…
In line 33,
“crude” most nearly means
(A) natural and unaltered
(B) rough and inexpert
(C)
obvious
(D) vulgar
(E)
nonspecific
SAMPLE 12 (OC
1-5-8)
结构线索
-
宾语
Her
favorite
class
was
biology
and
she
entertained
thoughts
of
becoming
a
scientist.
In line 11, the
word “entertained” most nearly means
(A) regaled
(B) hosted
(C) flaunted
(D) harbored
(E) welcomed
31
SAMPLE 13
(OC2-3-19)
结构线索
-
主
语
In the United States, the
traditional view
embraced by society is
that fences are
European, out of place
in the American landscape.
In line 1,
“embraced” most nearly means
(A) caressed
(B) adopted
(C) enfolded
(D) included
(E) encircled
SAMPLE
14(0601-21-12)
词汇题
The
following
passage
is
an
excerpt
from
a
1909
novel,
Georgia,
the
main
character, is a reporter in an
otherwise all-male newsroom
.
…
- if they care to risk
another girl, and whether the other
poor girl would slave
through the years she should have been
frivolous,
only to have some man step
in
at the end and induce her to
surrender the things she had gained through
sacrifice
and toil.
In line 27, “poor” most nearly
means
(A) pitiable
(B) indigent
(C) inferior
(D) humble
(E) petty
SAMPLE
15
长句分解练习
2
(G)A
low
number
of
algal
cells
in
the
presence
of
a
high
number
of
grazers
suggested, but did not prove, that the
grazers had removed most of the algae.
(G)The
methods
that
a
community
devises
to
perpetuate
itself
come
into
being to preserve aspects of the
cultural legacy that that community perceives as
essential.
(G)Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie
have used the documents to extract case
histories, which have illuminated the
attitudes of different social groups
（
these
attitudes
include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward
crime and the law
）
and
have revealed how the authorities
administered justice.
(G)It
is one of nature
’
s great
ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the
soil
frequently sets an upper limit on
plant growth even though the
plants
’
leaves are
32
bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.
(G)Most
striking
among
the
many
asymmetries
evident
in
an
adult
flatfish
is
eye
placement: before maturity one eye migrates, so
that in an adult flatfish both
eyes are
on the same side of the head.
(G)More probable is bird transport,
either externally, by accidental attachment
of the seeds to
feathers
，
or
internally
，
by the swallowing
of fruit and subsequent
excretion of
the seeds.
(G)They
are
called
virtual
particles
in
order
to
distinguish
them
from
real
particles, whose lifetimes are not
constrained in the same way, and which can be
detected.
(G)Friedrich
Engels,
however,
predicted
that
women
would
be
liberated
from
the
“social,
legal,
and
economic
subordination”
of
the
family
by
technological
developments that made possible the
recruitment of “the
whole female sex
into
public
industry
”
.
(G)Inheritors of some of
the viewpoints of early twentieth-century
Progressive
historians
such
as
Beard
and
Becker,
these
recent
historians
have
put
forward
arguments that deserve evaluation.
(G)This
declaration,
which
was
echoed
in
the
text
of
the
Fourteenth
Amendment,
was
designed
primarily
to
counter
the
Supreme
Court
’
s
ruling
in
Dred
Scott
v.
Sandford
that
Black
people
in
the
United
States
could
be
denied
citizenship.
(G)With the conclusion of a burst
activity , the lactic acid level is high in the
body
fluids
,
leaving
the
large
animal
vulnerable
to
attack
until
the
acid
is
reconverted
,
via
oxidative
metabolism
,
by
the
liver
into
glucos
,
which
is
then
sent (in part )back to
the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.
(G)Gutman argues
convincingly that the stability of the Black
family encouraged
the
transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-
the Black heritage of folklore,
music,
and
religious
expression
from
one
generation
to
another,
a
heritage
that
slaves were continually fashioning out
of their African and American experiences.
