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Rhetorical options
*<
/p>
1
、
What is
rhetoric?( Definitions of rhetoric)
the
art or science of communication in words; this art
or science practiced or taught as
a
formal discipline, esp. the doctrine formulated by
Aristotle and taught throughout
the
Middle
ages;
overornate
or
ostentatious
language.
(Longman
Modern
English
Dictionary)
2
、
What’s the
purpose of rhetoric?
（两种说法）
①
The prevailing view about
the purpose of rhetoric is to express oneself well
and to
communicate effectively in
order to
secure a desired
result by employing rhetorical
means
efficiently.
②
“to enlighten
the understanding , to please the imagination, to
move the passion ,or
to influence the
will.”
“
促进理解、引起想象、调动感情、或者说影响人们的意志
”
(18
世纪苏格兰修辞学家
Georg
e Campbell
）
*
3
、
What is
discussed in
rhetoric?
（
contents of
rhetorical
）
Rhetoric
is
composed
of
theoretical
rhetoric
and
practical
rhetoric.
Theoretical
rhetoric deals with the theoretical
problem of rhetoric, while practical rhetoric
helps
us improve our ability to use the
English language effectively.
rhetoric
covers all the elements of oral and written
things, including structure, diction.
Rhythm, tone, style, and anything
related to the effective use of language.
4
、
The
Highest Principles of Rhetoric
the
highest principle of rhetoric is to adapt to
specific situation, that is,
“
adaptability
”
or
“
appropriatene
ss
”
.
Sentence
（
syntactic
device
）
1
、
What is
sentence
？
A
sentence
is
a
group
of
words
which
expresses
a
complete
thought.
Generally,
an
effective
sentence
must
possess
five
essential
qualities:
correctness,
clearness,
unity,
coherence
and
emphasis.(
正确、
清楚、统一、连贯、强调）
2
、句子的组成
A sentence must contain a subject and a
verb (although one may be implied).
①
words
②
correct grammar
③
meaning
3
、句子的分类
Sentences may be classified according
to Grammar or Rhetoric as to meaning and as to
form:
Grammatical
Classification of Sentences
I. As to meaning:
II.
As to Form:
1.
Declarative Sentence
1.
Simple Sentence
2.
Interrogative Sentence
2. Compound
Sentence
（并列）
3.
Imperative Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
（复合）
4. Exclamatory
Sentence
4. Compound
–
Complex Sentence
Rhetorical Classification
of Sentences
III. As to Arrangement
1.
Periodic Sentence
（圆周句）
left-
branching sentence
2. Loose
Sentence
（松散句）
right-branching
sentence
3. Balanced Sentence
4
、
The short and
long sentence
①
Short
sentences, on the whole, are characterized by
their brevity, quick tempo and force. The
short sentence is relatively simple in
form, clear in grammatical relation, and terse and
forceful in
style.
②
Long
sentence
is
relatively
complex
in
form,
fully
expressive
in
capacity,
and
often
used
in
formal
style
to
show
one
’
s
complicated
mentality
or
various
kinds
of
relationship
of
different
things.
5
、
the
simple
，
compound and complex
sentence
①
A Simple sentence
has only one clause to make a statement, and so it
is good for directness and
clearness.
②
The Compound Sentence
consists of two or more independent clauses which
are of equal status,
that is, the
clauses are paratactic (parallel; coordinate) in
relationship.
③
The
complex
sentence
makes
clear
the
logical
relationship
between
events
or
ideas
through
subordination. Subordinate clauses are
named according to their functions.
Left-branching
sentence(periodic sentence)
：
*
6
、
the
branching sentences
Right-branching
sentence
（
loose
sentence
）：
Left-
branching sentence(periodic
sentence)
：
the periodic
sentence has its main idea at the end of
the tive or qualifying information are
placed before the main clause or assertion.
Right-branching
sentence
（
loose
sentence
）：
in a loose
sentence, the main idea is put at the
beginning of the sentence,and
supportive or qualifying information comes from
it.
*
7
、
Balanced
sentence
：
When a sentence
contains tow parallel clauses similar in structure
but
contrasted in meaning,it is
balanced main ideas are often presented in
parallel
phrases or clauses.
⑴
Parallelism
排比：
t
he main function of parallelism is to add clarity
and coherence to what one
wishes to
communicate
。
⑵
Antithesis
对比：
antithe
sis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting
words or ideas in
balanced structural
forms to achieve force and
emphasis
。
⑶
Chiasmus
回文
and
antimetabole
交叉：
chiasmus is a
device that consists of two balanced
statements
，
the second of which reverses the order
of the words in the
first
，
with or without a
repetition of
words
。
For
example
：①
we eat for
live
，
not live for
eat
。（
here the key words in
the first statement are
repeated
，
and
reversed in order in the
second
。
This is called
antimetabole
。）
②
he was an angle on the
surface
，
but at heart a
knave
。（
here there is no
repetition of words;but
the position of
the nouns and adverbials are reversed. This is
called chiasmus.
）
⑷
climax(
渐进
)
：
it is extremely effective in
stirring up feelings and
emotions
，
or in driving home
a point
。
⑸
anti-climax or
bathos
（突降或渐降）：
is a device
that involves stating one
‘
s
thoughts in a
descending order of
significance or
intensity
，
from strong to
weak
，
from weight to light or
frivolous
。
It is
often used to ridicule or
satirize
。
*
9
、
syntactic schemes of
inversion
（句子的倒装）：
分为
grammatical
inv
ersion
（语法倒装）和
rhetorical
inversion
（修辞倒装）；一个倒装句能
倒回到正常的顺序是修辞倒装，不能倒回的是语法倒装。
The inversion is not a factor of
correctness, but effectiveness of that sentence.
Function of emphasis,
vividness, balance, close connection and
compactness and rhyming
verse
。
10
、
the function
of sentence
：
The four basic
sentence functions in the world's languages
include
the declarative, interrogative,
exclamative, and the imperative.
Lexical
device
（
word
词）
1
、
the meaning of
word
：
两种
Associative meaning and
conceptual meaning
。
或者七种
conceptual
meaning
，
connotative
meaning
，
social
meaning
，
effective
meaning
，
reflective
meaning
，
collocating
meaning
，
thematic
meaning
。
2
、词的分类
①
three layers of
words
：
The learned, the
common and the colloquial.
②
Four
types
of
vocabulary
：
Reading
vocabulary
，<
/p>
listening
vocabulary
，
writing
vocabulary
，
speaking
vocabulary
。
③
short words and long
words; common words or learned words; formal,
informal or colloquial
words; general
or specific words; concrete or abstract words;
referential or emotive
words(
意义词
或情感词）
.
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