海上风电场海水养殖一体化

。

However,

different

actors’

relative

power

to

bring

about

system

change

must

be

considered

in

investigating

plausible

future

organisational

structures.

This

also

includes decisive legislative bodies that determine the specific constitutional rules to

be used in crafting the set of collective-choice rules for multiple-use settings.

然而，< /p>

必须考虑不同的角色实现这个模式的相对力量在未来组织结构调查的真实

< br>度。这也包括决定特殊规则的立法机构去执行为多样的使用集中选择规则。

3. Results

3.

业绩

The stakeholder analysis revealed that there are different types of actors involved in

the

offshore

realm

as

in

contrast

to

nearshore

areas.

Different

types

of

conflicts,

limitations and potential alliances surface. These root in

the essential differences

in

the

origin,

context

and

dynamics

of

nearshore-

versus

offshore

resource

uses.

For

instance,

the

nearshore

areas

in

Germany

have

been

subject

to

a

long

history

of

traditional

uses

through

heterogeneous

stakeholder

groups

of

the

local

to

national

levels

(e.g.

local fisheries

communities,

tourism

industry,

port

developers,

military,

etc.),

in

which

traditional

user

patterns

emerged

over

a

long

time

frame.

In

contrast,

the

offshore

areas

have

only

recently

experienced

conflict.

This

can

be

attributed

to

the

relatively

recent

technological advancements in shipping and platform technology, both of which have

been driven by capital-strong stakeholders that operate internationally.

利益相关者分析表明，

相比近岸地区，

有不同类型的角色参与到了近海地区。

不

同类型的冲突，

限制和潜在的盟友表面。

相比近海地区资源利用，

这些来源于初

始，

背景和动态近岸的本质区别。

例如，

德 国的近岸地区就有着的使用多种多样

的从本地至国家水平的利益相关者团队

（例如本地渔业团体、

旅游业、

港口开发、

军事等等）

的悠久历史传统，

在很长一段时间内 出现了传统的用户模式。

相比之

下，

近 海地区仅最近经历了冲突。

这是由于相对较近的在航运和平台技术中的技

术进步导致的，两者均带动了资本强大的利益相关者的国际化经营。

Whereas

there

is

a

well-established

organisational

structure

present

among

the

stakeholders

in

the

nearshore

areas

in

terms

of

social

capital

and

trust,

as

well

as

tested modes of conduct and social networks, these are lacking in the offshore area.

Indeed for the latter, a high political representation by stakeholders is observed, that

possess

some

degree

of

“client”

mentality

towards

decision

-makers

in

the

offshore

realm.

These

fundamental

differences

between

the

stakeholders

in

nearshore

and

offshore

waters

make

a

streamlined

approach

to

multiple

use

management

very

difficult. However, when addressing the identified offshore stakeholders, most of the

interviewees were generally interested in this specific type of multiple-use setting and

vitalized the conversation around the guiding questions with their own comments and

ideas.

就社会资本和信任来说，目前在近岸地区的利益 相关者之间有完善的组织结构、

测试行为模式以及社交网络。这些在近海区域都是缺乏的 。的确对于后者来说，

利益相关者被发现拥有较高的政治代表性，

即相对近岸地区的决策者来说具有某

种程度的

“

客户

”

心态。

这些在近岸和 近海海域利益相关者的基本区别使得一个简

化的方法多次使用管理变得非常困难。

然而，

在解决近岸利益相关者确定时，

大

部分的受访者普遍对这种多种用途设置的特定类型和富有活力的围绕自己的意

见和想法的指导问题谈话感兴趣。

Concurrently with judging ‘wind farm –

mariculture integration’ as an idea worthy to

consider,

interviewees

mentioned

several

framework

requirements

for

initiating

and

effectively pursuing cross-sectoral offshore operation and organisation. Not only had

certain preconditions to be fulfilled, for example the need to clarify the working tasks

and

siting

of

aquaculture

installations

in

the

forehand,

but

also

overall

regulatory

conditions, e.g. determination of working rules, allocation of responsibilities, as well

as commercial arrangements or actuarial regulations (Figure 1). The issue of sharing

responsibilities

in

the

context

of

everyday

organisation

and

questions

of

ownership

were especially stressed. In the following, we discuss the organisational structures of

such multiple-use setting from an organisational perspective in more detail.

同时，

判断

“

风电场

—

海水养殖一体化

”

也是一个 值得考虑的问题。

受访者提到了

发起并有效落实几个跨部门的海 上作业和组织的框架要求。

不仅有一定的先决条

件需要达成，< /p>

例如需要明确工作任务和水产养殖设施的选址，

也需要满足整体监

管环境，例如测定工作规则，责任分配以及商业安排或精算规定（图

1

）

。特别

强调的是在日常组织中 责任分担和所有权问题。

接下来，

我们将从组织的角度更

详细地讨论多用途设置的组织结构。

4. Discussion

4.

