-
阅读微技能训练
2
—词义句义推断题
(1)
词义句义理解题是高考英语阅读理解中常见的题型，主要考查考生
依据特定语境对某一
单词、句子或句中某一部分的准确理解能力。同学们应通过本专题巩
固并加强训练通过构
词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及语境等确定词义
句义的技能。
◆设问特点：
1.
从原文中找单词，短语或句子设问。
2.
所问词或句与该词该句常见意思不同，不能望文生义。
3.
只有在具体的上下文中才可判断准确。
4.
该句语法结构较难分析。
5.
所考单词有的是生词，有的是旧词新意。
6.
正确选项的特征是放在原文中不仅句意合理，上下文也合理。
7.
错误选项或是字面意思，或是故意编造。
◆常考问题：
1
. The word … in paragraph …
refers to ______.
2
. The word “…” could be
replaced by ______.
3
. Which of the following
words can take the place of …?
4.
The meaning of “…” in
paragraph… is related to ______
.
5
. The underlined word “…”
means ______.
6. What do you
think the
underlined expression stands
for?
7.
The underlined
sentence in the … paragraph probably means that
_____.
8.
Which
of the following has the closest meaning
to…(paragraph…)?
9. By
saying
“…” in the firs
t
(second…) paragraph, the author
implies that
______.
10
. The last word in
Para…
can best be defined as ______.
◆
技巧点拨：
由于猜测词义题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等，因此
联系主
旨、
整合上下文信息
是解答这类题的<
/p>
关键
。
命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义
来麻痹考生，
同学们要特别注意
熟词生义
，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。
1.
推断词义要回到原句中分析。
2.
推断句义要看全段甚至全文。
3.
正确理解作者在全文中的情感态度对准确判断至关重要。
4.
不要受平时该词最常见意思的影响。
5.
推断句义应先搞清句型结构。
6.
正确答案不但应在该处合理，在全文中也应合理。
7.
熟记考试说明规定的构词法的前
缀和后缀用法，留神旧词新意。
8.
猜测词义句义的方法：英英释义，根据同位语，参照同义词或反义词，根据上下文
描写
，参考关联词、替代词和上下文。
◆
技巧操练：
（一）根据构词法判断词义
三种构词
法，即合成、转化、派生，是我们猜测词义需掌握的基本方法。
合成法
：通过构成合成词的每个单词的含义猜测和领会其含义；
1
转化法
：通过一个词的本意猜测出它转化后的意思，常见的是名词和动词、形容词和
动词以
及形容词和名词之间的相互转化；
派生法
：由一个词根加前缀（
prefix
）或后缀（
suffix
）构成词的方法称为派生法。
一般来
说，前缀改变词义，后缀改变词性。
【试一试】
1.
猜测下面合成词的词义：
(1)
underwear
(2)
editor-in-chief
(3)
well-
designed
(4)underdeveloped
(5)
mass-produced
(6)
serious-looking
(7)
time-saving
2.
转化法练习：
(1) The
road narrows gradually.
_______________
(2) To get there, they
had to journey over a desert. _______________
(3) She clocked
23.5 seconds
in the women’s 200
-meter finals.
___________;
__________
(4)
The dog nosed out a rat. _____________
3.
派生法练习
(1)
根据前缀猜测词义
?
Do you have any
strong opinion on co-
educational
or
single-sex schools?
划线词义为：
___________________
?
His anti-
slavery policy had set millions of black free and
his strength
and wisdom had guided the
nation through the war to peace and reunion.
“reunion” here means____
__.
A. coming back again
B. becoming one
again
C. meeting someone again
D. seeing someone again
(2)
结合前缀和后缀猜测词义
?
prehistoric
_____________
unthinkable______________
。
根据派生法猜测下列句子中划线词的含义。
1. Can you understand the inscription
on the tomb?
A. words written by
cutting into the surface B. names of famous
people
C. explanation
D. main idea
2.
A train is immobile when it _________.
A. speeds along
B.
doesn’t move
C. move silently
D.
goes backward
3. Because of the storm, the valley was
impassable.
A. not beautiful to look
at
B. not
easy to pass
C. full of water
D.
more beautiful
（二）根据语境判断词义
<
/p>
这是提高阅读速度和理解率必备的判断断词义的能力。语境可能是一个句子、几个句
子、甚至一个段落或通篇文章。我们可分别将其称为小语境、中语境和大语境。
1.
小语境
(1)
定义式
常用词有：
be, mean, be
considered, to be, be called, define, represent,
refer
to
等。
例
1
：Mark Twain was
not the author’s real name; it was a
pseudonym.
例
2
：
Mechanized
farming means the use of modern machinery on
farms.
(2)
例举式
常用词有：
for example, for
instance, such as, like
等。
例<
/p>
1
：
Newly-married
young people often spend some of their money on
appliances,
for
instance,
washing-machines, refrigerators and televisions.
例
2
：
Doct
ors suggest that everyone
should
exercise every
day,
especially those
2