-
一．
概论
Chapter 1.
Introducing SLA
1.
Second
language acquisition (SLA)
the study of
individuals and groups who are learning a language
subsequent to learning their first one
as young children.
the process of
learning a language subsequent
to
learning their first one as young
child.
Refers
to
2.
Second
language (L2)
（也可能是第三四五外语）
also commonly called a target language
(TL)
Refers to: any language that is
the aim or goal of learning.
Scopes
Takes place in
Examples
Informal L2 learning
Naturalistic contexts
“
pick
up
”
Interacting
Formal L2 learning
Classes
or courses
Classes
L2
learning
that
Naturalistic
contexts
Interacting
and
learning
in
involves
a
mixture
of
combined
with
Classes
classes at the same
time
formal
and
informal
or courses
learning
3.
Basic
questions:
1). What exactly does the L2
learner come to know?
2). How does the
learner acquire this knowledge?
3). Why
are some learners more successful than others?
Different answers from different fields
Fields
Emphasize
Linguists
Characteristics
of
the
differences
and
similarities
in
the
languages that are being
learned;
The
linguistic
competence
(underlying
knowledge)
and
linguistic performance (actual
production).
Psychologists
and
The mental or cognitive
processes involved in acquisition;
psycholinguists
The
representation of languages in the brain.
Sociolinguists
Variability
in learner linguistic performance;
Communicative competence (pragmatic
competence).
Social
Group-
related phenomena;
psychologists
The interactional and larger social
contexts of learning.
Applied
linguists
Any one or more
perspectives above;
about SLA
Theory and research for teaching.
4.
3 main
perspectives:
linguistic;
psychological; social.
Only one (x)
Combine
(
√
)
Chapter 2.
Foundations of SLA
Ⅰ
. The
world of second languages
1.
Multi-; bi-; mono- lingualism
1)
Multilingualism:
the
ability
to
use
2
or
more
languages.
(bilingualism:
2
languages;
multilingualism: >2)
2)
Monolingualism: the ability to use only
one language.
3)
Multilingual competence
(
Vivian Cook,
Multicompetence)
Refers to: the
compound state of a mind with 2 or more grammars.
4)
Monolingual
competence (
Vivian Cook,
Monocompetence)
Refers to:
knowledge of only one language.
2.
People with
multicompetence (a unique combination)
≠
2 monolinguals
World demographic shows:
SLA phenomena
are important
fo
r
3.
Acquisition
social and practical
reasons
academic reasons
multilingual
competence
grow up in a
multilingual
environment
take considerable
effor
t
motibation<
/p>
acquire in the natural course of using 2
or more languages from child hood
with the people around them
tend to reagard it as perfectly normal
to do so
SLA at a
older age
4.
The number of
L1 and L2 speakers of different languages can only
be estimated.
1)
Linguistic information is often not
officially collected.
2)
Answers to questions seeking linguistic
information may not be reliable.
3)
A lack of
agreement on definition of terms and on criteria
for identification.
Ⅱ
. The nature of language
learning
1.
L1
acquisition
innate ability
L1
acquisition can be
attributed
to
language-specific
learning
1).
L1
acquisition
was
completed
before
you
came
to
school
and
the
development normally
takes place without any conscious effort.
2). Complex grammatical patterns
continue to develop through the school years.