讨论

The

results

of

this

stakeholder

survey

can

help

us

to

differentiate

the

likelihood

of

various

mariculture-wind

farm

integration

scenarios

going

forward,

specifically

regarding the various forms of ownership and management such a venture might take.

The attitudes and perceptions of these groups prior to implementation are informed by

their

views

on

the

possible

synergies

in

production

and

organisational

structure.

Framing

the

results

of

the

surveying

and

other

contextual

information

in

the

well-developed

literature

of

inter-firm

organisation

and

cooperation

will

provide

a

basis for understanding the potential of this concept.

相关利益者调查的结果可以帮助我们区分不同的海 水养殖—风场集成化向前迈

进成为可能，

特别是关于相关产业所 有者和企业需承担的风险。

这些组织的态度

和观点首先使得他们 有这样的意识以便在生产和组织机构中产生协同效应。

在发

达有 力的舆论组织和企业调查的与背景信息的结果框架下将会为理解这个潜在

的概念提供一个 基础。

风电场

初始条件

贻贝场地

工作任务说明

风险评估

场址的选择

风电场

监管条件

贻贝场地

法律协议

市场进入管制

责任分配

测定工作规则

所有权协议

商业安排

补偿手段

转租协议

计算规定

银行担保和保险

保护和安全概念

风电场

政府的角色

贻贝场地

财政支援

法律发展

特许（权）

建议和惯例

Fig. 1. Framework requirements for managing

‘

wind farm

–

mariculture integration

’

(modified after Michler-Cieluch and Krause, 2008).

图表

1

：生物场地和风电场之间的转化框图

The study of the formation of inter- firm organisations for the purpose of a mutually

beneficial project or venture has roots in many research fields, with theories ranging

from

sociology,

economics,

psychology,

business,

and

population

ecology,

amongst

others (Osborn and Hagedoorn, 1997). The approach and methodology varies widely

between

these

fields.

Oliver

Williamson

has

pioneered

one

economic

approach,

couching

the

study

of

governance

and

alliances

in

terms

of

transactions

costs;

see

Williamson (1996) for a complete treatment. A related, but divergent approach is the

work

of

Mark

Granovetter,

who

tak

es

the

sociological

concept

of

“social

embeddedness”

and

uses

it

to

justify

the

motivations

and

outcomes

of

inter

-firm

cooperation;

see

Granovetter

(1985)

for

a

review.

The

following

analysis

will

incorporate, where possible, these related approaches and others to comprehensively

view the challenges and potential of this new idea for offshore co-production.

这种内部关系的研究源于许多研究领域

,

理论从社会学、经济学、心理学、商业

和种群生态学、或者 其它的

(

奥斯本和哈格杜恩

,1997 )

。该方法和理论之间差别

很大。奥利弗

·

威廉姆森开创了一个经济的方法

,

对于研究治理和联盟的交易成本

而言

,

看到威廉姆森

(1996)

为一个完整的方案。

一个相关的

,

但不同的工作方法

,

马

克

Granovetter

的社会学概念“社会根植性

”,

并使用它来 证明企业合作的动机和

结果

,

看

Granovetter(1985)

审查。下面的分析将会融合

,

在可能的情况下

,

这些相

关的方法和其他人全面竞争的方法可能会融合的来解决问题。

< br>

4.1 Antecedent variables

4.1

前期变量

There are many literature reviews that attempt to identify the basic elements necessary

to

conduct

comparative

research

into

inter-firm

organisational

structures

and

processes

(Grandori

&

Soda,

1995;

Osborn

and

Hagedoorn,

1997).

Following

Grandori and Soda’s (1997) framework, the discussion will first identify the motives

for cooperation between mariculturists and wind farmers and then look at some likely

scenarios that may evolve for cooperation.

有许多 文学评论

,

试图确定必要的基本元素进行比较研究生物内部的结 构和关系

(Grandori &

苏打

,1995;

奥斯本和哈格杜恩

,1997)

< br>。

以下

（

Grandori

和苏打水

1997)

的框架

,

讨论将首先确定风电场和生物群落合作的动机。

4.1.1 Production

4.1.1

成果

A

first

motivation

compelling

these

groups

to

consider

a

cooperative

venture

is

the

cost

savings

that

may

be

available

through

production

complementarities.

Offshore

construction and operation is more expensive than nearshore or onshore facilities for

both

industries,

due

primarily

to

large

transportation

costs

and

variables

associated

with

the

unpredictable

and

high-energy

environment

of

the

North

Sea.

Available

working

days

per

year

may

only

be

as

much

as

100

in

the

German

North

Sea

(Michler-Cieluch et al., 2009a). It is of mutual interest of both groups to reduce their

potential operating costs by collaborating in this difficult environment.

