-
2017
届新课标高考英语阅读理解猜测词意（词义）解题策略
高考考情分析解读：
词义猜测题是高考阅读理解题中的一种常见的题型。词义猜测可以是对一个单词
的意义
推断，也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也可以
是熟词新
义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。通过对近年新课标全国卷分析统计
来看，词义
猜测题一般有
1
－
2
< br>题。考查相对比较稳定，但难度略有增加，需要在复杂的
句式中通过上下文综合分
析才能得出答案。
在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义
往
往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常
识来
推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。
2016
年全国卷设问形式例子：
(1)What does the underlined word
―downside‖ in Paragraph 4 probably mean
？
(2016
年课标
全国卷Ⅱ
)
(2)What does the underline
phrase ―a pipe dream‖ in Paragraph 3 mean
？
(2016
年课标全国卷
Ⅲ
)
(3)What does the word
―contributions‖ in t
he last paragraph
refer to
？
(2015
年课标
全国卷Ⅰ
)
常见的命题形式有：
The
underlined word in the second paragraph means
―________‖
．
Which
of
the
following
words
is
closest
in
meaning
to
the
underlined
word
in
the
last
paragraph?
The underlined word ―________‖ in
Paragraph 2
can best be
replaced by ―________‖
．
What does the phrase ―________‖in
Paragraph 1 mean?
本学案结构：
单词或短语
意思猜测题
1 <
/p>
利用定义
definition
或同义解
释
重述
利用构词法
word-
building
举例
利用语境和逻辑关系
反义（同义第一部分已讲）
根据语法知识猜测
因果
根据常识
common
sense
判定
代词指代猜测题目
句子猜测句意题目
附：典故谚语知识储备
单词或短语意思猜测题
该题型着重考
查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从
―
已知
‖
得出
―
未知
‖
的过
程，
即利用上
下文的已知部分
(
尤其是该词或短语前后的句子
)
进行推理，
有时还需要依靠
常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及对某个生词或短语的含义的猜测、对某个熟词进
行
生义的猜测或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替等。
定义或者同义解释：
作者常常通过给
某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与
专业内容相关的文
章中，定义解释作者所用词的准确含义。下定义时，作者通常使用信
号词，如
i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as
等等。利用同义解释猜词
同义解释形式多样，
有的利用下定义，
有的利用
or
，
that is(to
say)
，
in other words
，
namely
等引出后面的解释，有的利用破折号、同位
语
(
从句
)
、
定语从句或同义词、近义词等引出
后面的解释。
1).
Anthropology
is the scientific study of man.
2).It will be very hard but very
brittle
—
that is , it will break
easily.
3). This was a very
domesticated bird that needed help or it would not
survive.
A.
Having been abandoned
B.
Having been
used to home life
C.
Having been used to life in the wild
D.
Having been
weak and hungry
4). He is a resolute
man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give it
up easily.
5). She is bilingual. In
other words, she speaks English and French equally
well.
6). Transparent animals let light
pass through their bodies the same way light
passes through a
window.
7).
The
schools
are
reluctant
to
take
time
off
——
even
teachers
with
tickets
for
the
2
England-
Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.
?
The underlined
word ―reluctant‖ may probably
mean_______.
A.
kind
B.
unwilling
C. free
D. careless
同义词（近义词
）
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中
，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思
相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读
懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外
一个词的意思。并列关系
(
同义关系）提示词：
and, also, as
…
as,
the same
as
利用语境及
前后的提示来猜测词义
。
例如
.
I am Peter
Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012,
I've done 89 trips- of those, 51
have
been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem
cells
（
干细胞）
in my
little box because I've got
two ice
packs and that's how long they last. In all, from
the time the stem cells are harvested
from a donor(
捐献者
)
to the time they can be implanted in the patient,
we‘ve got 72 hours at
most. So I am
always conscious of time.
题目
.Which of the following
can replace the underlined word ―courier‖ in
Paragraph1?
A.
provider
B. delivery man
C. collector
D.
medical doctor
9).Mr. White
loves to talk , his wife is also as loquacious as
him.
10).Mark Twain
was not the author
’
s real
name; it was a pseudonym.
11).The new tax law
supersedes, or replaces,
the law that was in effect last year.
12).If you agree, write
“
Yes
”
;
if you dissent, write
―
No
‖
.
13).Doctors believe that smoking
cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They
also
regard drinking as
harmful.
利用构词法猜词
英语中有大量的单词
是通过合成或加前后缀构成的，运用构词法判断生词的意义是一种
快速有效的解题方法。
根据构词法猜测词义英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词
大多是通过构词法生成的
。因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。
根据词根、前缀、后缀、复合、派生等猜测词义。
super-
inter-
mini-
micro-
-some
anti-
co-
post-
pre-
-ship
pro-
表示“往前”
progress
['pr
?
ugres]
n./v.
进步
promote
v.
增进，促进，提高
pre-
提前，领先
predict
vt.
预测
prevent
vt.
预防；妨碍
preview
n./v.
预览；预习
3
prevent
记：预先
pre
走掉（
-vent
，似
went
）
是预防
Timely repetition will prevent you from
forgetting words.
及时重复才能预防忘记单词。
timely
adv.
及时地
repetition
n.
重复
per
“每个，都，一直”
person
n.
人
percent
n.
百分比
persist
v.
坚持
persuade [p
?
'sweid]vt.
说服，劝服
记：一直（
per
< br>）碎碎（
sua
）念就
可以说服
re-
表示“再次，重复，往回，
”
repeat
n./v.
重复
rewrite
v.
重写，改写
recall
v.
回想，记起；召回
recover
v.
重新获得，恢复
report
n./v
报告
表示“往上”的前缀
up-
和
in-
“向下”的前缀
de
grade
n.
等级，级别，成绩
upgrade
___________
degrade ______________
increase
n./v
上升
增加
decrease
n./v
减少，减小
in-
< br>除了表示“往上”
，
更重要的意思是“往里”
。
和它音近的
im-
，
en-
，
em-
都是“往里”的含义
inside
a.
里面的
import
vt.
