四六级阅读长难句训练

四六级阅读长难句训练

critics of Eamily Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as

a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a

“romantic” reading receives more confirmation.

historian

Frederick

J.

Turner

wrote

in

the

1890’s

that

the

agrarian

discontent

that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been

precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier

——

that is, the depletion of

available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.

is true that a high proportion of the newly farmed land was suitable only for

grazing

and

dry

farming,

but

agricultural

practices

had

become

sufficiently

advanced

to

make

it

possible

to

increase

the

profitability

of

farming

by

utilizing

even

these

relatively barren lands.

emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance

of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the

conditions

and

consequences

of

international

trade

that

occurred

during

the

second

half of the nineteenth century.

use

of

heat

pumps

has

been

held

back

largely

by

skepticism

about

advertisers’

claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each

unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of

energy conservation.

brief,

her

works

neither

elevate

nor

instruct.

This

restraint

largely

explains

her lack of popular success during her lifetime, even if her talent did not go

completely unrecognized by her eighteenth-century French contemporaries.

the

early

1950’s,

historians

who

studied

pre

-industrial

Europe

(which

we

may

define

here

as

Europe

in

the

period

from

roughly

1300

to

1800)

began,

for

the

first

time

in

large

numbers,

to

investigate

more

of

the

preindustrial

European

population

than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite

：

the kings,

generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually

filled history books.

c law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of

law

——

notwithst anding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of

coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive

1

enactment are concerned

——

that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate

adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.

historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the

sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish

people

after

the

conquest

of

Israel)

，

the

spirit

of

the

legal

matter

in

later

parts

of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary

codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.

,

on

the

other

hand,

represented

a

radical

breakaway

from

the

Arab

paganism

that

preceded

it

；

Islamic

law

is

the

result

of

an

examination,

from

a

religious

angle,

of

legal

subject

matter

that

was

far

from

uniform,

comprising

as

it

did

the

various

components

of

the

laws

of

pre- Islamic

Arabia

and

numerous

legal

elements

taken

over

from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.

law

was

buttressed

by

the

cohesion

of

the

community,

reinforced

by

pressure

from

outside

；

its

rules

are

the

direct

expression

of

this

feeling

of

cohesion,

tending

toward the accommodation of dissent.

the

new

doctrine

seems

almost

certainly

correct,

the

one

papyrus

fragment

raises the specter that another may be unearthed, showing, for instance, that it

was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles, and

throwing the date once more into utter confusion.

is

unlikely

to

happen,

but

it

warns

usthat

perhaps

the

most

salutary

feature

of the papyrus scrap is its message of the extreme difficulty of classifying and

categorizing rigidly the development of a creative artist.

ionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process

marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by

the

generation

of

vast

quantities

of

pollen,

so

that

the

ultimate

production

of

new

seeds

is

assured

at

the

expense

of

producing

much

more

pollen

than

is

actually

used.

e

the

potential

hazards

pollen

grains

are

subject

to

as

they

are

transported

over long distances are enormous, wind-pollinated plants have, in the view above,

compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of

producing

an

amount

of

pollen

that

is

one

to

three

orders

of

magnitude

greater

than

the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.

conclude

that

such

dramatic

technological

innovations

as

the

spinning

jenny,

the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in

equally dramatic social changes in women

evaluation of women

2

employment

of

young

women

in

textile

mills

during

the

Industrial

Revolution

was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women

as domestics.

was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of

secretarial

work,

previously

seen

as

an

apprenticeship

for

beginning

managers,

from

administrative work that in the 1880

thenceforth considered

increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the

twentieth

century

had

less

to

do

with

the

mechanization

of

housework

and

an

increase

in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and

with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers,

previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.

entally, however, the conditions under which women

little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by

gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of

skill

and

offer

women

little

opportunity

for

advancement

all

persist,

while

women

household labor remains demanding.

es occurred, of course, among those who remained on the rebel side, but

the

extraordinary

social

mobility

of

eighteenth-century

American

society

(with

the

obvious exception of slaves) usually prevented such disputes from hardening along

class lines.

structure was in fact so fluid

—

though recent statistics suggest a

narrowing

of

economic

opportunity

as

the

latter

half

of

the

century

progressed

—

that

to talk about social classes at all requires the use of loose economic categories

such

as

rich,

poor,

and

middle

class,

or

eighteenth-century

designations

like

better sort.

gh undertones of class conflict existed beneath such hostility, the

opposition was primarily geographical. Sectional conflict

—

which also existed

between North and South

—

deserves further investigation.

those

who

stress

the

achievement

of

a

general

consensus

among

the

colonists

cannot

fully

understand

that

consensus

without

understanding

the

conflicts

that

had

to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.

recent, apparently successful, prediction by mathematical models of an

appearance

of

EI

Nino

—

the

warm

ocean

current

that

periodically

develops

along

the

Pacific coast of South America

—

has excited researchers.

