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美国重要法律概念浅析
Federal courts
联邦法院
district
courts
(地区法院,一审法院)
appellate
courts
(上诉法院)
supreme
court
(最高法院)
trial
court
(审判法院)
、
court of first
instance
(一审法院)
联邦最高法院(
The Supreme Court of
the United States
联邦上诉法院(
Federal Courts of
Appeals
)
联邦地区法院(
United States
District Courts
)
管辖权(
jurisdiction
)
涉及联邦法律的诉讼(
Federal Question
Jurisdiction
)
跨州诉讼(
Diversity
Jurisdiction
)
Judiciary
司法部门
三权分立,行政(
The
Executive
Branch
)
、司法(
The Ju
diciary
)
、立法部门(
The
Legislative
)
“执法部门”是
law
enforcement
agencies/departments
,属于行政部门。
Judge
法官
对抗制(
adversary
system
)
究问制(
inquisitorial
system
)
大陆法系国家(
civil law
jurisdictions
)
英美法系国家(
common law
jurisdictions
)
判例法(
case
law
)
Jury
陪审团
开场陈述
(opening statement)
直接询问
(direct examination)
交叉询问
(cross-examination)
总结辩论
(closing
argument)
普通公民
(lay persons)
裁决
(verdict)
酒后驾车
(drunk driving; driving
under the influence of alcohol)
缠诉
(endless petitions)
trial by ordeal
(
“
神判”
)
Judgment
notwithstanding the
verdict
(不顾陪审团裁决的裁判)
directed
verdict
(指令裁决)
最低证明标准(
minimum standard of
proof
)
讲理的陪审团
(reasonable jury)
小陪审团(
petit
jury
)
12
大陪审团(
grand
jury
)
23
Finder of facts
事实认定者
法律认定者(
finder of
law
)
United States
Attorneys
联邦律师
Federal Prosecutor
/
联邦公诉人
司法部(
Department
of Justice
)
1
司法部的部长
Attorney General
司法部副部长叫
Solicitor
General
District
Attorney
’
s
Office
(地区公诉人办公室)
Prosecutor
公诉人
检察官
procurator
或者
public procurator
Attorney-at-law
律师
美国律师协会(
American Bar
Association
)
prosecuting
attorney
(公诉律师)
attorney-at-law
与
counselor, counsellor-at-law, lawyer
是同义词
Defendant
被告(人)
犯罪嫌疑人(
suspect
)
Expert witness
专家证人
鉴定机构
forensic examination
centers, forensic assessment centers, forensic
laboratories
“鉴定结论”
forensic
examination conclusions
鉴定人
expert
witness
或
forensic
examiner
Common law
英美法系
Anglo-
American
law,
the Anglo-American legal traditions
不成文法(
unwritten law,
customary law
)
判例法(
case
law
)
“遵循先例”原则(
the principleof
stare decisis
)
当事人主义(即对抗制
adversarial
system, adversary system
)
陪审团制度(
jury
system
)
司法程序(
judicial
procedure
)
judge-made
law
国会立法(
congress-made law,
statues
)
Civil law (legal system)
大陆法系
,
欧陆法系、罗马法系、民
法法系、法典法系,罗马
-
日尔曼法系
civil law, continental law, Romano-Germanic law
成文法(
written law,
statutes/statutory law/statute
law
)
指导性案例制度(
guiding cases
system
)
法典编纂(
codification
)
Adversary system/inquisitorial system
对抗制
/
纠
问制
Inquisitorial
system
“纠问制”
Judicial independence
司法独立
Prosecutorial discretion
公诉人的自由裁量权
Arrests:
拘捕
Rejected:
驳回
Referred:
移转(其它机关)
Accepted:
受理
Misdemeanor
court:
轻罪法院
Felony court:
重罪法院
Diverted/referred:
分流
/
移转
Proceeded:
继续处理
Dismissed:
驳回
To
trial:
开庭
Pled
guilty:
认罪(不再开庭)
2
绝对不起诉(又称法定不起诉)
statutory non-
prosecution
相对不起诉(又称酌量不起诉)
discretionary
non-prosecution
存疑不起诉(又称证据不足不起诉)
non-
prosecution for insufficient evidence
不起诉”也可以译为
dismissal
免于起诉
exemption from
prosecution
Attorney-client privilege
律师与当事人的保密特权
privileged information/communication
(得到保密权保护的信息)
。
The presumption of
innocence
无罪推定
the presumption of
guilt.
“有罪推定”
self-
incrimination
自证其罪
The benefit of the doubt
疑罪从无
“疑罪从轻”
partial benefit of the
doubt.
疑罪从无
the full benefit
of the doubt
。
Right to silence
沉默权
The principle of legality
罪刑法定原则
Due process of
law
正当法律程序
犯罪嫌疑人(
the suspected
criminal
)
刑事被告人
(criminal defendant,
the accused)
Proportionality
罪刑相当
,
又称“罪刑相适应”
Double jeopardy
避免双重危险原则
,
大陆法系叫一事不再理原则
Felony
重罪
微罪(
infraction
)
轻罪(
misd
emeanor
)
违法行为(
offences
)
Aggravation
(犯罪情节的)加重
aggravated
kidnapping
加重的绑架罪
an aggravating
circumstance
加重情节
从轻情节
an extenuating or
mitigating circumstance
Conviction rate
定罪率
破案率
clearance
rates
(the
number
of clearances/number of
offenses or arrests).
动词“破案”
solve a case, clear a case
公诉率
是
prosecution
rates (prosecutions/crimes).
Burden of proof
证明责任,举证责任
谁主张,谁举证
He who asserts must
prove.
举证责任倒置
to reverse the
burden of proof
举证责任转移
to shift the burden of proof
burden of production
“举证责任”<
/p>
(或“提出证据的责任”
)
burden of persuasion
“说服责任”
。
Standard of proof
证明标准
优势证据标准(
preponderance of
evidence
)
排除合理怀疑标准(
beyond a reasonable
doubt
)
clear and
convincing evidence
(证据清楚可信)
“犯罪事实清楚,证据确实充分”
clear facts, accurate and complete
evidence
reasonable
suspicion
(合理怀疑)
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