进口
记：
p
ort
港口，进到（
im-
）港口来，
叫进口
invite
v.
邀请
ink
n.
墨水
in-
是“往里”
，
那想想“往外”怎
么说？
往外
ex-
，
e-
export
v./n
出口
expand
v.
扩张
exit
v.
出口
['eksit]
experience
n.
经历，经验
vt.
体会
explain
v.
解释
exhibit
v.
展览
[ig'zibit; eg-]
表示否定的前缀：
un-
unfair,unhappy
non-nonsmoker
(
常用在
n. adj. adv.
前
)
in-inactive,
inhuman, indirect
(
常用在
adj.)
dis-disagree,disappear
im-
impolite,impossible
(
用在
b,p,m
开头的词前
)
il-illegal
ir-irreal, irregular
(B).
表示错误或失当的前缀
:
mis-misjudge,
misdirect(
误导
)
4
(C).
表示向背的前缀
:
pro-(
亲，支持
)
pro-Chinese, pro-American
anti-
（阻止，抗）
antiwar, anti-Japanese war
(D).
表示程度、大小的前缀
super-
superstar,supermarket,
superman,
superpower
over-
overhead, overeat, overuse
mini-
minibus, miniskirt, mini-car
under-
underground, underestimate
semi-(
半，部分
)
semicircle, semiskilled,
(E).
表示时间的前缀
pre-
prewar
post-
postwar
fore-(
前，预先
)
foretell,
forecast, foresee,
weather forecast
(F).
表示方位的前缀：
sub-
subway, submarine
inter-
international,
interclass(
年级之间的）
trans-(
横过，通过，超越，
进入
)
transplant,
transatlantic
（横渡大西洋的）
常见的后缀
-ment
名词性后缀，表“行为，结果或具体物”
move
v.
移动；搬家
movement
n.
运动，活动
agree
v.
同意
agreement
n.
同意，协议
manage
v.
管理
management
n.
管理
-tion
名词后缀，表动作，性质，状态
1. n.
行动
action
2. n.
污染
pollution
3. n.
人口
population
4. n.
手术
operation
5
-ty
名词后缀，加在形容词后面
,
表示特性或情况
1. n.
诚实
honesty
2. n.
安全
safety
3. n.
多样；种类；
；变化
variety
4. n
焦虑
anxiety
5. n.
残酷
cruelty
-able,
形容词后缀
有”能够、有某种特性”的意思
1.
adj.
舒服的
comfortable
2. adj.
合适的
suitable
3. adj.
时尚的，时髦的
fashionable
4.
adj.
有道理的，合理的，公道的
reasonable
5.
adj.
可信赖的，可靠的
v.
信赖
rely
reliable
6. adj.
大量的；可观的
考虑
动词是？
considerable
adj.
大量的，可观的
7. adj.
稳定的
stable
adj.
稳定的
记：<
/p>
s-
音似“死”
；
-table
桌子。一个死的桌子，肯定是很稳定的。
可用的，可得到的
available
adj
可用的，可得到的
-ish
为形容词和名词后缀。
1. adj.
愚蠢的
foolish
2. adj.
自私的
selfish
记忆：一条自私的鱼
3. n.
垃圾
rubbish
4. n.
英语
English
5. adj.
英国的，英国人的
British
-ful
形容词后缀
1. adj.
鲜艳的，多姿多彩的
colourful
2. adj.
高兴的，愉快的
cheerful
delightful
3.
adj.
有希望的，有前途的
hopeful
4. adj
有意义的，意味深长的
meaningful
5.
adj.
奇妙的，极好的，精彩的
wonderful
1.
动词变名词：
-ation
6
satisfaction,
education,
realization
-ment
development,
movement,
disappointment
-al
arrival, refusal
-ee
trainee
（受训者）
,
employee
-er
teacher, worker
-or
visitor, sailor
wrong-doer
做错事情的人
补充学习
over- :
too much
overcrowded
(1)Overwork may cause diseases.
(2)There was a
dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.
-
动词前缀
enable,
endanger,
enrich
3.
重要后缀
-ment, -ion, -ness, -tion, -ful, -able,
-less, -en
等
4.
合成词
For them, playing well and winning are
often
life-and-death
affairs.
Down-
to-earth
spirit
is
a
necessity.
Sharp
words
from
a
teacher
can
usually
bring
a
day-dreaming student down-to-earth.
Her
name was Rachel, and I mooned my way through the
grade and high school, stricken at the
mere
sight
of
her,
tongue-tied
in
her
presence.
…At
any
rate,
my
love
for
Rachel
remained
without result. We graduated from high
school, she went on to college, and I joined the
Army.
I was sent
overseas
during the war. For
a time we wrote, and her letters were
the
highlight
of
those terrible endless years.
词性转换（解释意思）
He is a man with broad
shoulders.
We will
shoulder
the
responsibilities at any time.
So
when
someone
has
hurt
you,
calm
yourself
first.
Take
a
couple
of
breaths,
and
think
of
something that gives you
p
leasure…Keep
in
mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean
7
accepting the
action of the person who
upsets
you.
Never trouble
trouble until
trouble
troubles you.
(trouble
词性与意义？
)
[
真题演练
] A silence
in a conversation may also show stubbornness,
uneasiness,_or worry.
利用语境及逻辑关系猜词
利用上下文
语境和前后句之间的并列、因果、转折、对比、解释、定义和举例等关系来
猜测词义。同
时要特别留心某些词语，
如
or
，
that is
，
in other wo
rds
，
including
，
although
，
but
< br>，
even if
，
on
the other hand
，
on the
contrary
，
other
than
，
rather
than
，
more
than
，
instead
of
等。
利用上下文线索猜测词义
(1)
重述
作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其
进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开
(<
/p>
有时也使用破折号、
冒号、
分号或括号<
/p>
)
或用信号词引导。
常见的信号词有：<
/p>
or, namely, that is, in other words,
that
is to say, to be more exact, to
put in another way
等等。
[
典例
]
In the library, I found my
way into the
“
Children's
Room.
”
I sat down
on the floor
and
pulled
a
few
books
off
the
shelf
at
random.
