-
Chapter 6
Ⅰ
. Answer
Questions
Directions:
Answer
the
Questions
in
English
briefly, with
examples if necessary.
15
The passive
voice is widely used in our daily
life,
especially
in
technical
writing,
newspaperese
and
bureacratese.
Passive
sentence
usually
appears
very
wordy,
indirect,
but
we
cannot
be
misled
by
them.
By analysis, mostly
they are just impersonal
structure.
16
For
use
of
passive
structure,
there
are
four
agentive
reasons.
The
first
one
is
the
difficulties in
expressing the unknown agent.
For
example,
“
the
murderer
was
caught
yesterday,
and
it
is
said
that
he
will
be
hanged.”
The second one is the self
-evidence
of the agent from the context. The
third one
is
the
importance
of
the
receptor
over
the
agent
or
the
emphasis
on
the
receptor.
The
forth one is no need to express the
agent for
some special
factors
.
17
The
first
syntactic
consideration
is
to
make
sentences
coherent. The second one is to keep
sentences
in
balance
for
end
focus
and
end
weight.
For
example,
(1)
some
kinds
of
plastics
can
be
forced
through
machines
which
separate
them
into
long,
thin
strings,
called
“fibres”, and these
fibres can be made
into
cloth.
(2)
I
was
astounded
that
he
was
prepared to give me a job.
18
The
proper
use
of
the
passive
expressions
can
make
the
expressive
methods
flexible
and
avoid
the
static
sentence
patterns.
For
example, there are many
ways to make basic
English sentences.
19
Passive structure is regularly used in
mainly
four
text
genres:
technical
text,
news
text,
documental text and discursive text.
20
There
are
three
types:
expressive
text,
informative text and appellative text.
21
The
disadvantages
of
passive
structure
are
wordy,
indirect,
weak,
oracular,
mysterious
and impenetrable.
22
Because
most
of
the
passive
structures
in
Chinese
are
to
express
the
unpleasant
or
undesirable things. Except for the
limitation
of
meaning,
the
passive
structure
is
also
limited
by
form.
The
agent
must
be
expressed out in Chinese
passive voice.
23
To
avoid
passive
structure
in
Chinese
language, there are
four means. The first one
is the use of
receptor subject. The second one
is
the
adoption
of
non-subject
or
the
omission of
subject to keep the active for of
sentences.
The
third
one
is
the
adoption
of
genetic
person.
The
last
one
is
the
adoption
of some forms of transformation.
24
We can use
passive voice. For example,
“
the
glass
is
broken.”
We
can
also
use
generic
person
as
subject,
for
example,
“
it
is
said
that…”
Ⅱ
. Fill in the Blanks
Directions: Fill in the
blanks with the best answer
you have
found in the textbook.
25
施事、
句法，
修辞
文体
26
科技
、
新闻、
公文
论述
27
主动
被动
28
用“当然被动句
”
、
用无主
句或主语省略
句、用通称或泛称做主语
Ⅲ
.Translate between E/C
Languages
Directions:
Translate
the
Chinese/English
sentences
into
their
target
language.
Pay
attention to whether active or passive
voice
should
be
applied.
Try
to
make
your
translation brief.
29
Edgar
Snow
was
persecuted
for
his
sympathy to Red China.
30
They received
warm welcome.
31
His
suggestion
has
been
approved
by
government.
32
The country
was armed in a few days.
33
The hotel was ruined by the wild fire.
34
Natural
light
virtually
consists
of
various
colors.
35
The river is
controlled by the dam.
36
An agreement was reached in the end.
37
The machine
may as well be repaired before
the end
of the month.
38
碗打破了。
39
子四周都是树。
40
我们不进步就会被日新月异的世界淘汰。
41
有人拿走了我的眼镜。
42
全球核战争的危险已大大减少了。
43
有人累死了，有人忧死了，有人烦死了。
44
飞行员是在佛罗里达州训练的。
45
人们在路尽头发现了他的尸体。
46
电压不是这个开关控制的。
47
河北唐山发现了一个储量多达十
亿吨的新油
田。
48
没有能源，什么事都做不了。
49
有人问总统为什么会基于那些假
情报对伊拉
克发起进攻。
50
有人带他参观了营地附近的公园。
1
51
他在出访中国期间很荣幸受到了宴请。
52
必须指出，我方已经完全履行了
合同中关于
我方的义务。
53
燧石用于陶器制造。
54
她因为姐姐的错误受到了责备。
55
这班船驶向上海。
56
我怕被人笑话。
57
火箭广泛用于探索宇宙。
Chapter 7
Ⅰ
. Answer Questions
Directions:
Answer
the
Questions
in
English
briefly, with
examples if necessary.
