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句托福阅读长难句翻译及词汇注释
（涵盖部分句子简化题翻译）
1.
The same thing
happens to this day, though on a smaller scale,
wherever a
sediment
（沉积物）
-laden
（装满的）
river or stream emerges from a mountain
valley onto relatively flat land,
dropping its load as the current slows: the
water usually spreads out fanwise,
depositing
（沉积）
the sediment in the
form of
a smooth, fan-shaped
slope
（斜面）
.
虽然是较为小型的，
但类似的事情也在当下发生，
无论什么地方的、
大量携带沉积物的
河水或溪流从山谷中流至较
为平坦的地带，都会随着流速的减慢会沉淀下它的携带物。
河流通常以扇形蔓延，使沉积
物以一种平滑的扇形斜面的形式沉积。
2.
In lowland
country almost any spot on the ground may
overlie
（躺在某上）
what was once the bed of a river that
has since become buried by soil; if
they ar
e now below the
water’s upper surface (the water table), the
gravels
（石子，砂砾）
and sands of the former riverbed, and
its
sandbars
（沙洲，
堤坝）
,
will be saturated
（浸湿）
with groundwater
.
在地势较低的城市里，
地面上几乎所
有曾是河床的地方都被土壤掩埋。
如果曾是河床的
地方现在处于
河流
（的上表面）
之下，
旧时河床的石
砾、
沙子和沙洲就会被地表水浸湿。
3.
But note that
porosity
（孔隙度）
is
not the same as
permeability
（渗透率）
,
which measures the ease with which
water can flow through a material; this
depends on the sizes of the individual
cavities
（腔，洞）
and
the crevices
（裂缝，缺口）
linking them.
<
/p>
但是要注意的在测量水可以从一种材料间通过的轻松程度的时候，
孔隙度并不等同于渗
透率。这个要依材料中每个独立的洞和裂缝的大小而定。
4.
If the
pores
（毛孔，气孔）
are
large, the water in them will exist as drops too
heavy for surface tension to hold, and
it will drain
（使液体流走）
away; but
if the pores are
small enough, the water in them will exist as thin
films
（薄
膜）
, too
light to overcome the force of surface tension
holding them in place;
then the water
will be firmly held.
如果气孔很大
，
其内部的水分会以滴的形式存在，
水分会由于过重、
不能被表面张力持
住而流走。
反之，如果气孔很
小，其内部的水分会以薄膜的形式存在，
水分太轻以至于
不能克
服固定它们的表面张力，因此水分就会被以膜的形式保留。
5.
But the myths
that have grown up around the
rites
（隆重的仪式或典礼）
may
continue as part of the
group’s oral
（口头的
;
口述的）
tradition
and may even
come to be acted out under
conditions divorced
（分离）
from these rites.
但是那些围绕着宗教仪式衍生的传说可能会以群体的口述习俗
流传下去，
甚至在一定条
件下可以会表现得与那些宗教仪式分离
。
20150203
6.
Another
, advanced in the
twentieth century, suggests that humans have a
gift
for
fantasy,
through
which
they
seek
to
reshape
reality
into
more
satisfying forms than those
encountered
（遇见）
in daily life.
在
二十世纪进步的另外的一个，
显示出人类有幻想的天赋，
因为在
人们追求把现实重塑
成一种比日常生活中遇见的更令人满意的形式。
7.
For example,
one sign of this condition is the appearance of
the comic vision,
since
comedy
requires
sufficient
detachment
（派遣；客观）
to
view
some
deviations
（偏向
;
偏差）
from
social
norms
as
ridiculous
rather
than
as
serious
threats to the welfare
（福利）
of the entire group.
举例来说
,
这个条件的标志之一便是幽默视角的出现
，由于喜剧，对于整个群体的健康
发展来说，
需要足够的独立客
观思考去把一些与社会正常的偏差看作是荒谬怪诞而不是
严肃的威胁。
< br>
8.
Timberline trees are normally
evergreens, suggesting that these have some
advantage
over
deciduous
trees
(those
that
lose
their
leaves)
in
the
extreme environments of
the upper timberline.
树际线上的
树通常是常绿林，
显示出在树际线上端的极端环境下常绿林比落叶林更有优
势。
9.
This is
particularly true for trees in the middle and
upper latitudes, which
tend to
attain
（达到
;
实现）
greater
heights on ridges
（山脊）
,
whereas
（考
虑到）
in the tropics the trees reach their
greater heights in the valleys.
这点对于中纬和高纬的山脊上那些趋向于达到更大的高度的树木尤为正确，
而
在热带树
木会在山谷中达到他们的巅峰。
10.
As the snow is deeper and lasts longer
in the valleys, trees tend to attain
greater
heights
on
the
ridges,
even
though
they
are
more
exposed
to
high-
velocity
（迅速
;
快速）
winds and
poor
, thin soils there.