The
cover
of
a
book
caught
my
eye.
It
presented
a
picture
of
a
beagle.
I
had
recently
had
a
beagle,_the
first
and
only
animal
companion I ever had
as a child.
(2)
举例
作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助读者理解该词的词义。举例常用的信
号词有：
such as, such ...as, for example,
for instance, like, including,
especially
等。
[
典例
]
Readers
also
tended
to
share
articles
that
were
exciting
or
funny,
or
that
inspired
negative feelings
like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left
them merely sad.
1). Tom must be very affluent. He wears
expensive clothes and jewelry, drives a Rolls-
Royce
convertible, and owns a
$$1,750,000 house in London.
2). You can take any of the
periodicals
: The World of English,
English Learning, or Reader‘s
Digest.
8
(3)
对比转折法：根据反义词或
对比关系猜测词义。
有时作者会用
表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反
义词线索猜测词
义。表示对比或反义的信号词
/
词组常见的有：
(whether)
．
..or, unlike,
but,
yet, however, while, although,
nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast,
on the contrary, on
the other
hand
，
but,
however, although , though
，<
/p>
while(
然而
),
rather than,
instead of
等标志词。
[
典例
]
If you're tired of
wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming
bored, you
can attend an upbeat group
fitness class that'll keep your workout on track.
73
．
The underlined
word
“
upbeat
”
in the second paragraph probably means < p>
“
________
”
.
A
．
cheerful
B
．
average
C
．
serious
D
．
temporary
举例：
He had been
getting better, However , during the night his
condition deteriorated.
A
child's birthday party doesn't have to be a
hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun,
according
to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston
mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
Though
Tom
’
s face has been washed
quite clean, his neck still remains
grubby.
Unlike
her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who
does not like to go to parties or make
new friends.
She is usually prompt for all her class
, but today she arrived in the middle of her first
class.
对比
Time is
something from which we can‘t escape. Even if we
ignore it, it‘s still going by,
ticking
away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by
hour. So the main issue in using
your
time well is, ―Who‘s in charge?‖ We can allow time
to slip by and let
it be our enemy.
Or
we can take
control of it and make it our ally.
?
The underlined
word ―ally‖ most likely means somebody or
something that is ______.
A.
your slave and serves you
B.
your supporter and helps you
B. under
your control and obeys you
D. under your influence and follows you
（
4
）因果
关系法：根据前后句因果关系猜测词义。
Signal
words: because
，
since ,so,
such…that, so…that, for, ect.
I could see nothing because
the light was too
faint
.
I feel that
since you are my superior
（
上司
）
，
it would be
presumptuous of me to tell you what
to
do .‖
9
The word
“
presumptuous
”
is closest in meaning to
―
”
.
A
．
full of respect
B
．
rude and too confident
C
．
lacking in
experience
D
．
too shy and
quiet
词语再应用
1). The
collision of the two cars caused a lot of damage
to both.
a). side-by-side
b). striking
c).
acting
2). My dog is hostile to
strangers and therefore will bark at you and may
bite you until he gets
to know you.
a). friendly
b). kind
c). unfriendly
3). The river is so turbid that it is
impossible to see the bottom even when it is
shallow
。
4) .
That museum is so immense that it will be
impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.
5).The
lack
of
movement
caused
the
muscles
to
weaken.
Sometimes
the
weakness
was
permanent.
So
the player could never play the sport again.
因果
Please stay on permitted
paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants.
Pack out what
you pack in,
so
you leave no signs of
your visit. It is important to keep in mind that
you are in a
national park where
wildlife exists.
?
What do the underlined words ―pack out
what you pack in‖ probably mean?
A. Keep everything out of campgrounds.
B. Take away everything you bring in.
C. Carry all the necessary food.
D. Look after your personal belongings.
再如：
真题演练
[
典例
] There are
also varieties developed to suit specific local
conditions. One of the very best
varieties
for
eating
quality
is
Orleans
Reinette,
but
you'll
need
a
warm,
sheltered
place
with
perfect soil to grow it, so it's
a_pipe_dream for most apple lovers who fall for
it.
30
．
What does
the underlined phrase
“
a
pipe dream
”
in
Paragraph 3 mean?
A
．
A practical
idea.
B
．
A vain hope.
C
．
A brilliant
plan.
D
．
A selfish
desire.
[
典例
] This of
course created a new problem: dirt practically
buried the first floors of every
building in Chicago. Building owners
were faced with a choice: either change the first
floors of
their
buildings
into
basements,
and
the
second
stories
into
main
floors,
or
hoist
the
entire
buildings to meet the new street level.
Small wood-
frame buildings could be
lifted fairly easily.
63
．
The underlined
word
“
hoist
”
in Paragraph 4 means
“
________
”
．
A
．
change
B
．
lift
C
．
repair
D
．
decorate
10
根据语法知识猜测词义
在英语句子中
，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句等都起着解释说明、补充或限定的作用，
因此也能提供
猜测词义的线索。
[
典例
] Some 2,500
years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that
there was no freedom.
There were great
civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom
anywhere. Egypt and Babylon
were both
tyrannies,_ one very powerful man ruling over
helpless masses.
65
．
What does the
underlined word
“
tyrannies
”
in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A
．
Countries where
their people need help.
B
．
Powerful states
with higher civilization.
C
．
Splendid
empires where people enjoy freedom.
D
．
Governments
ruled with absolute power.
根据生活常识断定
生活常识经验：<
/p>
根据自身的直接或间接的经验，
运用自己已有的常识
,
以及英美国家的
风俗习惯、宗教信仰、社会生活
等将生词推测出来。
1). Pruning is
important because it encourages the growth of
tender shoots(
嫩芽）
, or young
leaves of trees.
The word
―pruning‖ means______
A.
Regular cutting of the plants
B. Frequent
watering
C. Regular use of chemicals
D. Growing the plants high in the
mountain
2).
Husband
：
It‘s
really
cold
out
tonight.
Wife:
Sure
it
is.
My
hands
are
almost
numb.
