(完整版)2019年高考英语阅读理解猜测词意

2021年2月9日发(作者：yipin)

2019

年高考英语阅读理解猜测词意

高考英语阅读理解猜测词意（词义）解题策略

浏阳五中高三备课组

在词义猜测题中 ，

所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，

要根据短文提 供的语境，

通过阅读

上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不 熟悉的词或词组的含义。

定义或者同义解释：

作者常常通过给 某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，

尤其在一些科普类、

社科 类及与专业内容相关

的文章中，定义解释作者所用词的准确含义。

下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如

i.e., is, are, is/are

called, mean, refer to, known as

等等。利用同义解释猜词

同义解 释形式多样，有的利用下定义，有的利用

or

，

that is(to say)

，

in other words

，

namely

等引出

后面的解释，有的利用破折号、同位语

(

从 句

)

、定语从句或同义词、近义词等引出后面的解释。

1)

Anthropology

is the scientific study of man.

2)It will be very hard but very

brittle

— that is, it will break easily.

3). This was a very domesticated bird that needed help or it would not survive.

A.

Having been abandoned

B.

Having been used to home life

C.

Having been used to life in the wild

D.

Having been weak and hungry

4). He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give it up easily.

5). She is bilingual. In other words, she speaks English and French equally well.

6). Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.

7). The schools are reluctant to take time off——even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game

had trouble getting the day off.

?

The underlined word “reluctant” may probably mean_______.

A.

kind

B. unwilling

C. free

D. careless

同义词（近义词

）在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使

用意思相同或相近的词。

因此，

考生只要读懂 上下文，

知道其中一个词的意思，

就能猜出另外一个词

的意思。并列关系

(

同义关系）提示词：

and, also, as … as, the same as

利用语境及前后的提示来猜测

词义

。

例如：

I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips- of those, 51 have

been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells

（干细胞）

in my little box because I've got two ice packs and

that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(

捐献者

) to the time

they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.

题目

.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1?

A. provider

B. delivery man

C. collector

D. medical doctor

9). Mr. White loves to talk; his wife is also as loquacious as him.

10). Mark Twain was not the author’s real name; it was a pseudonym.

11). The new tax law supersedes, or replaces,

the law that was in effect last year.

12). If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”.

13). Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also

regard drinking as harmful.

利用构词法猜词

1

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2019

年高考英语阅读理解猜测词意

英语中有大量的单词是通过合成或加前后缀构成的，

运用构词法 判断生词的意义是一种快速有效的解

题方法。根据构词法猜测词义英语中的许多词汇，特 别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。

因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义 。

(1) Overwork may cause diseases.

(2) There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.

合成词

For them, playing well and winning are often

life-and-death

affairs.

Down-to- earth

spirit is a necessity. Sharp words from a teacher can usually bring a day- dreaming student

down-to- earth.

Her name was Rachel, and I mooned my way through the grade and high school, stricken at the mere sight of

her,

tongue-tied

in her presence. …At any rate, my love for Rachel remained without result. We graduated

from high school, she went on to college, and I joined the Army.

I was sent

overseas

during the war. For a

time we wrote, and her letters were the

highlight

of those terrible endless years.

词性转换（解释意思）

He is a man with broad

shoulders.

We will

shoulder

the responsibilities at any time.

Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.

(trouble

词性与意义？

)

[

真题演练

] A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness ,or worry.

利用语境及逻辑关系猜词

利用上下文 语境和前后句之间的并列、因果、转折、对比、解释、定义和举例等关系来猜测词义。同

时要特别留心某些词语，如

or

，

th at is

，

in other words

< br>，

including

，

alt hough

，

but

，

even if

，

on the other

hand

，

on the contrary

，

other than

，

rather than

，

more than

，

instead of

等。

(1)

重述

作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，

通常会使用常用、< /p>

简明的词或词组对其进行解释，

这

就是重 述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开

(

有时也使用破折 号、冒号、分号或括号

)

或用信

号词引 导。常见的信号词有：

or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in

another way

等等。

[

典例

]

In the library, I found my way into the“Children's Room.” I sat down on the floor and pulled a few

books off the shelf at random. The cover of a book caught my eye. It presented a picture of a beagle. I had

recently had a beagle, the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.

(2)

< p>
举例：

作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，

帮助读者理解该词的词义。

举例常用的信号

词有：

< p>
such as, such ...as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially

等。

[

典例

] Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like

anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.

