-
一、
名词的种类
单一名词和合成名词
名词从结构上可以分为两大类:
单一名词(
single-word
nouns
)
合成名词(
compound
nouns
)
顾名思义,单一名词指一个词构成的名词,如:
group,
people,
book,
girl,
hair,
table,
water
,
difficulty
。英语中的大部分名词是单一名词。合成名词指
由两个或更多词合成的名词。合成
名词从形式上看可分成下面几类:
﹡写成一个词的合成名词
,如:
goldsmith,
boyfriend,
seaside,
spaceship,
typewriter,
headmaster,
warehouse, warhead, friendship, greenhouse,
homework
。
﹡用连字号连接
起来的合成名词
,如:
night-club, arm-
chair, reading-room
。有些词可
以构成很
多合成名词,如:
fire
可构成
fire-alarm (
火警
)
,
fire-
bomb
(燃烧弹)
,
fire-engine(
消防车
)<
/p>
,
fire-escape
(
太平梯
)
,
fire-
fighter(
消防队员
)
,
fire-power(
火
力
)
,
fire-practice(
< br>消防演习
)
等。
﹡没有连字号连接的合成名词
,
如:
fire
brigade
(
消防队
)
,
fire
extinguisher
(灭火器)
,
fire
station
< br>(
消防站
)
,
< br> music
lessons
(
音乐课
)
,
water
pump
(
水泵
)
,
horror
film <
/p>
(
恐
怖影片
)<
/p>
,
zip code (
邮政编码
p>
)
,
cotton goods (
棉织品
)
等。
如何写法没有硬性规定,大体上有下面几点可作参考:
﹡两个短词构成的合成名词常可写在一起,
如:
teacup, housewife, lawsuit, bookmark,
(书签)
bookworm,
(书呆子)
bookstall,
(书摊)
bookstore
(书店)
。
有些虽然短却不连写,如:
bus-stop
(
公共汽车站
)
,
tea
break
(
午茶休息时间
)
,
tea-leaf
(
茶叶
)
,<
/p>
tea-table (
茶几
)
,
tea-party(
茶会
< br>)
。
﹡有些合成词由动词和其
它词构成
,如:
make-up (
化
妆
)
,
set-up (
结构
)
,
try-out
(
试
用
)
;<
/p>
或由动名词构成,
如:
looking-
glass
(
窥镜
)
,
stepping-stone
(
踏脚石
)
,
waiting-
list
(
等候名单
)
,
bathing-suit (
游泳衣
)
;或由
self
构成,如:
self-respect
(
自尊心
)
,
Self-control
(
自
p>
我
控
制
)
,
self-defence(
自
卫
)
,
self-inte
rest(
自
私
的
考
虑
)
,
self-confidence(
自信
)
;或由三个词构成,如:
son-in-law
(
女婿
)
,
edito
r-in-chief(
总
编
)
,
commander-in-chief(
总司令
)
,
hide-and-see
k(
捉迷藏
)
,
man-of-war(
军舰
)
,<
/p>
一般都
用连字号。
﹡已完全被接受为合成名词的,
可连写或加连字号
,
如:
sunbathing(
日光浴
)
,
sunglasses,
sunrise,
battle-cry(
< br>口号
)
,
否则分开写,
如:
writing
materials(<
/p>
书写材料
)
,
t
he
working
class(
工人阶级
)
,
working atm
osphere(
工作环境
)
,
working age(
工龄
)
。
这是一个比较复杂的问题,在没有把握时最好查一部好的字典。
另外,按照字的构成,合成名词还可分成下面几类:
形容词
+
名词:
a
black
list
(
黑名单
)
,
a
black
sheep
(
败家子
)
,
a
green
house
(
温室
)
,
a
heavy
weight
(<
/p>
重量级拳击手
)
,
a white lie (
无害的谎言
)
< br>,
old hand (
老手
)
,
red tape
(
繁文缛节
)
动名词
+
名词:
a
running
mate
(
竞选伙伴
)
,
a
skating-rink
(
溜冰场
)
,
a
walking-stick
(
手杖
)
,
baking
< br>powder(
发酵粉
)
,
p>
drinking water (
饮用水
)
,
sleeping-
pills(
安眠药
)
名词
+
动名词:
book-keeping(
簿记
),
daydreaming(
白日梦
)
,
handwriting(
书法
)
p>
,
horse-riding(
骑马
)
,
sunbat
hing(
日光浴
)
,
weightlifting(
举重
)
由副词构成的名词:
Breakdown (
失败
)
,
lookout (
注意
< br>)
,
breakup (
破裂<
/p>
)
,
income (
< br>收入
)
,
uprising
(
起义
)
Well-being
(
康乐
)
名词
+
名词
:
a car key (
车钥匙
)
p>
,
an aircraft-carrier (
< br>航空母舰
)
,
an air-
conditioner (
空调机
)
air raid (
空袭
)
,
airport shuttle (
机场班
车
)
,
bank account
(
银行账户
)
其它合成名词:
bride-to
–
be
(
未
来新娘
)
,
comrade-in-
arms
(
战友
)
< br>,
looker-on
(
旁观
者
)
,
merry-go-round
(
旋转木马
)
,
nouveau riches (
暴发户
< br>)
,
stay-at-home
(
不爱出门的人
)
普通名词与专有名词:
名词可分为两大类:
专有名词(
proper
nouns
)
专有名词主要指人名,
地名或某类人或事物的名称,
如:
人名
地名
某些人的名称
某些抽象事物的名称:
Buddhism, English,
Geneva Conference, NATO;
月份、周日及节日名词:
June, Monday,
Easter, Christmas;
书名、电影及诗歌名:
A
Tale
of
Two
Cities,
Gone
with
the
Wind,
Ode
to
the
West
Wind,
Marseillaise
(
马赛曲
)
;
对家人的称呼:
Mum, Dad, Auntie,
Uncle Tom
专有名词的开头要大写。专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词。
普通名词(
common
nouns
)
普通名词可分为四类:
个体名词
(individual nouns);
集体名词(
collective
nouns
)
;
物质名词(
mass
nouns
)
;
抽象名词(
abstract
nouns