How about lighting the fireplace?
a). dying
b).
frozen
c). hurt
3). The objects
around you are visible because they interact with
light .Light typically travels in
a
straight
some
materials
slow
and
scatter
(
散射
)
light
，
bouncing
it
away
from
its
original absorb
light
，
stopping it
dead
in its tracks. Both
scattering and absorption
make an
object look different from other objects around
it
，
so you can see it easily.
The underlined word ―dead‖ in Paragraph
3 means ________
．
A
．
silently
B
．
gradually
C
．
regularly
D
．
completely
4).
My color television has
given me nothing but a headache.I was able to buy
it a little over a
year ago because I
had my relatives give me money for my birthday
instead of a lot of clothes
that
wouldn‘t fit.I let a salesclerk fool me into
buying a discontinued model.I realized this a day
later
，
when I saw
newspaper advertisements for the set at
seventyfive dollars less than I had
set worked so beautifully when I first got it home
that I would keep it on until stations
signed_off for the
ately
，
I didn‘t get any
channels showing all
night movies or
I
11
would never have gotten to bed.
W
hich of the
following can best replace the phrase ―signed off‖
in Paragraph 1?_______
A
．
ended all their
programs
B
．
provided fewer
channels
C
．
changed to
commercials
D
．
showed allnight
movies
代词指代猜测题
< br>代词指代题要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系，判断画线的人称代词或指示代词在文章中指
代的对象，
包括考查
it(
指动物
、
无生命的事物、
特定的事件或人
)<
/p>
，
they/them(
指代人、
物、
事件的复数名词
)
，
he/she
等人称代词的指代意义，以及指示代词
this
，
that
，
these
，
those
等在文章中的指代意义，以考查考生对文章中叙述的特定的人、物、事件的再认能力。
常见的命题形式有：
The word ―it/they‖ in
the last sentence refers to ―________‖.
What does
―that/those/them‖ in Paragraph 3 refer
to?
Several safari camps operate as the
base for this
adventure
，
providing unique
rides twice a day
to explore deep into
the camps have excellent
horses
，
professional guides
and lots of
support have a reputation
for providing a great riding experience.
What does the underlined word ―They‖
refer to?________
A
．
Flooded waters.
B
．
Wildlife
journeys.
C
．
Safari camps.
D
．
Unique rides.
直接要求考生指出代词所指的具体内容
[
例
]
However,
to
succeed
in
life,
one
first
needs
to set
a
goal
and
then
gradually
make
it
more practical. And, in addition to
that, in order to get really good at something,
one needs to
spend at least 10,000
hours studying and practicing.
?
In Paragraph 2,
the underlined word ―that‖ refers to
______.
A. being good at
something
B. setting a
practical goal
C. putting in more time
D.
succeeding in life
12
间接考查考生对代词指代内容的把握
因为代
词在上下文或上下句中起语义的衔接作用，在解答某些细节题时，如果不弄
清代词的指代
内容，就很难选出正确的答案。解题中，考生需要利用代词的回指或预指
来理清上下句的
衔接关系，从而找到问题的答案。
It
was
hard
to
lift
her.
She
was
just
out.
But
he
managed
to
raise
her
the
four
feet
to
the
platform
so that bystanders could hold her by the grins and
drag her away from the edge. That
was
where Lisa briefly regained consciousness, felt
herself being pulled along the ground, and
saw someone else holding her purse.
?
When did Lisa
become conscious again?
A.
When the train was leaving.
B. After she was back on the platform.
C. After the police and fire officials
came.
D. When a man was
cleaning the blood from her head.
Twain‘s racial tone was not perfect.
One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy
passage in
his
autobiography
(
自传
)
about
how
much
he
loved
what
were
called
―nigger
shows‖
in
his
youth
—
mostly with
white men performing in black-
face
—
and his delight in
getting his mother
to laugh at them.
Yet there is no reason to
think Twain saw the shows as representing reality.
His frequent attacks
on slavery and
prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did
not.
?
What does the underlined word ―they‖
refer to?
A. The attacks
B.
Slavery and prejudice
C. White men
D. The shows
Two 12-year-old boys,
Christian and Jack, rowe
d out a boat to
search a football. Once they‘d
rowed
beyond the calm waters, a beach umbrella tied to
the boat caught the wind and pulled the
boat into open water. The pair panicked
and tried to row back to shore. But they were no
match
for it and the boat was out of
control.
What does ―it‖ refer
to?
A. The beach
B. The water
C. The boat
D.
The wind
However
，
physicist
Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler
way
，
who led the new
said
，
―I was
inspired while watching a television
progr
am showing how sleds might
have
helped
with
pyramid
construction.I
thought
，
?Why
don‘t
they
just
try
rolling
the
things
？
‘‖A square
could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by
attaching wooden poles to its
sides
，
he
，
he
notes
，
should make a
bloc
k of stone ―a lot easier to roll
than a
13
square‖
．
So he tried it
．
What does the underlined word ―it‖ in
Paragraph 7 refer to?__________
A
．
Rolling the
blocks with poles attached.
B
．
Rolling the
blocks on wooden wheels.
C
．
Rolling poles
to move the blocks.
D
．
Rolling the
blocks with fat.
名师点津
解答代词指代题时，我们要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后邻近句的内容，分析人称转换
和
动作变换的详细过程，理清其来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对
象。
因此，理解上下文
(
特别是上句
)
的意思和代词所在句的意思是解题的关键。
针对句子句意猜测题
名师点津
考查句意理解的试题一般出
现在长难句中。对于这种试题，考生应该认真阅读原文，特
别是画线句子的上下文，准确
理解作者的观点，尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观
点，以准确推断语句的含义。<
/p>
句意猜测题通常需要考生猜测意思的
是一个具有概括性的句子或是格言、谚语等，要求
考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其
进行解释性的描述。常见的命题形式有：
The
underlined sentence in the last paragraph means
―________‖
．
The
underlined words in Paragraph 1 probably mean
________
．
While
，
deep
down
，
we
know
we
can
do
it
，
our
mind
—
or
the
minds
of
those
close
to
us
—usually
says
we
can‘
isn‘t
a
reason
to
stop
，
it‘s
just
the
mind
，
that
little
man
or
woman on your
shoulder
，
trying to talk you
out of something has
done
it many times
‘s all about starting
simple and doing it now
.