第一个引人注目的动机是，这些团体考虑的合作风险是节约成 本

,

这可能可以通

过生产互补。海上施 工和运营成本远大于近岸或陆上设施

,

主要是由于北海大型

运输成本、不确定因素和高耗能环境。在德国北海每年工作日只能多达

100

天

(Michler-Cieluch

et

al

。

,2009)

。在这种困难环境减少潜在的操作成本是两组的

共 同感兴趣的。

As outlined by responses in the survey, logistical cooperation is of joint interest. The

ability to coordinate personnel movement to make joint use of transportation capital is

a

potential

cost-saving

avenue

for

either

firm.

In

an

offshore

setting

there

could

be

significant potential for economies of scale in transport. Marginal increases in vessel

capacity (boat or helicopter) could provide for reduced joint transportation costs, if an

equitable agreement could be made for funding that capacity expansion.

< /p>

概述的调查问卷显示

,

物流合作是共同利 益的。共同使用交通工具是一个节省成

本的途径。在一个近海设置可以增加那里的运输经 济。增加容器容量

(

船或直升

机

)

可以降低运输成本

,

如果一个公平的协议可以扩大收益。

It

is

worth

noting

that

the

operations

and

maintenance

schedule

of

both

offshore

facilities will need to be highly coordinated internally, dictated by servicing schedules

and

operational

tasks

unique

to

each

facility.

Interlacing

these

schedules

and

any

jointly

used

assets

would

however

likely

raise

the

costs

of

coordination,

partly

offsetting any gains made through complementary logistical planning.

值得注意的是

,

操作和维修计划的需要陆地上设施和计划的高度协调。交错的计

划可能会增加协调成 本，部分需要后勤补充计划。

There

exists

potential

for

other

complementarities

that

may

reduce

costs

for

both

firms

in

an

integrated

mariculture-wind

farm

facility

and

provide

a

motive

for

coordination: . Interaction atthe initial stages of planning and throughout the operating

lifetime

of

the

facility

may

possibly

shorten

the

duration

of

the

adaptive

learning

process

that

occurs

in

many

businesses

employing

new

technology

or

methods

(Inkpen 2008; Nielsen 2010). The experience each group brings to the venture may

provide a two-way information transfer

存在潜在的可以减少成本的其他互补性

,

两家公司在一个集成的海水养殖风电

场设施内可以机动协调：

在初始阶段的交互规划和整个操作设施的生命周期可能

在许多企业采用新技术或方法时 缩短自适应学习过程的持续时间

(Inkpen 2008;

尼尔森

2010)

。每组的经验带来的 风险可能会提供一个双向信息传递。

From Turbine to Wind Farms - Technical Requirements and Spin-Off Products

208

that may improve each firm’s technical efficiency of production. These economies of

experience

and

shared

experience

effects

may

lower

the

average

cost

of

production

for each firm over time at a faster rate than if operating alone (Henderson, 1974).

那可能会提高每个公司产品的技术效率。以这种方式会提高每个公司的经济效

< br>益。

The current

regulatory framework in

countries on the North

Sea makes

few, if any,

allowances for simultaneous economic use of the ocean area allotted for wind energy

production.

However,

a

strong

momentum

exists

on

the

EU

level

to

implement

multiple concurrent uses of ocean space within the new Marine Strategy Framework

Directive.

In the event that these laws permit

such activity in

the future, there may

exist

an

opportunity

to

reduce

costs

related

to

bureaucratic

requirements

and

payments. For instance, if a given area was required to be leased from the government,

the two firms may be able to split the cost of leasing. Similar logic applies to splitting

the cost of preconstruction environmental studies and perhaps even engineering and

other preconstruction plans. Cost savings may be offset by the extent to which these

projects become more costly by including an expanded suite of activities. .

北海现有的相关法律很 少，若有的话，海上风电的经济利用将会实现。然而，在

EU

水 平上将会出现一个新的海洋战略框架指令。万一这项法律在未来允许这样

的合作的话，< /p>

可以减少刚性需求及花费。

例如，

如果一 个被给的区域要求向政府

租用，

两个公司可以共同分担租用成本 。

同样的理论可以用到环境的研究、

工程

建设和其他预先分配计划。也许可以通过扩大的合作来节省更多的花费。

Current

regulations

in

some North

Sea countries also

require insurance

for offshore

wind

farms

(Baugh,

2009).

Dependent

on

the

structure

of

the

inter-firm

agreement

and the extent of the policy coverage, there may be an opportunity to hedge risk and

lower

insurance

premiums

versus

operating

independently

at

different

sites.

The

extent to which this is possible is, in one way, determined by the economic viability of

a joint operation and its associated organizational structure in the first place. As this is

the focus of this paper and concurrent research on the economic feasibility of a joint

mariculture-wind farm facility (Griffin and Krause, 2010), a more rigorous treatment

of insurance is beyond the scope of this chapter.

一些北海 的国家的现行法律也需要对海上风电提供保护。

依靠交互的协议结构和

< br>政策的覆盖范围，

可能会规避风险和降低在不同地区独立运行的保险费用。

在某

种程度上这可能是，

从某种意义上讲，< /p>

决定于联合经营的经济可行性和起初相关

的组织结构。