(G)His
thesis
works
relatively
well
when
applied
to
discrimination
against
Blacks in the United
States
，
but his definition of
racial prejudice as
negative
prejudgments against a group generally accepted as
a race in any given
region
of
ethnic
competi
tion
，
can
be
interpreted
as
also
including
hostility
toward such ethnic
groups as the Chinese in California and the
Jews
in medieval
Europe.
33
(G)Other
experiments
revealed
slight
variations
in
the
size,
number,
arrangement, and interconnection of the
nerve cells, but as far as psycho neural
correlations
were
concerned,
the
obvious
similarities
of
these
sensory
fields
to
each
other seemed much more remarkable than any of the
minute differences.
(G)Although
some
experiments
show
that,
as
an
object
becomes
familiar,
its
internal
representation
becomes
more
holistic
and
the
recognition
process
correspondingly more
parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support
the serial
hypothesis, at least for
objects that are not notably simple and familiar.
3.2
资料页
3.3
参考文献
杨鹏，
《
GRE&GMAT
阅读难句教程》
，新东方大愚英语学习丛书
SAT
官方指南（
OG
）
SAT
网上教程（
OC
）
SAT
真题
3.4
笔记页
题目
词汇题：
标志：
mean, refer to
解法：
“
Even if you
don
‘
t know the
meaning of the word, try to figure it
out form the passage and the choices.
Examine the context in which the word
is used.(OGp70)
”
一切答案来自原文
词性影响看什么
如何利用词典
文章
从结构线索猜测词汇义：
对比、转折
平行、递进
同指
解释、举例
修饰关系
主语宾
34
搭配是王道
读懂释义：不、近、限
词义的扩大与缩小
在阅读中积累单词
见多识广
Read! Read! Read!
少翻译
Less Translation
多比较
More Comparison
35
4.
推理问题
4.1
阅读材料：推理
SAMPLE1
(OG395-18)
推理问题：对比事实题
Historically,
its
(NOTE:
the
portrait
’
s)
subject
was
nobody
special,
probably
the
wife
of a Florentine merchant named Giocondo. But her
portrait set the standard
for High
Renaissance paintings in many important ways.
The observation in line 7-10 (
“
Historically
…
ways
”
) establish a contrast
between a
woman
’
s
(A) unremarkable appearance
and her portrait
’
s
astonishing beauty
(B) humble origins
and her portrait
’
s monetary
value
(C) untimely demise and her
portrait
’
s immortality
(D) lack of charisma and her
portrait
’
s universal allure
(E) ordinary status and her
portrait
’
s aesthetic
significance
SAMPEL2 (OG972-9)
推理问题：类比事实题
For
millennia,
parents
have
recognized
the
newborn
’
s
basic
need
for
safety,
nourishment, warmth,
and nurturing. Now science has added stunning
revelations
about human development
from birth to age
three, confirming
that parents and
other adult caregivers
play a critical role in influencing a
child
’
s development.
Lines 3-9 of Passage 1
(
“
For
millennia…
development
”
) draw a
parallel between
(A) traditional
practices and contemporary critiques
(B) basic human needs and intellectual
endeavors
(C) widespread beliefs and
scientific findings
(D) parental
anxieties and developmental advances
(E) experimental hypotheses and proven
theories
SAMPLE3
比较对比方向词
(S0503)They offer mainly short-term
benefits to a few
groups
—
like politicians and
waste-handling
corporations<
/p>
—
while
diverting
money
from
genuine
social
and
environmental problems.
(S0001)
Despite
modern
humans'
Linnaeus-like
attempts
to
everyday
experience, to invent disciplining
social and intellectual systems for it, in truth
it
resembles wild nature, the green
chaos of the woods.
36
(S9705)
There
were
superficial
similarities
between
Garvey's
and
Du
Bois's
commitment to race
consciousness and economic empowerment; both men
saw
the world as comprising separate
cultures, each reflecting a distinct heritage and
demanding freedom of expression.
()The practice has been to treat the
arts in chamber-of-commerce, rather than in
creative, terms.
()A river
closes in, rounds the bend, runs between banks,
hides shallows and snags,
tumbles
overrapids, skirts islands, is forever calling
attention to itself, like a trail,
which a river inevitably becomes. The
plains, on the other hand, open out, unfold,
beg the long and trackless view.
