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清朝官职翻译表
EARLY AND MID-QING INSTITUTIONS
中樞部
內閣
STRUCTURE OF
THE METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT
Principal
Offices
The Grand
Secretariat
－
Top government
organ in charge of:
(1)
Managing state affairs and ensuring that all
officials discharged their duties
properly;
(2)
Transmitting routine memorials
(
題本
) to the Emperor, with
power to comment on
these memorials;
(3) Issuing edicts for the
Emperor;
(4) Presenting new
metropolitan graduates to the Emperor;
(5) Recommending posthumous titles for
deceased Emperors, Empresses and
noteworthy officials;
(6) Keeping in custody the state and
imperial seals.
軍機處
The Grand
Council
－
Set up in 1729 as an
advisory body; henceforth became the most
important government organ in charge
of:
Recommending policies
that pertained to military affairs, frontier
defense, finance,
taxation and
diplomacy;
Handling
confidential palace memorials
(
奏摺
or
密摺
) addressed
to the Emperor;
Appointing
or dismissing officials at or above the 3rd rank
(
三品
);
Setting questions for Metropolitan
Examinations (
會試
) and Palace
Examinations (
殿
六部
吏部
文選司
考功司
稽勳司
驗封司
戶部
試
).
The Six Boards
The Board of
Civil Affairs
－
Managing the
Civil Service; comprising 4 Bureaus:
The Bureau of
Appointments
－
Supervising the
selection, appointment,
promotion,
demotion and transfer of officials.
The Bureau of
Scrutiny
－
Supervising the
award and punishment of
officials.
The Bureau of
Records
－
Keeping complete and
up-to-date records of
officials.
The Bureau of
Titles
－
Regulating the
bestowal of ranks and hereditary
titles
on officials.
The Board of
Revenues
－
Collecting taxes
and duties; paying nobles and civil
servants; auditing accounts of
central/provincial treasuries and granaries;
keeping
records of territories and
population; regulating currency/coinage and
determining
standards of
weights/measurements (in conjunction with the
Board of Public Works);
issuing
agricultural/commercial regulations and reviewing
civil cases (in conjunction
with the
Board of Punishment). Multifarious duties carried
out by 14 Bureaus based
on geographical
divisions.
禮部
The Board of
Rites
－
Regulating ceremonial
and ritual codes; supervising the Civil
Service Examination
(
科舉
); managing relations
with Western nations and the
tributary
states; comprising 5 Bureaus:
儀制司
The Bureau of
Ceremonies
－
Supervising court
and examination
ceremonies.
祠祭司
The Bureau of Sacrificial
Rites
－
Supervising state
sacrificial ceremonies
and funerals,
and compiling the calendar.
主客司
The Diplomatic
Bureau
－
Entertaining tribute-
bearers and supervising trade
with
dependencies.
精膳司
The Bureau of
Supply
－
Attending to
diplomatic banquets and purchasing
supplies to Board.
鑄印局
The Engraving
Bureau
－
Manufacturing
official seals.
兵部
The Board of
War
－
Supervising the military
establishment; conducting examinations
for military services; training the
armed forces; executing military policies;
comprising 4 Bureaus:
武選司
The Bureau of Military
Selection
－
Supervising the
appointment, promotion
職方司
車駕司
武庫司
and dismissal of military personnel.
The Bureau of
Discipline
－
Supervising the
investigation, award and
punishment of
military personnel.
The
Bureau of
Communications
－
Supervising
the supply of horses and
relay
communications.
The
Commissariat Bureau
－
Keeping
records of military personnel and
supervising the supply of uniforms and
munitions.
刑部
5. The Board of
Punishment
－
Serving as both a criminal court and a
civil court at the
Capital; enforcing
punishment inflicted on offenders; together with
the Censorate and
the Court of
Judicature & Revision formed the Three Supreme
Tribunals (
三司法
)
which jointly reviewed all cases
involving capital punishment. Board had 18
Bureaus,
one each for the 18 provinces
of China.
工部
6. The Board of Public
Works
－
Supervising the
construction/repair of dikes and
public
buildings; supplying materials for construction
purposes; furnishing
arms/munitions to
army and ships to navy; managing transportation;
minting coins;
determining weights and
measurements; comprising 4 Bureaus:
營繕司
The Bureau of
Construction
－
Attending to
the building of city walls,
palaces,
temples, government offices, warehouses and
barracks.
虞衡司
The Bureau of Weights and
Measures
－
Determining
standards of weights
and measurements,
and furnishing arms/munitions to army.
都水司
The Bureau of Rivers and
Canals
－
Supervising all
inland water routes.
repair
of Imperial tombs, the supply of fuels to
government offices and the
佐理部
activities
of labourers.
Coordinating
Offices
屯田司
The Bureau of Imperial
Tombs, Fuels and
Appointments
－
Supervising the