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Quiz for Unit 4
Part I Reading
Comprehension (35 minutes)
Directions:
There
are
4
passages
in
this
part.
Each
passage
is
followed
by
some
questions
or
unfinished
statements.
For
each
of
them
there
are
four choices
marked
A),
B), C) and D).
You
should decide on the
best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet with a
single line
through the centre.
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the
following passage:
In recent years many
countries of the world have been faced with the
problem of how to make
their workers
more productive. Some experts claim the answer is
to make jobs more varied. But
do more
varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is
evidence to suggest that while variety
certainly makes the
workers
’
life more enjoyable,
it does not actually make him work harder. As
far as increasing productivity is
concerned, the variety is not an important factor.
Other experts feel that giving the
worker freedom to do his job in his own way is
important
and there is no doubt that
this is true. The problem is that this kind of
freedom cannot easily be
given in the
modern factory with its complicated machinery
which must be used in a fixed way.
Thus
while freedom of choice may be important, there is
usually very little that can be done to
create it. Another important
consideration is how much each worker contributes
to the product he
is
making.
In
most
factories
the
worker
sees
only
one
small
part
of
the
product.
Some
car
factories are now experimenting with
having
many small production lines
rather
than one large
one,
so that each worker contributes more to the
production of the cars on his line. It would seem
that not only is the degree;of workers’
contribution an important factor, therefore, but
it is
also one
we can do
something about.
To
what
extent
more
money
led
to
greater
productivity?
The
workers
themselves
certainly
think this is
important. But perhaps they want more money only
because the work they do is so
boring.
Money
just
lets
them
enjoy
their
spare
time
more.
A
similar
argument
may
explain
demands for shorter
working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making
their jobs more interesting,
they will
neither want more money, nor will shorter working
hours be so important to them.
1. Which
of these possible factors leading to greater
productivity is not true?
A. To make
jobs more varied.
B. To give the worker
freedom to do his job in his own way.
C. Degree of work contribution.
D. Demands for longer working hours.
2. Why workers want more money?
A. Because their jobs are too boring.
B. In order to enjoy more spare time.
C. To make their jobs more interesting.
D. To demand shorter working hours.
3.
The
last
sentence
in
this
passage
means
that
if
we
succeed
in
making
workers
’
jobs
more
interesting ________.
A.
they will want more money
B. they will
demand shorter working hours
C. more
money and shorter working hours are important
factors
D. more money and shorter
working hours will not be so important to them
4. In this passage, the author tells us
________.
A. how to make the workers
more productive
B. possible factors
leading to greater efficiency
C. to a
certain extent more money lead to greater
productivity
D. how to make workers’
jobs more interesting
5. The
author of this passage is probably a ________.
A. teacher B. worker C. manager D.
Physicist
Questions 6 to 10
are based on the following passage:
Over the past decade, the
environmental movement has exploded onto the mind
of mainstream
consumers,
a
fact
not
lost
on
marketers
and
advertisers.
Green
advertising
;started
in
the
mid-1980s
when
issues
of
the
environment
muscled
their
way
to
the
forefront
of
marketing.
Advertisers
saw
the
consumer
desire
for
environmentally
safe
products
and
tried
to
meet
the
demand as quickly as
possible. Not surprisingly, this first wave
suffered from rough and poorly
conceived marketing efforts. Many
advertisers embraced a genuine concern for the
environment.
But
consumers
realized
that
some
companies
made
false
claims
and
exploited
the
movement,
using such
nebulous (
模糊的
)terms as
“
environmentally
friendly
”
and
“
green.
”
Consumers
grew
wary
of
environmental
appeals,
and
advertisers
reacted
by
reducing
its
emphasis. To avoid future trouble, many
companies waited for state and federal governments
to
define terms and provide legal
guidelines, which paved the road to a second wave.
In 1992 the
Federal Trade Commission
established guidelines for green marketing,
followed shortly by state
governments.
California passed particularly strict laws,
setting definitions for terms
like
“
ozone
friendly,
”
“
biodegradable,
”
and
“
recycled.
”
According to the state’s court,
“
California seeks to guard
against potentially specious;claims or
ecological
puffery
(
吹
捧
)
about
products
with
minimal
environmental
attributes.
”
Texas,
Massachusetts,
Minnesota,
Tennessee,
Connecticut,
and
Washington
soon
followed
the
Golden
State’s
lead.
The
rigid
regulations
have
left
a
number
of
advertisers
confused
and
frustrated,
although some
feel that environmental claims have already peaked
and are on their way out. Some
believe
that
we’ve now entered green
advertising’s third wave, where environmental
concern is
now part of the mainstream.
6. What were some early problems with
Green advertisements?
A. They were
expensive. B. No one believed them.
C.
They were unsuccessful. D. They were often
deceptive.
7. What was the response by
consumers?
A. Consumers were
responsible. B. Consumers were hostile.
C. Consumers didn’t care all the
time
. D. Consumers got tired of it.
8. How did Green advertisements change
after the first wave?
A. They became
more popular. B. They were more regulated.
C. They became better produced. D. They
became less honest.
9. When did the
green third wave come?
A. When
environmental concern rise. B. When advertisers
are self-regulating themselves.
C.
When
advertisements
become
very
regulated.
D.
When
the
mainstream
also
becomes
concerned about it.
10. Which of the following state takes
the lead in guarding against ecological puffery of
products
with minimal environmental
attributes?
A. Massachusetts. B. Texas.
C. California. D. Connecticut.
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the
following passage:
Even as Americans have been gaining
weight, they have cut their average fat intake
from 36 to
34 percent of their total
diets in the past 15 years. And indeed, cutting
fat to control or lose weight
makes
sense.
Fat
has
nine
calories
per
gram.
