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清朝官职翻译表

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2021-02-10 03:39
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2021年2月10日发(作者:圣诞老人的英文)


清朝官职翻译表





EARLY AND MID-QING INSTITUTIONS







中樞部



內閣



STRUCTURE OF THE METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT





Principal Offices



The Grand Secretariat



Top government organ in charge of:



(1) Managing state affairs and ensuring that all officials discharged their duties


properly;



(2) Transmitting routine memorials (


題本


) to the Emperor, with power to comment on


these memorials;



(3) Issuing edicts for the Emperor;



(4) Presenting new metropolitan graduates to the Emperor;



(5) Recommending posthumous titles for deceased Emperors, Empresses and


noteworthy officials;



(6) Keeping in custody the state and imperial seals.







軍機處



The Grand Council



Set up in 1729 as an advisory body; henceforth became the most


important government organ in charge of:



Recommending policies that pertained to military affairs, frontier defense, finance,


taxation and diplomacy;



Handling confidential palace memorials (


奏摺



or


密摺


) addressed to the Emperor;



Appointing or dismissing officials at or above the 3rd rank (


三品


);



Setting questions for Metropolitan Examinations (


會試


) and Palace Examinations (


殿


六部



吏部



文選司




考功司




稽勳司




驗封司






戶部




).



The Six Boards


The Board of Civil Affairs



Managing the Civil Service; comprising 4 Bureaus:



The Bureau of Appointments



Supervising the selection, appointment,


promotion, demotion and transfer of officials.



The Bureau of Scrutiny



Supervising the award and punishment of


officials.



The Bureau of Records



Keeping complete and up-to-date records of


officials.



The Bureau of Titles



Regulating the bestowal of ranks and hereditary


titles on officials.





The Board of Revenues



Collecting taxes and duties; paying nobles and civil


servants; auditing accounts of central/provincial treasuries and granaries; keeping


records of territories and population; regulating currency/coinage and determining


standards of weights/measurements (in conjunction with the Board of Public Works);


issuing agricultural/commercial regulations and reviewing civil cases (in conjunction


with the Board of Punishment). Multifarious duties carried out by 14 Bureaus based


on geographical divisions.







禮部



The Board of Rites



Regulating ceremonial and ritual codes; supervising the Civil


Service Examination (


科舉


); managing relations with Western nations and the


tributary states; comprising 5 Bureaus:



儀制司




The Bureau of Ceremonies



Supervising court and examination


ceremonies.



祠祭司




The Bureau of Sacrificial Rites



Supervising state sacrificial ceremonies


and funerals, and compiling the calendar.



主客司




The Diplomatic Bureau



Entertaining tribute- bearers and supervising trade


with dependencies.



精膳司




The Bureau of Supply



Attending to diplomatic banquets and purchasing


supplies to Board.



鑄印局




The Engraving Bureau



Manufacturing official seals.





兵部





The Board of War



Supervising the military establishment; conducting examinations


for military services; training the armed forces; executing military policies;


comprising 4 Bureaus:



武選司




The Bureau of Military Selection



Supervising the appointment, promotion


職方司




車駕司




武庫司




and dismissal of military personnel.



The Bureau of Discipline



Supervising the investigation, award and


punishment of military personnel.



The Bureau of Communications



Supervising the supply of horses and


relay communications.



The Commissariat Bureau



Keeping records of military personnel and


supervising the supply of uniforms and munitions.







刑部



5. The Board of Punishment




Serving as both a criminal court and a civil court at the


Capital; enforcing punishment inflicted on offenders; together with the Censorate and


the Court of Judicature & Revision formed the Three Supreme Tribunals (


三司法


)


which jointly reviewed all cases involving capital punishment. Board had 18 Bureaus,


one each for the 18 provinces of China.





工部





6. The Board of Public Works



Supervising the construction/repair of dikes and


public buildings; supplying materials for construction purposes; furnishing


arms/munitions to army and ships to navy; managing transportation; minting coins;


determining weights and measurements; comprising 4 Bureaus:



營繕司




The Bureau of Construction



Attending to the building of city walls,


palaces, temples, government offices, warehouses and barracks.



虞衡司




The Bureau of Weights and Measures



Determining standards of weights


and measurements, and furnishing arms/munitions to army.



都水司




The Bureau of Rivers and Canals



Supervising all inland water routes.



repair of Imperial tombs, the supply of fuels to government offices and the


佐理部



activities of labourers.



Coordinating Offices



屯田司




The Bureau of Imperial Tombs, Fuels and Appointments



Supervising the

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