58
It?s
possible
to
express
ideas
more
precisely
and
adequately
by
a
way
of
nouns.
Then,
usually our language becomes not only
more
abstract, but more abstruse.
59
This is because of the rigid
requirements on
S
—
V concordance,
which means a verb must
be accompanied
with an agent of the action.
And
this is
not
always
possible due
to
some
reasons
like unneccessity, un-accessibility, etc.
In
addition,
there
are
stylistic
necessity
and
coherence requirements.
60
It
mainly
refers
the
grammatical
process
of
forming
nouns
from
other
parts
of
speech,
usually
verbs
or
adjectives.
To
make
the
expression
more
concisely,
sentences
more
freely,
writing
more
naturally
and
also
to
express
some complicated contents easily are
its advantages in sentence arrangement.
61
It
makes
the
tendency
of
stative
more
obviously, makes sentences wordy, vague
and
lacking
of
lifeless.
e.g.
The
effect
of
the
overuse of nouns in
writing is the placing of
too
much
strain
upon
the
verbs
and
the
resultant
prevention
of
movement
of
the
thought.
62
Many
of
agentive
nouns
are
derived
from
verbs, which can be used as the agent,
while
they keep their original verbal
meaning. e.g.
a hard worker = someone
who works hard; a
bad sailor = someone
who often gets seasick,
etc.
63
The
advantage
is
to
make
the
structure
concisely,
express
easily,
combine
more
information
with
less
word.
The
disadvantage
is
making
sentences
vaguely,
ambiguously,
and
the
language
losing
livingness and
lacking of dynamic.
64
Generally
speaking,
there
are
two
ways
to
describe
action,
activity
or
change
of
state.
One
is
active,
with
the
use
of
predicative
verbs,
and
the
other
stative,
with
use
of
nouns,
adjectives,
prepositions,
and
adverbs
to
fulfill the requirement.
65
The
reasons
lie
in
that
Chinese
people
tend
to
unite the verb and its agent. So in Chinese
language
the
agent
of
an
action
can
be
omitted,
or
be
placed
with
indefinite
agent.
In
addition,
there
is
no
formal
change
in
Chinese words, so verbs can be often
used in
subject or other part of a
sentence.
66
In
translation between English and Chinese,
the
stative
expression
in
English
is
usually
translated
into
active
one
in
Chinese,
and
vice
versa.
This
involves
the
conversions
between
noun,
verb,
adjective,
adverb
and
preposition.
67
There
are
several
different
patterns
like:
AA;
A
一
A;
A
了
A;
A
了一
A; A
着
A
着
(A
了
A
了
);
AABB;
ABAB;
ABAC.
Besides
theses,
there
are
many
verbal
phrases
with
repetition and parallel
in Chinese, e.g.
惊天
动地、发号施令、离
乡背井、求同存异、深
入浅出、指控、辨析、搜捕
etc.
Ⅱ
. Fill in the Blanks
Directions: Fill in the
blanks with the best answer
you have
found in the textbook.
68
名词
动词（或形容词）
69
名词化是英语常见现象
用名词代替形容词
的名词连用现象
70
能力
体力
动力
权力
71
动词
72
someone who
works hard
73
英语多用名词，这种名词优势
Ⅲ
.Translate between E/C
Languages
Directions:
Translate
the
Chinese/English
sentences
into
their
target
language.
Pay
attention
to
the
conversion
of
part
of
speeches
between
verb,
noun,
preposition,
adjective
and
adver
.
Try
to
make
your
translation brief.
74
He denoted he
hope to visit China again
75
This
shows
what
he
mainly
concerns
is
political.
76
There
is
always
the
possibility
that
he
is
a
liar.
77
We have to
face the fact that there is gloomy
prospect.
78
According to John, my cousin, London
looks
most beautiful in this season.