Proteinand
carbohydrates(
碳水化合物
)
have
just
four.
Moreover,
the
body
uses
fewer
calories
to
metabolize
fat
than
it
does
to
metabolize
other
foods.
Compared
with
protein
and
carbohydrates
—
which
break
down
into
amino
acids
and
simple sugars,
respectively, and can be used to strengthen and
energize the body
—
dietary fat is
more
easily
converted
to
body
fat.
Therefore,
it’s
more
likely
to
stay
on
buttocks,
thighs
and
bellies.
But cutting fat from your diet doesn’t
necessarily mean your body won’t store fat. For
example,
between
nonfat
and
regular
cookies,
there’s
trivial
difference
in
calories
because
manufacturers
make up for the loss of fat by adding
sugar. Lowfat crackers, soups and dressings can
also be just
as high in calories as
richer versions. No matter where the calories come
from, overeating will still
cause
weight
again.
The
calories
from
fat
just
do
it
a
little
quicker.
A
Wisconsin
computer
programmer who
decided with a diet coach to eat only 40 grams of
fat a day learned the lesson
firsthand.
He wasn’t losing
weight. Then
he showed his food diary to his coach
and revealed he’d
been eating half a
pound of jelly beans a day
“
.
They
don’t have any
fat,
”
he
explains. But they
had enough sugar to
keep him from shedding an ounce.
Nonfat foods
become add-on;foods. When we add them to our diet,
we actually increase the
number of
calories we eat per day and gain weight. That was
borne out in a Pennsylvania State
University
study.
For
breakfast,
Prof.
Barbara
Rolls
gave
two
groups
of
women
yogurt
that
contained exactly the same
amo
unt of calories. One group’s yogurt
label said
“
high
fat
”—
the
other,
“
low
fat.
”
The
“
low
fat
”
yogurt group
ate significantly more calories later in the day
than
the other group.
“
People think they’ve saved
fat and can indulge themselves later in the day
w
ith
no adverse
consequences,
”
says Richard Mattes, a nutrition
researcher at Purdue
University
“
. But
when they do that, they don’t
compensate very precisely,
and they
often end up overdoing it.
”
11 . Why Americans are still gaining
weight?
A. They eat too much fat. B.
They overeat.
C. They eat low-fat
crackers, soups and dressings. D. They eat sugar.
12. What lesson did the computer
programmer learn?
A. Overeating will
cause weight gain. B. He can eat half apound of
jelly beans a day.
C. He didn’t eat any
f
at. D. His coach gave him a lecture.
13. Prof. Barbara’s experiment proved
that
A. two groups ate the
same amount of calories.
B. two groups
ate the same amount of yogurt.
C. the
“
low
fat
”
yogurt group
ate significantly more calories later in the day
than the other group.
D. people
increase the number of calories they eat per day
and gain weight.
14. According to the
author, __________ has less calories.
A. fat B. protein and carbohydrates
C. amino acid D. sugar
15.
What can you infer from the passage?
A.
To keep from being overweight, people have to eat
non-fat food.
B. The calories from fat
just do it a little quicker than that from protein
and carbohydrates.
C. People should
avoid temptation.
D. Americans realize
that it is necessary to count calories before
eating the food.
Questions
16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
The
plumes
of
ash
came
billowing
from
Mount
Etna
on
July
17
at
precisely
1:33
p.m.,
followed by 300-foot
blasts of lava. Below, in the resort town of
Nicolosi, Italy, anxious residents
prayed for protection. But scientists
were jubilant.
“
Three
minutes,
”
gushes
Gene Ulmer, a Temple University
geologist
“
. That’s all they
missed
by.
”
Not
only
did
Ulmer
witness
the
eruption
(which
killed
no
one),
he
was
in
Nicolosi
the
previous night when European
volcanologists(
火山学家
)
predicted that Mount Etna would erupt
at 1:30 p.m.
—
one of the most accurate predictions in
history.
Scientists have historically had little
success in predicting eruptions. There are
instruments to
monitor
the
geophysicalchanges
that
may
suggest
a
volcano
is
ready
to
blow
—
increase
in
tremors, alterations in
the mountain’s tilt, or changes in
the
resistance of the earth surrounding it.
Other
instruments
track
volcanoes’
chemical
compositions,
because
rising
levels
of
ammonia,
carbon dioxide,
sulfur dioxide, water and other substances can
also herald eruptions. But none of
these instruments has done particularly
well.
So
scientists
have
taken
to
monitoring
as
many
different
aspects
of
volcanic
activity
as
possible. This broader
approach appears to have yielded the stunningly
accurate results at Etna.
“
We may have finally found
the right combination of instrument to monitor
volcanoes
—
and save
lives,
”
says Ulmer.
It is, of course, possible
that the Etna team just got lucky. Nonetheless,
Ulmer says
“
, all of us
in volcanology are very
excited.
”
16.
V
olcanologists were surprised by
__________.
A. the accuracy of their
own predictions of eruption of Mount Etna
B. the eruption of Mount Etna
C. the instruments they had used
D. the ash and smoke of Mount Etna
17. Which instruments are the most
effective ones to predict the eruption of
volcanoes?
A. Instruments to monitor
the geophysical changes.
B. Instruments
to track volcanoes’ chemical
compositions.
C. The
combinations of instruments.
D. None of
them.
18. What does the word
“
jubilant
”
mean according to;the context?
A. Upset.
B. Filled with
great joy.
C. Disappointed.
D. Accurate.
19 . What is
the main idea of the passage?
A. Though
Mount Etna erupted as European volcanologists
predicted, it was just a coincidence.
B. Scientists succeeded in finding the
instruments to predict eruption.
C.
Lots of scientists witnessed the Eruption of Mount
Etna.
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