)
;
其中个体名词和集体
名词可以用数来数的,称为可数名词(
countable
nouns
)
;
物质名词
和抽象名词是无法以数计的,称为不可数名词(
uncountable
nouns
)
。因此,名词的分类可<
/p>
以通过下表表示:
专有名词
名词:
{
可数名词:
个体名词
集体名词
普通名词:
{
不可数名词:
物质名词
抽象名词
个体名词
个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或东西,可以指具体东西,如:
She has three brothers.
There are hundreds of parks in the
city.
He isn
’
t
fond of cats.
Most offices have
computers.
也可以指抽象的东西,如:
He has been here for a month.
He gave her an account of his progress.
The affair remained a completely
mystery.
I had a dream last night.
下面是一些常见的个体名词
accident account actor adult
animal answer
apartment article
artist baby bag ball
bank
battle beach bed bell bill
bird boat book
bottle box boy
bridge
brother bus bush camp captain
car card ease
castle cat chair
chapter
chest child cigarette city class
club coat college
computer corner country
cup
daughter day desk doctor dog
dream dress driver ear
edge effect
egg election
engine eye face factory
farm father field film
finger foot
friend game
garden gate girl group
gun hall hand handle
hat head
heart hill
horse hospital hotel hour
house husband idea island
issue job
journey judge key
king kitchen lady
lake
library line list machine
magazine
man meal meeting
member message method
minute
mistake model month motor
mouth
nation neck newspaper
office page park
party
path picture plan plane
plant
problem product programme
project ring river
road
room scheme school ship shirt
shock shop sister smile
son spot
star station
stream street student table
task teacher tent
thought tour town
valley
village wall week window woman
year
集体名词
集体名词是有个体组成的集
体的名称,下面是一些常见的集体名词:
aristocracy army audience
bacteria cast
committee
community company council crew
data enemy family
flock gang
government group
herd jury media press
navy nobility public
staff team youth
这些词本身有复数(注明者
除外)
,带复数动词,表示多个集体。
单数集体名词有时作单数看待,
有时作复数看待。
一般来说,
作为整体时作单数看待,
想到
它包含的
成员时作复数看待。试比较下面句子:
The public
was unlikely to support it.
The public
were deceived by the newspapers.
The
enemy has suffered heavy losses.
The
enemy were attacking the town.
The
government is discussing the proposal.
The government are discussing the
proposal.
The audience enjoys every
minute of the performance.
The audience
are dressed in a variety of ways.
The
Committee of Public Safety is to deal with this
matter.
The committee are of the same
opinion that the time is inopportune.
但在不少情况下,集体名词后,单复数动词都可以用:
The press was/were not allowed to
attend the trial.
The jury is/are about
to announce the winners.
The youth of
today is/are better off than we used to be.
The teaching staff of this college is
/are excellent.
The public has/have a
right to know what
’
s in the
report.
The local council is /are in
charge of repairing
roads.(
当地政务会
)
少数集体名词通常用作单数,如:
The play
’
s cast
was given a standing ovation.
Our
company is sending him to work in Boston.
The entire community is behind the
appeal.
另一些集体名词则多做复数看待,如:
The police have caught the murder.
The crew are paid to do all the work on
the ship.
有不少集体名词可以跟一个由
of
p>
引起的短语,这个短语说明
/
描述
/
修饰集体名词:
a
brood of chicks a group of tourists
a bunch of flowers a bunch of
bananas
a herd of cattle a
clump of trees
a pride of lions
a company of journalists
a team of
visitors a flock of sheep/birds
a troupe of acrobats a gang of
criminals
an army of volunteers