Decide and act before you do this you
may feel a little
，
or
large
，
release
from the jail of your mind
and you‘ll be on your way.
Which of the following best
explains the underlined part in the last
paragraph?_________
A
．
Escape from
your punishment.
B
．
Realization of
your dreams.
C
．
Freedom from
your tension.
D
．
Reduction of
your expectations.
常见典故谚语（短语）知识储备
14
skeleton in the
cupboard/closet
碗橱里的骨架
引申为：不为人知的家丑，不可外扬的
家丑，隐情
‖
the last straw
压垮骆驼的最后一根稻草
,
终于使人不堪忍受的最后一件事，
终于使人不支
的最后一击，导火线
;
―have nine lives
like a cat‖
（富有生命力的）
you reap what you
sow
一分耕耘，
一分收获
our small kindnesses often bring us
rich rewards,
while our small offence
can bring disasters.
senior citizens
老年人，年长的人
as easy
as pie
十分容易，轻而易举
―meet one‘s
Waterloo‖
（一败涂地）
capital punishment
死刑
dog tired
非常累
catch-22
第二十二条军规（指让人左右为难的规定或处境）
―rain cats and
dogs‖
（倾盆大雨）
Don't
count your chickens before/until they are hatched.
鸡蛋未孵出
,
先别数小鸡。
寓意
:
别高兴太早了。
Pandora‘s Box <
/p>
潘多拉魔盒
(
邪恶之源
< br>)
、
see the
handwriting on the wall
–
see
signs that disaster is coming
Achilles‘ heel
阿基里斯的脚踵
(
致命弱点
)
、
the apple of
somebody
‘
s
eye
—
a child who is loved
very much by his or her parents.
视觉的核心”，即“眼睛中的苹果
(apple of the eye)
”时，我们就会联想到
，那是对我们
来说最为宝贵的东西。与汉语成语“掌上明珠”颇相似。
< br>
《圣经》中的
Adam's
apple(
喉结
)
、
a feather in
one
‘
s
cap
—
something that you can
be proud of
可夸耀的事
,
值得骄傲的事。
《圣经》中的
Garden of Eden
< br>伊甸园
(
世外桃源
)
、
Shylock
（夏
洛克）来比喻
―
狡诈者，守财奴
‖
scratch the
surface
隔靴搔痒，只触及问题的表面或一小部分
其他古希腊典故：
the
sword
of
Damocles(
达摩克利斯之剑
)
“富贵中隐藏的危险”的同义语，也可以指形势
危急，千钧一发。
Damon and Pythias
生死之交
Penelop
’
s web
一项永远也完不成的工作
apple
of discord
意思是“不和的根源、发生纠纷的事端”
daphne
（月桂树）古罗马人便用月桂树枝条编成冠冕，奖
励音乐、美术、体育竞赛和作
战的胜利者，
“桂冠”就成了优胜
的标志和荣誉的象征。
15
猜测词意练习题目：
Passage
1
A
man‘s
position
among
the
black
-tent
people
depends
on
his
ancestors,
relatives,
and
fellow
tribesmen.
If
they
are
honored,
he
is
also
honored.
If
they
are
disgraced
,
he
too
is
disgraced. Therefore one carefully
guards the honor of his family, his
lineage(
宗系
), and his
tribe.
The word
―
disgrace
‖ means _________
in this text.
A. honor
B. endanger
C. proud
D. shame
Passage
2
The ruler had
been so cruel and dishonest that after the
revolution he was
banished
.
A few
members
of
the
Senate(
参议院
)
opposed
this
decision,
but
the
majority
voted
that
the
ruler
should leave the country for ever.
The underlined
word ―
banished
‖
me
an_______.
A.
killed by stoning
B. sent away
C.
imprisoned
D. punished by whipping
Passage
3
Although
he
often
had
the
chance,
Mr.
Brown
was
never
able
to
steal
money
from
a
customer. This would
endangered his position at the bank, and he did
not want to
jeopardize
his
future.
The word
―
jeopardize
‖ means _____ in
this text.
A. protect
B.
endanger
C.
continue
D. stop
It was once
common to regard Britain as a society with class
distinction. Each class
had unique
characteristics.
In recent years, many
writers have begun to speak the 'decline of class'
and 'classless
society'
in
Britain.
And
in
modern
day
consumer
society
everyone
is
considered
to
be
middle class.
But
pronouncing
the
death
of
class
is
too
early.
A
recent
wide-ranging
society
of
16
public opinion found 90 percent of
people still placing themselves in particular
class; 73
percent agreed that class was
still a vital part of British society; and 52
percent thought
there were still sharp
class differences. Thus, class may not be
culturally and politically
obvious, yet
it remains an important part of British society.
Britain seems to have a love of
stratification.
42. The word
stratification
in Paragraph
3 is closest in meaning to ________.
A.
variety
B. division
C.
authority
D. qualification
The
link
between
what
the
men
had
done
as
boys
and
how
they
turned
out
as
adults
was
surprisingly
sharp.
Those
who
had
done
the
most
boyhood
activities
were
twice
as
likely
to
have
warm relations with a wide variety of people, five
times as likely to be well paid and 16
times
less
likely
to
have
been
unemployed.
The
researchers
also
found
that
IQ
and
family
social
and economic class made no real difference in how
the boys turned out. Working----at
any
age----is important. Childhood activities help a
child develop responsibility, independence,
confidence
and
competence---the
underpinnings
(
基础
)
of
emotional
health.
They
also
help
him
understand
that
people
must
cooperate
and
work
toward
common
goals.
The
most
competent adults are
those
who know how to do this. Yet work
isn
‘
t everything.
As Tolstoy
once said,
―
One can live magnificently
in this world if one knows how to work and how to
love,
to work for the person one loves
and to love one
‘
s
work.
‖
49. What
does the underlined word
―
sh
arp
‖
probably mean in
Paragraph 4?
