【雅思】2013年8月24日雅思阅读考题回顾

【雅思】

2013

年

8

月

24

日雅思阅读考题回顾

雅思考试阅读考题回顾

朗阁海外考试研究中心

宋媛婧

考试日期：

2013

年

8

月

24

日

Reading Passage 1

Title:

Organic Farming & Chemical Fertilizer

Match ing

（人名

&

理论）

;

Question types:

True/False/Not Given;

Summary;

2010

年

8

月

14

日旧题。

全文围绕有机农业和传统农业展开话题，

有人支持技术

（即

文章内容回顾

化肥）提高产量，有人支持有机农业（生态肥）。作者认为除了这两个，还有第三条

路，就是智能农业。分别讲了

chemical fertilizer

和

organic farming

各自的优缺点，

然后提出未来的

intel ligent farming

。

Organic farming methods combine scientific knowledge of ecology and modern

technology with traditional farming practices based on naturally occurring biological

processes. Organic farming methods are studied in the field of agroecology. While

conventional agriculture uses synthetic pesticides and water-soluble synthetically

purified fertilizers, organic farmers are restricted by regulations to using natural

pesticides and fertilizers. The principal methods of organic farming include crop

rotation, green manures and compost, biological pest control, and mechanical

cultivation. These measures use the natural environment to enhance agricultural

相关英文原文阅读

productivity: legumes are planted to fix nitrogen into the soil, natural insect

predators are encouraged, crops are rotated to confuse pests and renew soil, and

natural materials such as potassium bicarbonate and mulches are used to control

disease and weeds. Hardier plants are generated through plant breeding rather

than genetic engineering.

While organic is fundamentally different from conventional because of the use of

carbon based fertilizers compared with highly soluble synthetic based fertilizers

and biological pest control instead of synthetic pesticides, organic farming and

large-scale conventional farming are not entirely mutually exclusive. Many of the

methods developed for organic agriculture have been borrowed by more

conventional agriculture. For example, Integrated Pest Management is a

multifaceted strategy that uses various organic methods of pest control whenever

possible, but in conventional farming could include synthetic pesticides only as a

last resort.

Crop diversity

Crop diversity is a distinctive characteristic of organic farming. Conventional

farming focuses on mass production of one crop in one location, a practice called

monoculture. The science of agroecology has revealed the benefits of polyculture

(multiple crops in the same space), which is often employed in organic farming.

Planting a variety of vegetable crops supports a wider range of beneficial insects,

soil microorganisms, and other factors that add up to overall farm health. Crop

diversity helps environments thrive and protect species from going extinct.

Soil management

Organic farming relies heavily on the natural breakdown of organic matter, using

techniques like green manure and composting, to replace nutrients taken from the

soil by previous crops. This biological process, driven by microorganisms such as

mycorrhiza, allows the natural production of nutrients in the soil throughout the

growing season, and has been referred to as feeding the soil to feed the plant.

Organic farming uses a variety of methods to improve soil fertility, including crop

rotation, cover cropping, reduced tillage, and application of compost. By reducing

tillage, soil is not inverted and exposed to air; less carbon is lost to the atmosphere

resulting in more soil organic carbon. This has an added benefit of carbon

sequestration which can reduce green house gases and aid in reversing climate

change.

Plants need nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as micronutrients and

symbiotic relationships with fungi and other organisms to flourish, but getting

enough nitrogen, and particularly synchronization so that plants get enough

nitrogen at the right time (when plants need it most), is a challenge for organic

farmers. Crop rotation and green manure (

through legumes (more precisely, the Fabaceae family) which fix nitrogen from the

atmosphere through symbiosis with rhizobial bacteria. Intercropping, which is

sometimes used for insect and disease control, can also increase soil nutrients, but

the competition between the legume and the crop can be problematic and wider

spacing between crop rows is required. Crop residues can be ploughed back into

the soil, and different plants leave different amounts of nitrogen, potentially aiding

synchronization. Organic farmers also use animal manure, certain processed

fertilizers such as seed meal and various mineral powders such as rock phosphate

and greensand, a naturally occurring form of potash which provides potassium.

Together these methods help to control erosion. In some cases pH may need to be

amended. Natural pH amendments include lime and sulfur, but in the U.S. some

compounds such as iron sulfate, aluminum sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and soluble

boron products are allowed in organic farming.

Mixed farms with both livestock and crops can operate as ley farms, whereby the

land gathers fertility through growing nitrogen-fixing forage grasses such as white

clover or alfalfa and grows cash crops or cereals when fertility is established.

Farms without livestock (

fertility, and may rely more on external inputs such as imported manure as well as

grain legumes and green manures, although grain legumes may fix limited nitrogen

because they are harvested. Horticultural farms growing fruits and vegetables

which operate in protected conditions are often even more reliant upon external

inputs.

Biological research on soil and soil organisms has proven beneficial to organic

farming. Varieties of bacteria and fungi break down chemicals, plant matter and

animal waste into productive soil nutrients. In turn, they produce benefits of

healthier yields and more productive soil for future crops. Fields with less or no

manure display significantly lower yields, due to decreased soil microbe

community, providing a healthier, more arable soil system.

题型难度分析

人名观点

Matching

题属于简单题型，定位非常容易 。而是非无及填空也是常考题型

之一，掌握相应技巧，难度不大。

Matching

（人名

&

观点）在近期的雅思阅读考试中出现的次数比较多。做这一题型，< /p>

首先要明确它的题干是有序还是无序的

（人名出现在题干中一般为 有序）

。

其次要注

题型技巧分析

意解题的顺序，若是有序型的，则可按人 名在文中出现的顺序解题，若是无序型的，

按人名出现次数从少到多解题。

在解题时，

当定位到某一人名后，

要特别留意此人所

说的话（即引号中的内容），而这一人名后附加的一长串头衔，则可省略不读。