因为雪在山谷中会更深、留存的时间更长，所以树木倾向于在山脊上达到更大的高度，
尽管他们需要暴露在凛冽的风里，扎根在浅薄贫瘠的土壤中。
11.
Wind
velocity
（速度；
高速）
also increases with altitude and may
cause serious
stress for trees, as is
made evident by the
deformed
（畸形的）
shapes at high
altitudes.
风速也会随着海拔的升高而增大，
并
可能会给树木施加相当大的压力。
显而易见，
高海
拔的地方树木会明显的畸形。
12.
Some
scientists have proposed
（提议
,
建议）
that the pres
ence
（出席
;
存在）
of increasing levels of
ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role,
while
browsing and grazing animals like
the ibex
（巨角塔尔羊）
may be another
contributing
factor
.
一些科学家指出出
现紫外线等级提高或许是一个原因，
而饲养放牧像巨角塔尔羊这样的
动物可能是另外的有力原因。
13.
Probably the
most important environmental factor is
temperature, for if the
growing season
is too short and temperatures are too low, tree
shoots
（幼
苗
,
新枝）
and
buds
（花蕾；嫩芽）
cannot mature sufficiently to survive
the
winter months.
< br>最重要的环境因素大概就是温度了，
因为如果生长期过短并且温度过低，
树木的幼枝和
嫩芽不能充分生长来在冬季的月份存活。
< br>
14.
Immediately
adjacent
（相邻的；接近的）
to the timberline, the
tundra
（冻原
,
苔原）
consists
of
（组成）
a fairly
complete cover of low-
lying
（洼）
shrubs,
herbs, and grasses, while higher up the
number and diversity of species
decrease until there is much bare
ground with occasional
mosses
（藓
;
苔）
and
lichens
（地衣）
and
some prostrate
（伏地的；卧倒的）
cushion
（柔软如
垫的）
plants.
在极为
接近树际线的地方，
是原先由几乎完全覆盖的灌木和草丛组成的冻原，
< br>随着海拔
越高，
植物的种类的数量和多样性就越会减少，
直到出现只偶尔会有苔藓、
地衣、
以及
一些伏倒的、柔软如垫的植物的大片不毛之地。
15.
In order for
the structure to achieve the size and strength
necessary to meet
its purpose,
architecture employs methods of support that,
because they
are based on physical
laws, have changed little since people first
discovered
them-even while building
materials have changed dramatically.
<
/p>
为了使结构实现规模和承重都达到它用途的需求，
由于建立在物理
定律的基础上，
建筑
用于支撑的方法几乎从人们一开始发现就没
有改变过，而建筑材料却在飞快地变化。
16.
Some of the
world’s finest stone architecture can be seen in
the ruins of the
ancient
Inca
（印加）
city of
Machu Picchu
（马丘比丘）
high in the eastern Andes
Mountains of Peru.
< br>一些世界最好的石质建筑可以在在秘鲁的安第斯山脉东侧马丘比丘这个古印加城市的
废墟中看见。
17.
It works in
compression
（压缩）
to divert
（转移）
the weight above it out to
the sides, where the weight is
borne
（支撑）
by the
vertical elements on
either side of the
arch.
它用压缩的方法来把它上面承受的重量转移到有
垂直结构支撑的两边。
18.
The
Ogallala
（奥加拉拉）
aquifer
is
a
sandstone
formation
（形成物）
that
underlies
some
583,000
square
kilometers
of
land
extending
from
northwestern Texas to
southern South Dakota.
奥加拉拉
蓄水层是一个砂岩层，位于从德克萨斯州西北到南达科他州南部
583000
平
方千米的土地下。
19.
Unfortunately,
the
cost
of
water
obtained
through any
of
these
schemes
would increase pumping costs at least
tenfold, making the cost of irrigated
agricultural
products
from
the
region
uncompetitive
on
the
national
and
international markets.
不幸的是，水的消费包括
20.
Whatever
the
final
answer
to
the
water
crisis
may
be,
it
is
evident
that
within the High Plains,
irrigation water will never again be the abundant,
inexpensive
resource
it
was
during
the
agricultural
boom
years
of
the
mid-twentieth century.
不管水危机可能造成什么结果，
有一
点还是很明确，
就是在
High Plains
范围内，
灌溉
水再也不可能变回和二十世纪中期农业发
展繁荣那几年一样的，充足且低廉的资源了。
21.
To take an
extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single
crop are so
unstable that one year of
bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can
destroy the entire crop.
举一个极端的例子，
耕地只被一种作物支配的时候极其的不稳定，<
/p>
以至于仅一年的坏天
气或者一种虫子的入侵就可以把所有作物摧毁
。
22.
Ecologists are especially interested to
know what factors contribute to the
resilience of communities because
climax
（顶尖的）
communities all over the
world are being severely damaged or
destroyed by human activities.
生态学家对造成集团的迅速恢复的因素尤为感兴趣，
因为全世界的顶尖集团都被
人类活
动严重摧残或摧毁了。