A. Quick to react
B. Having a thin edge
C.
Clear and definite
D. sudden and rapid
In fact, when it comes to
the art of war, ants have no equal. They are
completely fearless
and will readily
take on a creature much larger than themselves,
attacking in large groups and
overcoming their target. Such is their
devotion to the common good of the colony that not
only
soldier ants but also worker ants
will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an
enemy.
Behaving in this selfless and
devoted manner, these little creatures have
survived on Earth,
for
more
than
140
million
years,
far
longer
than
dinosaurs.
Because
they
think
as
one,
they
17
have a collective
(
集体的
) intelligence greater
than you would expect from its individual parts.
70. What does the
underlined expression
A.
Accept.
B. Employ.
C. Play with.
D. Fight against.
Once when I was
facing a decision that involved high risk, I went
to a friend. He looked at me
for a
moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the
best advice I‘ve ever had: Be bold and
brave
—
and
mighty (
强大的
) forces will
come to your aid.
Those words made me
see clearly that when I had fallen short in the
past, it was seldom
because
I
had
tried
and
failed.
It
was
usually
because
I
had
let
fear
of
failure
stop
me
from
trying at all. On the
other hand, whenever I had plunged into deep
water, forced by courage or
circumstance, I had always been able to
swim until I got my feet on the ground again.
Boldness means a decision to bite off
more than you are sure you can eat. And there is
nothing
mysterious
about
the
mighty
forces.
They
are
potential
powers
we
possess:
energy,
skill, sound
judgment, creative ideas
—
even physical strength greater than most of us
realize.
52. What is the
implied meaning of the underlined part?
A. Swallow more than you can digest.
B. Act slightly above your abilities.
C. Develop more mysterious powers.
D. Learn to make creative decisions.
Passage 11
（
2016
全国卷
I B
篇
）
―In
the
1960s
we
were all
a
little
wild
and
couldn‘t
get
away
from
home
far
enough
or
fast
enough
to
prove
we
could
do
it
on
our
own,‖
says
Christine
Crosby,
publisher
of
Grand
,
a
magazine for grandparents.
―We now realize how important fam
ily is
and how important it is to
be near
them, especially when you‘re raising
children.‖
27. What did
Crosby say about people in the 1960s?
A. They were unsure of themselves.
B.
They were eager to raise more children.
C. They wanted to live away from their
parents.
D. They had little respect for
their grandparents.
Passage
12
（
2011
全国卷
·
A
篇）
Recently,
an
old
milk
box
in
the
countryside
I
saw
brought
back
my
childhood
memories. I took
it home and planted it in the back porch
（门廊）
. Every so often my
son‘s
friends will ask what it is. So I
started stories of my boyhood, and of the milkman
who brought
18
us friendship along with his milk.
59. Why did the
author bring back home an old milk box?
A. He missed the good old
days.
B. He
wanted to tell interesting stories.
C. He needed it for his milk bottles.
D. He planted flowers in
it.
Passage 15
（全国卷
II
B
篇）
Encouraging this kind of
thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing
those students who had a different
style of thinking. Without fail one would declare,
―But I‘m
just not creative.‖
27. What does the underlined word
―downside‖ in Paragrap
h 4 probably
mean?
A. Mistake.
B. Drawback.
C. Difficulty.
D. Burden.
Passage 16
（
2016
全国卷
II
C
篇）
Members
go
on
the
site
and
register
the
books
they
own
and
would
like
to
share.
BookCrossing
provides
an
identification
number
to
stick
inside
the
book.
Then
the
person
leaves it in a public place, hoping
that the book will have an adventure, traveling
far and wide
with each new reader who
finds it.
30. What does the underlined
word ―it‖ in Paragraph 2 refer to ?
A. The book.
B. An adventure.
C. A public place.
D. The
identification number.
Passage17
（
2011
湖南卷
·
B
篇）
He was judged unfit to
return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for
the rest of the
war.
For as
long as
I can remember, he had a
weak heart. Mother said it was caused
by the
torpedoes. He
said
it
was
because of
the
ver,
he
died
suddenly
in
his
early
50s.
underlined word ―it‖ in Paragraph 6
refers to the
father‘s
____.
A.
weak heart
B. taking a shore job
C. failure to return to sea
D. injury caused by a torpedo
Passage 18
（
2011
福建卷
·
E
篇）
…… Second,
the quality of your relationships depends on the
amount of time you
invest
（投
入）
in
them.
We
invest
a
lot
in
a
small
number
of
people
and
then
distribution
what‘s
left
among
as many others as we can. The problem is that if
we invest little time in a person, our
engagement with that person will
decline
（减弱）
until eventually
it dies into ―someone I once
19
knew‖.
73. The underlined word ―engagement‖ in
the second paragraph probably means ―
‖.
A.
appointment
B.
connection
C. interview
D.
agreement
Passage 19
(2016
全国卷
III
C
篇
) There are also varieties
developed to suit specific local conditions. One
of
the
very
best
varieties
for
eating
quality
is
Orleans
Reinette,
but
you'll
need
a
warm,
sheltered
place with perfect soil to grow it, so it's a pipe
dream for most apple lovers who fall
for it.
30. What does the
underlined phrase ―a pipe dream‖ in Paragraph 3
mean?
A. A practical idea.
B. A vain hope.
(
白日梦
)
C. A
brilliant plan.
D. A selfish desire.
Passage 20
(2016
全国卷
III
B
篇
)
―My friends said: ?Now we believe your
stories,‘‖ Welty added. ―And I said: ?Now you
know.
These are the people that make me
write them
.‘‖
The
underlined word ―them‖ in Paragraph 6 refers to
Welty's _______.
A. readers
B. parties
C. friends
D. stories
20
2017
届新课标高考英语阅读理解猜测词意（词义）解题策略
参考答案
简洁版本参考答案
定义或者同义解释：
1).
Anthropology
is the scientific study of man.
参考答案
人类学
2).It will be
very hard but very
brittle
—
that is , it will break
easily.
(
adj.
易碎的
,
脆的
)
3). This was a very domesticated bird
that needed help or it would not survive.