79
我将你作为我尊敬的客人款待。
2
80
他误认王先生是他叔叔了。
81
我真的很生气。
82
请把盐递给我。
83
出于礼貌，他们表现得有点悲伤。
84
中国拒绝按预期上浮人名币汇率。
85
可是，我还活着的事实被忽视了。
86
一个小的电火花把最精心设计的
电路给烧掉
了，这种可能性总是有的。
Chapter 8
Ⅰ
. Answer Questions
Directions:
Answer
the
Questions
in
English
briefly, with
examples if necessary.
87
It?s
an
useful
sug
gestion
for
properly
using
noun at the expense of the verb
“
will”.
88
Because
abstract mind is seen as one kind of
superior mind and a mark of civilized
man,
abstract expressions? meaning is
vague and it
is convenient for the
writer to cover up their
cloudy
o
r
real
thinking.
What?s
more,
there
are
plenty of grammaticalized approaches in
English.
Therefore
abstract
expressions
are
widely used in English
language.
89
One of the grammatical reasons for
abstract
expressions
in
English
language
is
its
rich
methods
in
word-
formation.
English
nouns,
verbs, adjectives,, concrete, are often
affixed
with
prefixes
like
pan-,
inter-,
and
suffixes
like ation, -y,
-ness, ment, etc.
90
Affixation
is
a
useful
way
to
form
abstract
words.
English
nouns,
verbs,
adjectives,,
concrete, are
often affixed with prefixes like
pan-,
inter-, and suffixes like ation, -y, -ness,
ment, etc.
91
It
refers
to
a
word
having
two
or
more
closely
related
meanings,
e.g.
The
word
power
means
能力、体力、动力、权力、势
力、电力、强国、有权力的人、有影响的机
构，
etc.
92
Because
words
tends
to
be
concrete
in
Chinese.
We
usually
express
some
false
conception
by
means
of
actual
situation
as
well
as
some
abstract
contents
by
concrete
image.
93
There
are
four
approaches:
a)
to
replace
abstract
noun
by
verb;
b)
to
concrete
abstract expression by category words;
c) to
explain abstract meaning by
concrete words;
d)
to
make
abstract
sense
concretion
by
figuration.
94
Mixed
diction,
that
is
a
mixture
of
long
abstract
Latin
words
with
short
Anglo-Saxon words, can
avoid abusive use of
abstract words.
95
Abstract mind
is seen as one kind of superior
mind
and
a
mark
of
civilized
man,
and
abstract expressions?
meaning is vague and it
is convenient
for the writer to cover up their
cloudy
or real thinking.
96
For
example,
the
word
“nation”
can
be
affixed
as
national,
then
international,
then
internationalize,
then
internationalization.
And
access
would
have
accessible,
inaccessible,
inaccessibility.
Ⅱ
. Fill in the Blanks
Directions: Fill in the
blanks with the best answer
you have
found in the textbook.
97
大量使用抽象名词
98
头巾
车篷
戴头罩
强盗
99
一词多义
一次多用
100
实
虚
101
用动词取代抽象名词
用范畴词使抽象概念
具体化
用具体的词语阐释抽象的词义
用形
象性词语使抽象意义具体化
Ⅲ
.Translate between E/C
Languages
Directions:
Translate
the
Chinese/English
sentences
into
their
target
language.
Pay
attention
to
the
use
of
certain
functional
words
for
signification
of
actions
and
the
ascertainment of word
meaning in terms of
polysemy.
Try
to
make
your
translation
brief.
102
I will go
home for lunch.
103
I didn?t come for money.
104
The
audience
heated
applause
invited
the
star coming out.
105
The
next
morning,
she
came
back
carrying
with several books
underarm.
106
We
should
begin
to
protect
our
own
legal
rights.
107
With smiling,
“ a little bit ” Zhou Enlai said,
while
giving a sign by forefinger and thumb.
108
She cried
bitterly, e
mbracing her daughter?s
head.
109
医生那时正在做手术。
110
这家工厂已经开工几个月了。
111
这些人正在进行黑市交易。
112
药效持续了两小时。
113
在这个机床上可用特殊的加工。
114
那场军事演习是用来测试新武器的。
115
我们已经学了加减乘除了。
116
他们自己经营这个商店。
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