SAMPLE4 (OG461-20)
推理问题：不定事实题
（列举）
I leaned
forward and concentrated down into the invisible
shape he had drawn,
trying to see the
changes that would come, the nighttime rising of
dammed water
bringing
a
new
lake
up
with
its
choice
lots,
its
marinas
and
beer
cans,
and
also
trying
to visualize the land as Lewis said it was at that
moment, unvisited and free.
In lines
25-30 (
“
I learned
…
free
”
), the narrator reacts
to Lewis
’
suggestion by
(A) visualizing an unlikely series of
events
(B) imaging two radically
different states
(C) considering a
problem and its proposed solution
(D)
weighing the pros and cons of a course of action
(E) reflecting on how the past shapes
the future
SAMPLE5 (OG829-19)
推理问题：不定事实题
Perhaps the editor had written more
than he intended in using the word
for
Crisis
before
and
after
the
editorial
showed
no
diminution
in
its
criticism
of
racism. But he distinguished between
Allied and German ambitions, and declared
that
defeat
of
the
former
would
be
disastrous
for
that
“
United
States
of
the
World
”
to which
he was most loyal.
That to which Du
Bois was
“
most
loyal
”
(line 21) is best
described as
(A) the UNIA
(B) the NAACP
(C) Crisis
(D) global democracy
(E) a
new African nation founded by Black Americans
SAMPLE6 (OG901-18)
推理问题：不定事实题
My
surgeon, an understanding man who has had the same
operation himself, said,
“
There
are
general
guidelines,
restrictions,
recommendations.
But
all
the
particulars you will have to find out
for yourself
”
37
In line 34-36
the surgeon advises the author to
(A)
become more open-minded about muscular adjustments
than he had been
(B) follow a detailed
and specific regimen of rehabilitation
(C) find out how others have dealt with
the same problem
(D)develop his own
procedures for coping
(E) endure
patiently until he physically recovers
SAMPLE7 (OG922-9)
推理问题：不定事实题
But no
matter how long it takes, it is always a gamble. A
songwriter makes nothing
until
a
song
is
marketed
in
the
form
of
a
recording
for
sale
to
the
public,
and
unless that record of the song sells, a
songwriter gets nothing for it.
The
“
gamble
”
(line14) represents a risk that is
(A) financial
(B) artistic
(C) legal
(D) technological
(E) psychological
SAMPLE8
(OG984-11)
推理问题：不定事实题
The
forbidding
ribbon
across
the
antique
chair,
the
“
Do
Not
Touch
”
sign-
these
omnipresent
features
of
the
European
museum
have
nothing
to
do
with
the
American
restored community.
The author of
Passage 1 implies that the
“
ribbon
”
and the
“
sign
”
(lines 31-32) have
the effect of
(A)
helping
people
understand
the
cultural
significance
of
objects
that
are
displayed in museums
(B)
preventing damages to antiques that have become
both fragile and priceless
(C)
restricting architects from re-creating places of
historic significance
(D)
keeping
people
away
from
things
that
represent
a
link
to
their
culture
and
history
(E)
conveying the misconception that most people once
lived amidst such luxury
SAMPLE9 (OG766-19)
支持对象题
a steady
accumulation of evidence over the past two decades
now suggests
that
play
is
a
distinct
form
of
behavior
with
an
important
role
in
the
social,
physical,
and
mental development
of
many
animals.
In one
study,
kittens,
mice,
and
rats
were
found
to
play
the
most
at
ages
when
permanent
changes
were
occurring in their
muscle fiber and the parts of their brains
regulating movement
…
P3.
Thus,
research
on
play
has
given
biologists
an
important
tool
with
which
to
38
probe the development of the brain an
motor systems of animal.
The
findings
of
“
one
study
”
(line
26)
primarily
support
which
of
the
following
claims?
