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Golden Gate Bridge

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2021-02-10 03:42
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2021年2月10日发(作者:success什么意思)


Golden Gate Bridge



1.



Introduction


:


The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension


bridge spanning the Golden


Gate, the opening of the San Francisco Bay into the Pacific Ocean. As part of both U.S. Route


101 and California State Route 1, it connects the city of San Francisco on the northern tip


of


the


San


Francisco


Peninsula


to


Marin


County.


The


Golden


Gate


Bridge


was


the


longest


suspension bridge span in the world when it was completed in 1937, and has become one of


the most internationally recognized


symbols


of San Francisco,


California, and of the United


States.



2.



History



2.1



Ferry service:



Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San


Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay.


Ferry


service


began


as


early


as


1820,


with


regularly


scheduled


service


beginning


in


the


1840s


for


purposes


of


transporting


water to


San


Francisco.


The


Sausalito


Land


and


Ferry


Company service, launched in 1867, eventually became the Golden Gate Ferry Company, a


Southern


Pacific


Railroad


subsidiary,


the


largest


ferry


operation


in


the


world


by


the


late



for


railroad


passengers


and


customers


only,


Southern


Pacific‘s


automobile


ferries became


very


profitable and


important to the regional economy. The ferry crossing


between


the


Hyde


Street


Pier



in


San


Francisco


and


Sausalito



in


Marin


County


took


approximately 20 minutes and cost US$$1.00 per vehicle, a price later reduced to compete


with


the


new


bridge.


The


trip


from


the


San Francisco Ferry Building



took


27


minutes.


Many


wanted


to


build


a


bridge


to


connect


San


Francisco


to


Marin


County.


San


Francisco


was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats. Because it did not have a


permanent


link


with


communities


around


the


bay,


the


city's


growth


rate


was


below


the


national


average.


Many


experts


said


that


a


bridge


couldn’t


be


built


across


the


6,700


ft


(2,042


m)


strait.


It


had


strong,


swirling


tides


and


currents,


with


water


500


ft


(150


m)


in


depth at the center of the channel, and frequent strong winds. Experts


said that ferocious


winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation.


2.2



Conception:



Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new, the


proposal


that


eventually


took


place


was


made


in


a


1916


San Francisco Bulletin



article


by


former engineering student James Wilkins. San Francisco's City Engineer estimated the cost


at


$$100


million,


impractical


for


the


time, and


fielded


the


question


to


bridge


engineers


of


whether


it


could


be


built


for


less.


One


who


responded,


Joseph Strauss


, was


an


ambitious


but dreamy engineer and poet who had, for his


graduate thesis


, designed a 55-mile (89 km)


long railroad bridge across the


Bering Strait


.At the time, Strauss


had completed some 400


drawbridges



most


of


which


were


inland



and


nothing


on


the


scale


of


the


new


project.



Strauss's initial drawings were for a massive


cantilever


on each side of the strait, connected


by


a


central


suspension


segment,


which


Strauss


promised


could


be


built


for


$$17


million.



Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss alter the design and


accept input


from


several consulting project experts.[


citation needed


]


A


suspension-bridge


design was considered the most practical, because of recent advances in


metallurgy


.Strauss


spent more than a


decade drumming


up support


in Northern


California. The bridge faced


opposition, including litigation, from many


sources. The


Department of War


was concerned


that


the


bridge


would


interfere


with


ship


traffic;


the


navy


feared


that


a


ship


collision


or


sabotage


to


the


bridge


could


block


the


entrance


to


one


of


its


main


harbors.


Unions


demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs.


2.3



Finance:


The


Golden Gate


Bridge and


Highway District


,


authorized


by


an


act


of


the


California Legislature


, was incorporated in 1928 as the official entity to


design, construct,


and


finance


the


Golden


Gate


Bridge.


However


,


after


the


Wall Street Crash of 1929


,


the


District


was


unable


to


raise


the


construction


funds,


so


it


lobbied


for


a


$$30


million


bond


measure


. The bonds were approved in November 1930, by votes in the counties affected by


the bridge. The construction budget at the time of approval was $$27 million. However, the


District was unable to sell the bonds until 1932, when


Amadeo Giannini


, the founder of San


Francisco



based


Bank of America


, agreed on behalf


of


his bank to


buy the entire issue


in


order to help the local economy.


2.4



Opening


festivities:



The


bridge-opening


celebration


began


on


May


27,


1937


and


lasted for one week. The day before vehicle traffic was allowed, 200,000 people crossed by


foot and roller skate. On opening day, Mayor Angelo Rossi and other officials rode the ferry


to Marin, then crossed the bridge in a motorcade past three ceremonial


a


blockade


of


beauty


queens


who


required


Joseph


Strauss


to


present


the


bridge


to


the


Highway District before allowing him to pass. An official song,


Golden Gate


on


the


Golden


Gate


Bridge


entitled



Mighty


Task


is


done.


The


next


day,


President


Roosevelt pushed a button in Washington, D.C. signaling the official start of vehicle traffic


over the Bridge at noon. When the celebration got out of hand, the SFPD had a small riot in


the


uptown


Polk


Gulch


area.


Weeks


of


civil


and


cultural


activities


called



Fiesta


followed. A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge.


3.



Design and Construction


3.1



Designer:



Joseph Strauss, Alvin Mauro, Charles Rhys Evans, Leon Moisafe.


3.2



Structure:


The weight of the roadway is hung from two cables that pass through the two


main towers and are fixed in concrete at each end. Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of


wire.


There


are


80,000


miles


(129,000 km)


of


wire


in


the


main


cables.


The


bridge


has

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