3

months

to

traverse

the

Pacific,

Rossby

waves

march

to

the

western

boundary

of the Pacific basin, which is modeled as a smooth wall but in reality consists of

quite irregular island chains, such as, the Philippines and Indonesia.

philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or, more generally, the

nature of human knowledge they believe, are basic human questions whose tentative

philosophical

solutions

have

served

as

the

necessary

foundations

on

which

all

other

intellectual speculation has rested.

, in the seventeenth century, Descartes and Hobbes rejected medieval

philosophy,

they

did

not

think

of

themselves,

as

modern

philosophers

do,

as

proposing

a

new

and

better

philosophy,

but

rather

as

furthering

“the

warfare

between

science

and theology.”

were

fighting,

albeit

discreetly,

to

open

the

intellectual

world

to

the

new

science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and

envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of

research in mathematics and physics.

link between philosophical interests and scientific practice persisted

until

the

nineteenth

century,

when

decline

in

ecclesiastical

power

over

scholarship

and changes in the nature of science provoked the final separation of philosophy

from both.

demarcation of philosophy from science was facilitated by the development

in the early nineteenth century of a new notion, that philosophy’s core interest

should

be

epistemology,

the

general

explanation

of

what

it

means

to

know

something.

philosophers

now

trace

that

notion

back

at

least

to

Descartes

and

Spinoza,

but it was not explicitly articulated until the late eighteenth century, by Kant,

and

did

not

become

built

into

the

structure

of

academic

institutions

and

the

standard

self-descriptions of philosophy professors until the late nineteenth century.

taphysics, philosophy’s traditional core—

considered as the most general

description of how the heavens and the earth are put together

—

had been rendered

almost completely meaningless by the spectacular progress of physics.

, however, by focusing philosophy on the problem of knowledge, managed to

replace metaphysics with epistemology, and thus to transform the notion of

philosophy

as

“queen

of

sciences”

into

the

new

notion

of

philosophy

as

a

separate,

foundational discipline.

4

the

force

of

this

view,

it

was

perhaps

inevitable

that

the

art

of

rhetoric

should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because

although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right

action,

it

might

also

be

a

means

to

distort

truth

and

a

source

of

misguided

action)

to the status of being wholly condemned.

those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies

and

who

at

the

same

time

hope

to

move

people

to

action,

must

either

be

liars

themselves

or be very naive; pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been

subordinated

to

human

purposes,

feelings,

and

desires,

and

thereby

ceased

to

be

pure

logic.

ations

of

the

density

of

alloys

based

on

Bernal- type

models

of

the

alloys

metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined values from

measurements on

alloys

consisting

of

a

noble

metal

together

with

a

metalloid,

such

as alloys of palladium and silicon, or alloys consisting of iron, phosphorus, and

carbon, although small discrepancies remained.

of the most promising properties of glassy metals is their high strength

combined with high malleability. In usual crystalline materials, one finds an

inverse relation between the two properties, whereas for many practical

applications simultaneous presence of both properties is desirable.

residual obstacle to practical applications that is likely to be overcome

is

the

fact

that

glassy

metals

will

crystallize

at

relatively

low

temperatures

when

heated slightly.

Walzer

argument,

however

deficient,

does

point

to

one

of

the

most

serious

weaknesses of capitalism

—

namely, that it brings to predominant positions in a

society people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned their material

rewards, often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.

even

argue

plausibly

that

this

weakness

may

be

irremediable

：

in

any

society

that, like a capitalist society, seeks to become ever wealthier in material

terms disproportionate

rewards

are

bound

to

flow

to

the

people

who

are

instrumental

in producing the increase in its wealth.

is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further

reductions in vehicle emissions

—

short of a massive shift away from the private

automobile

—

is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with

cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas,

ethanol, or methanol.

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