(A) Play is difficult to study because
it takes so many forms
(B) Most animal
species tend to begin playing as they approach
adulthood
(C) Play is a key
factor in the social organization of some animal
groups
(D)
Researchers
do
not
always
recognize
behavioral
similarities
among
diverse
species
(E)
Research
in
to
play
may
help
us
understand
animal
’
s
physiological
development
SAMPLE10
正负态度判断练习
请在下面句子的态度对象下加“
_
”<
/p>
，并用“
+
”
/
“
-
”号标出正负态度，
态度
I
think
in
fact
it’s
more
likely
that
an
aggressive
alien
race would create self-replicating
robot probes that will
_____ [
]_______
disperse
through
the
galaxy
and
destroy
all
life
that
way, in
which I disagree with Stephen Hawking.
_____ [
]_______
Words of approval never seem to come
from him.
_____ [
]_______
_____ [
]_______
Myrtle
does
draw
two
erroneous
conclusions:
one
implied and
one direct.
_____ [
]_______
Defendant claims
that Maize's testimony was false and
misleading and that this testimony
deprived defendant
_____ [
]_______
of his right to due
process and a fair trial.
Her parents
quite approve of him.
_____ [
]_______
Fox
trumpets
Limbaugh's
baseless
accusation
that
_____ [
]_______
Obama has
_____ [
]_______
_____ [
]_______
_____ [
]_______
_____ [
]_______
_____ [
]_______
Managing
diversity
is
an
important
issue
in
European
_____ [
]_______
higher education today.
The
model
thus
offers
a
plausible
link
between
_____ [
]_______
molecular
mechanisms
of
morphogenesis
and
the
geometry of phyllotaxis.
SAMPLE11 (OG922-12)
反对对象题
The
following passages discuss the controversy that
surrounded Napster, a service
39
that allowed
users to download recordings of music from the
Internet at no cost.
Both passages were
written in 2000 by former songwriters.
I
fear
for
the
seventeen-year-old
songwriter
looking
forward
to
a
career
in
the
music business today. Napster and
companies like it are threatening not only my
retirement, but the future of music
itself.
Which best summarizes the
“
fear
”
(line 32) of the author of Passage 1
(A) Young songwriters will become less
devoted to mastering their craft than were
songwriters of the past
(B)
Adolescent songwriters will become less popular
than they have been in the
past.
(C)
The
increasing
demand
for
music
will
cause
the
royalties
paid
for
individual
songs to decline.
(D) Young
songwriters will no longer be able to earn their
living by writing songs.
(E)
Technological
innovations
will
one
day
render
music
as
we
now
know
it
obsolete.
SAMPLE12
(OG710-17)
不定对象题
But I believe she dealt with the
elements of line and direction with the instincts
of
a
mathematician
or
physicist,
adding
to
each
their
emotional
relations.
For
example, a straight line rarely, if
ever, occur in nature, but it does occur in art,
and
it is used in art with various
telling effects.
In
lines
5-6,
the
statement
“
a
straight
line
rarely,
if
ever,
occurs
in
nature
”
emphasize the
author
’
s recognition of the
(A)
choreographer
’
s need for
spectacular effects
(B)
choreographer
’
s use of
mathematical forms
(C)
choreographer’s
estrangement
from nature
(D) impossibility of
performing certain choreographed motions
(E) universality of geometrical forms
SAMPE13 (OG736-16)
原因理由推理题
Women
like
Stanton
and
Anthony
were
close
to
abolitionist
William
Lloyd
Garrison.
When
Douglass
split
with
Garrison
over
the
latter
’
s
reliance
on
words
and
“
moral
suasion
”
as
the
major
route
to
abolition,
as
well
as
over
Garrison
’
s
opposition to antislavery political
action, some women
’
s rights
leaders grew cool
toward Douglass
Women
’
s
rights
leaders
most
likely
“
grew
cool
toward
Douglass
”
(line
73-74)
because they
(A)
were experiencing dissension among their ranks
(B) preferred
Garrison
’
s political
approach
(C) strongly favored the use
of civil disobedience
(D) felt that
Douglass had not been contributing actively to
their movement
40
(E) realized that Douglass
had stopped publicizing their concerns
SAMPE14 (OG828-17)
原因理由推理题
Bitterly
criticized
by
Black
people,
Du
Bois
barely
modified
his
statement
when,
two
months
later,
he
set
the
priorities
for
his
readers:
“
first
your
Country,
then
your Rights
”
It can be inferred that Du
Bois
’
s July 1918 editorial
in Crisis was
“
Bitterly
criticized
”
(line
12) because it seemed to
(A) devalue
the specific concerns of Black Americans
(B) advocate military service for Black
Americans
(C) support
Garvey
’
s back-to Africa
movement
(D) insist on racial rather
than national priorities
(E) attack the
official stance of the NAACP on race pride
SAMPE15 (OG845-18)
原因理由推理题
To my
delight, the trustees beamed. They, too, wanted
the museum building itself
to be unique
and a work of art.