1). Tom must be very affluent. He wears expensive clothes and jewelry, drives a Rolls-Royce convertible, and

owns a $$1,750,000 house in London.

2). You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, English Learning, or Reader’s Digest.

< /p>

(3)

对比转折法：根据反义词或对比关系猜测词义。

< p>
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思

相反的两个词或句子，

这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。

表示对比或反义的信号词

/

词组常见的有：

(whether)

．

..or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on

the contrary, on the other hand

，

but,

however, although , though< /p>

，

while(

然而

),

rather than, instead

of

等标志词。

[

典例

]

If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an

upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track.

2

/

9

2019

年高考英语阅读理解猜测词意

73

．

The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”.

A

．

cheerful

B

．

average

C

．

serious

D

．

tem porary

1.

He had been getting better, However, during the night his condition deteriorated.

2.

A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth

Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.

3.

Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.

4.

Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends.

5.

She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.

6.

Time is something from which we can’t escape. Even if we ignore it, it’s still going by, ticking away,

second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who’s

in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy.

Or

we can take control of it and make it

our ally.

The underlined word “ally” most likely means somebody or something that is ______.

A. your slave and serves you

B. your supporter and helps you

B. under your control and obeys you

D. under your influence and follows you

（

4

）因果关系法：根据前后句因果关系猜测词义。

Signal words: because

，

since ,so, such…that, so…that, for, ect.

I could see nothing because the light was too

faint

.

I feel that since you are my superior

（上司）

，

it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”

The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to “

” .

A

．

full of respect

B

．

rude and too confident

C

．

lacking in experience

D

．

too shy and quiet

1). The collision of the two cars caused a lot of damage to both.

a). side-by-side

b). striking

c). acting

2). My dog is hostile to strangers and therefore will bark at you and may bite you until he gets to know you.

a). friendly

b). kind

c). unfriendly

3). The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow

。

4) . That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.

5). The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent.

So the

player could never play the sport again.

6

）

Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in,

so

you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife

exists.

What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” probably mean?

A. Keep everything out of campgrounds.

B. Take away everything you bring in.

C. Carry all the necessary food.

D. Look after your personal belongings.

[

典例

] There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for

eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it's a

pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.

30

．

What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?

3

/

9

2019

年高考英语阅读理解猜测词意

A

．

A practical idea.

B

．

A vain hope.

C

．

A brilliant plan.

D

．

A selfish desire.

[

典例

] This

of

course

created

a

new

problem:

dirt

practically

buried

the

first

floors

of

every

building

in

Chicago.

Building

owners

were

faced

with

a

choice:

either

change

the

first

floors

of

their

buildings

into

basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level.

Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily.

63

．

The underlined word “hoist” in Paragraph 4 means “________”

．

A

．

change

B

．

lift

C

．

repair

D

．

decorate

根据语法知识猜测词义

在英语 句子中，

同位语或同位语从句、定语从句

等都起着解释说明、补 充或限定的作用，因此也能提

供猜测词义的线索。

[

典例

] Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great

civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies, one very

powerful man ruling over helpless masses.

65

．

What does the underlined word“tyrannies”in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A

．

Countries where their people need help.

B

．

Powerful states with higher civilization.

C

．

Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.

D

．

Governments ruled with absolute power.

根据生活常识断定

生活常识经验：根 据自身的直接或间接的经验，运用自己已有的常识

,

以及英美 国家的风俗习惯、

宗教信仰、社会生活等将生词推测出来。

1). Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots(

嫩芽）

, or young leaves of trees.

The word “pruning” means______

A. Regular cutting of the plants

B. Frequent watering

C. Regular use of chemicals

D. Growing the plants high in the mountain

2). Husband

：

It’s really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are almost numb. How about lighting the

fireplace?

a). dying

b). frozen

c). hurt

3). The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line.

But some materials slow and scatter (

散射

) light

，

bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light

，

stopping it

dead

in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects

around it

，

so you can see it easily.

The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means ________

．

A

．

silently

B

．

gradually

C

．

regularly

D

．

completely

4).

My color television has given me nothing but a headache. I was able to buy it a little over a year ago

because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit. I let a

salesclerk

fool

me

into

buying

a

discontinued

model.

I

realized

this

a

day

later

，

when

I

saw

newspaper

advertisements for the set at seventy five dollars less than I had paid. The set worked so beautifully when I

first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night. Fortunately

，

I didn’t get any

channels showing all night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.

Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1?_______

A

．

ended all their programs

4

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