Having been used to home life
(
adj.
家养的，驯服的
)
4). He
is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will
not give it up easily.
adj.
坚决的
5). She is bilingual. In other words,
she speaks English and French equally well.
n.
通两种语言的人
6). Transparent animals let light pass
through their bodies the same way light passes
through a
window.
分析：通过本句中的
the same way light
passes through a window
可知，
tr
ansparent
应意为
“透明的”
。
7). reluctant
?
解析：
B
根据破折号后面的解释
“
即使是有英格兰和阿根廷比赛门票的老师也
很
难挤出一天的时间
”
，可见学校是
“<
/p>
不愿意
”
放假的
,
故选
B
。
同义词（近义词
）
8).
题目
.Which of the following
can replace the underlined word ―courier‖ in
Paragraph1?
A.
provider
B. delivery man
C. collector
D.
medical doctor
答案
B
courier
和
carry
与
delive
ry
近义。
9).Mr.
White loves to talk , his wife is also as
loquacious as him.
爱说话的，多嘴的；
10).Mark Twain was not the
author
’
s real name; it was a
pseudonym.
笔名
假名
11).The new
tax law supersedes, or replaces,
代替
the law that was in effect last year.
12).If you agree, write
“
Yes
”
;
if you dissent, write
―
No
‖
.
不同意
13).Doctors believe that smoking
cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They
also
regard drinking as
harmful.
有害的
利用构词法猜词
1. over-
:
too much
overcrowded
(1)Overwork may cause diseases.
over
（过分的、过量的）＋
work
＝
overwork
“
工作
过度
”
。
21
(2)There was a
dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.
dis
“
不
”
+
satisfied
“
满意的
=dissatisfied
“
不满意的
”
。
4.
合成词
For them, playing well and winning are
often
life-and-death
affairs.
生死攸关的
Down-to-earth
spirit
is
a
necessity.
Sharp
words
from
a
teacher
can
usually
bring
a
day-dreaming student down-to-earth.
实事求是，脚踏实地
tongue-
tied
舌头短的，发音不清的，结结巴巴的；
语塞；
overseas
adv.
在
[
向
]
海外，在
[
向
]
国外；
adj.
（在
）海外的，
（在）国外的；
（向或来自）外国的；
highlight
n.
（图画或照片的）强光部份；
最重要的事情；
最精彩的部分；
vt.
强调，突出；
把?照亮；
标示记号；
为?中最突出的事物
词性转换
He is a man
with broad
shoulders.
n.
肩膀
We will
shoulder
the
responsibilities at any time.
v.
take/bear
承担责任
So
when
someone
has
hurt
伤害
you,
calm
使得。
。
。镇静
yourself
first.
Take
a
couple
of
breaths, and think of something that
gives you plea
sure…Keep
in mind that forgiveness does
not necessarily mean accepting the
action of the person who
upsets
< br>使得。
。
。心烦意乱
you.
Never trouble
（动词）
trouble
（名词）
until
trouble troubles
（名词）
you. (trouble
词性与意义？
)
[
真题演练
] A silence
in a conversation may also show stubbornness,
uneasiness,_or worry.
分析：
根据构
词法知识我们可知，
un
?为否定前缀，
?
ness
为名词后缀，
easy
(
舒适
)
为词根。
因此，我们可知
uneasiness
为“不安；担忧”之
意。
利用语境及逻辑关系猜词
(1)
重述
[
典例
]
beagle,_
分析：由同位语
the first and only
animal companion
可以猜出
beagle
为“一种动物”
。
(2)
举例
[
典例
]
Readers
also
tended
to
share
articles
that
were
exciting
or
funny,
or
that
inspired
negative feelings
like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left
them merely sad.
分析：根据下文的举例
like anger or anxi
ety
可推知，画线部分的意思应是“消极的”
。
1). Tom must be very affluent. He
wears expensive clothes and jewelry, drives a
Rolls-Royce
22
convertible, and owns a $$1,750,000
house in London.
富裕的
2). You can take any of the
periodicals
: The World of English,
English Learning, or Reader‘s
Digest.
期刊，杂志
(3)
对比转折法：根据反义词或对比关系猜测词义。
[
典例
]
73
．
The
underlined
word
“<
/p>
upbeat
”
in
the
second
paragraph
probably
means
“
________
”
.
A
．
cheerful
分析：根据语义，
upbeat
应与上文中
的“
tired of
”意义相反，故本题正确选项为
A
项。
举例：
He had been
getting better, However , during the night his
condition deteriorated.
恶化
A child's birthday party doesn't have
to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of
fun, according
to Beth Anaclerio, an
Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
困难，麻烦
Though Tom
’
s face
has been washed quite clean, his neck still
remains grubby.
肮脏的
Unlike her gregarious
sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to
go to parties or make
new friends.
爱交际的
She is usually prompt for all her class
, but today she arrived in the middle of her first
class.
准时的
对比
The underlined word ―ally‖
most likely means somebody or something that is
______.
A. your slave and
serves you
B. your
supporter and helps you
?
解析：
B
本句由
or
引出，与前句意义相对，要求猜的
< br>ally
显然与前句的
enemy
相对，即为
―
朋友
‖
，朋友是支持和帮助我们的，故选
B
。
（
4
）因果关系法
I could see nothing because the light was
too
faint
.
dark
I feel that
since you are my superior
（
上司
）
，
it would be
presumptuous of me to tell you what
to
do .‖
The word
“<
/p>
presumptuous
”
is closest in meaning to
―
”
.
A
．
full of respect
B
．
rude and too confident
参考答案
B
专横的，冒昧的
< br>
词语再应用
1). The
collision of the two cars caused a lot of damage
to both.
a). side-by-side
b). striking
c).
acting
参考答案
b
相撞
2). My dog is hostile
c). unfriendly
23
参考答案
c
敌意的
3). The river
is so turbid that it is impossible to see the
bottom even when it is
shallow
。
浑浊的
4) . That
museum is so immense that it will be impossible to
see all the exhibits in one day.
巨大的
5).The
lack
of
movement
caused
the
muscles
to
weaken.