Getty indicates that
the trustees
“
beamed
< br>”
(line 51) because they were
(A) amused by
Getty
’
s cantankerousness
(B) accustomed to
Getty
’
s impulsiveness
(C) in accord with
Getty
’
s preferences
(D) pleased by
Getty
’
s unexpectedly
generous donation
(E) impressed with
Getty
’
s financial acumen
SAMPLE16
因果方向词练习：
用“
|
”划分因果，并在用（因）
“→
”
（果）标
明
(T)
This
shape,
combined
with
flexibility,
enables
them
to
squeeze
into
crevices
where they are safe from predators and
ocean currents.
(T) The difference
between the chemical composition of the cell walls
of fungi and
those
of
plants
is
of
enormous
importance
because
it
enables
the
tips
of
the
growing
hyphae, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to
secrete enzymes that break
down
the
walls
of
plant
cells
without
having
any
effect
on
those
of
the
fungus
itself.
(T)
Since
architecture
was
not
yet
a
specialized
profession
in
the
colonies,
the
design
of
buildings
was
left
either
to
amateur
designers
or
to
carpenters
who
undertook to
interpret architectural manuals
imported from England.
(T)
fungi bring about the decomposition of
dead organic matter, thus enriching the
41
soil and returning carbon dioxide to
the atmosphere.
(T)
The pull on a rising column of water in
a plant results from the evaporation of
water at the top of the plant.
SAMPLE17 (OG 964-23)
言外之意推理题
“
I trust you will not follow
the example of many others who divert the
discussion
from its main intent and
fasten upon some statement of mine which lacks a
hair
breadth of the truth and, under
this hair, hide the fault of another which is as
big
as a ship
’
s
cable.
”
This is
exactly what he argued that the ancient Geek
philosopher Aristotle had
done
by
focusing
not
on
the
similarities
in
the
motion
of
objects
but
on
the
differences that are
attributable to the effect of a medium.
Line 83-86 reveal which of the
following about Galeo?
(A) He respected
Aristotle as one of the first philosophers to
engage in scientific
observation.
(B)
He
considered
Aristotle
and
others
like
him
mistaken
in
their
approach
to
motion
(C) He believed that
rival scientists would try to take credit for his
discoveries
(D) He feared that his
studies of motion could have religious
ramification
(E) He conducted
significant experiments that served to support his
theories
SAMPLE18
(OG914-24)
言外之意推理题
This passage is taken form the
beginning of a short story by a nineteenth-century
Russian writer.
One
director, being a good-natured man and anxious to
reward him for his long
service, sent
him something a little more important htan his
ordinary copying; he
was instructed
from a finished document to make some sort of
report for another
office; the work
consisted only of altering the headings an in
places changing the
first
person
into
the
thirds.
This
cost
Akaky
Akanyevitch
such
an
effort
that
it
threw him
into a regular perspiration: he mopped his brow
and said at last,
“
No,
better
let
me
copy
something.
”
From
that
time
forth
they
left
him
to
go
on
copying forever.
It can be inferred from the incident
described in lines 55-65 that
(A) the
director was not really trying to reward Akaky for
his hard work
(B) the director
understood Akaky better than anyone else in the
office did
(C) Akaky was not really a
hard worker
(D) Akaky wanted a
promotion very much
(E) Akaky feare
increased responsibility
42
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