Sometimes
the
weakness
was
permanent.
So
the player could never play the sport again.
永久性的
因果
Please stay on permitted
paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants.
Pack out what
you pack in,
?
What do the underlined words ―pack out
what you pack in‖ probably mean?
A. Keep everything out of campgrounds.
B. Take away everything you bring in.
?
解析：
B
句中
so
引出结果
,
由果推因
,
―
不要留下任何参观的痕迹
‖,
因此
―
要把带
来的所有东西都带走
‖,
故选
B
。
再如：
真题演练
[
典例
]
30
．
What does the underlined
phrase
“
a pipe
dream
”
in
Paragraph 3 mean?
A
．
A practical
idea.
B
．
A vain hope.
分析：根据连接词
so
可知上下文之间存在着因果关系，故我们需要从上文中寻找答案。
由上文中的“
One of the very best
varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette,
but you'll
need a warm, sheltered place
with perfect soil to grow it ...
”
可知，
尽管
Orleans Reinette
是很
好的品种，但是对各项条件的要求很高，因此大多数喜欢它的人
种植它的希望会落空。
故选择
B
项。<
/p>
[
典例
]
63
．
The underlined
word
“
hoist
”
in Paragraph 4 means
“
________
”
．
A
．
change
B
．
lift
分析：
根据下文
“
Small
wood
?
frame buildings could
be lifted fairly easily.
”可知
h
oist
与
lift
同义，故正确答案
为
B
项。
根据语法知识猜测词义
在英语句子中，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句等都起着解释说明、补充或限定的作用，< p>
因此也能提供猜测词义的线索。
[
典例
]
24
65
．
What does the
underlined word
“
tyrannies
”
in Paragraph 2 refer to?
D
．
Governments
ruled with absolute power.
分析：根据后面的同位语“
one very
powerful man ruling over helpless masses
”我们不难得
知选项
D
与其意义一致
，即“专政，暴君统治”
。
根据生活常识断定
1
). The word ―pruning‖
means______
A. Regular
cutting of the plants
参考答案
A
2).
Husband
：
It‘s
really
cold
out
tonight.
Wife:
Sure
it
is.
My
hands
are
almost
numb.
How about lighting the fireplace?
a). dying
b).
frozen
c). hurt
参考答案
B
冻僵的，麻木的
3).
The underlined word ―dead‖ in Paragraph
3 means ________
．
A
．
silently
B
．
gradually
C
．
regularly
D
．
completely
参考答案
D
【解析】
词义猜测题。本题属于猜测
熟词的新义。由本段可知，我们能看到物体一类
是因为它们减慢了光速和对光进行了散射
，使其改变了原来的路线，而另外一类是因为
它们对光线的吸收。
既然吸收了，
那么在光的传播过程中就被完全阻止了，
因此这
里
dead
意为“完全地”
，故选
D
。
4).
Which of the
following can best replace the phrase ―signed off‖
in Paragraph 1?_______
A
．
ended all their
programs
【解析】答案
A
词义猜测题。结合画线部分所在的句子
―The
set
worked
so
beautifully
when I first got
it home that I would keep it on until stations
signed_off
for the night.‖
尤其
是
画线短语前面的
I would keep it
on
说明作者非常喜欢看电视，一
直
看到电视台停止播放节目为止，故
A
项“结束所有的节
目”与短语
sign off
“结束广播
/
电视节目”意义相近，为正确答案。<
/p>
代词指代猜测题
代词一般是
“
回指
”
前面提到过的
某一事物或内容。如：
Our curtains look
dirty.
They
need a good
wash. (They
回指
our curtains)
但有时也
“
预指
”
后面出现的某一事物或内容。
如：
I shall say
this
to you: he is an honest
man. (this
预指冒号后面的
he is an
honest man)
What
does the underlined word ―They‖ refer
to?________
A
．
Flooded waters.
B
．
Wildlife
journeys.
25
C
．
Safari camps.
D
．
Unique rides.
【解析】
代词指代题。做代词指代题
时一般应该从前文查找答案，画线代词所在句子
与其前一句是并列的，前一个句子的主语
是
the camps
，而
the
camps
指前面提到的
safari
camps
，故应该选择
C
项。
直接要求考生指出代词所指的具体内容
[
例
]
In Paragraph
2, the underlined word ―that‖ refers to
______.
A. being good at
something
B. setting a
practical goal
解析：选
B
< br>。本题考查要求考生弄清
that
指代的内容，
―
除此之外
‖
中的
―
此
(that)‖
到底是
指什么？当然是回指前句中的
set a goal
and then gradually make it more practical
，故选
B
。
间接考查考生对代词指代内容的把握
That was where Lisa briefly regained
consciousness, felt herself being pulled along the
ground,
and saw someone else holding
her purse.
?
When
did Lisa become conscious again?
A. When the train was leaving.
B. After she was back on
the platform.
解析：
B
。解答本题的关键是理解
―That was where Lisa briefly regained
consciousness (
那
就是丽莎苏醒的地方
)‖
中的
that
到
底是指什么。
结合前句，
不难看出
th
at
是回指
the platform
的，故正确选项是
B
。
Yet there is no reason to
think Twain saw the shows as representing reality.
His frequent attacks
on slavery and
prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did
not.
?
What does the underlined word ―they‖
refer to?
A. The attacks
B.
Slavery and prejudice
C. White men
D. The shows
解析：
D
。结合前句理解，可知
they
替代
the shows
，代入
they
，全句意为
―
他对奴隶
制和偏见的不断攻击表明深知这些表演并不代表现实<
/p>
‖
，上下连贯，故选
D
< br>。
What does
―it‖ refer to?
A. The beach
B. The water
C. The boat
D. The wind
?
解析：
D
。
句中
it
应
是替代上上句中的
the wind
，
将其替代
it
，
看看句意是否连贯，<
/p>
―
他们划到了静水之外，绑在船上的沙滩伞遇到了风，把他们的船
牵引到开阔的
水面。他们惊慌失措，想划回岸边。但是他们敌不过风，船失去控制
‖
，
上下贯
26
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