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中国文化概论
一、
名词解释
1
、
lunar calendar
P9
Traditional Chinese calendar ,
according to which a common year has 354 or 355
days in total , 12 months of 30 days or
29 days ,and a lunar leap year has 383 or 384
days in 13 months . According to
changes in the position of the sun, a solar year
is
divided into 24 seasonal division
points to facilitate farming. The year are
designated
by pairing items from the
Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches respectively
so that
60 years from a cycle. It is
said that
the lunar calendar was
created during the Xia
Dynasty. Hence
the term, Xiali, or Xia calendar.
阴历，我国
的传统历法，平年
12
个月，大月
30
天，小月
29
天，全年
354
天或
355
天。闰年<
/p>
13
个月，全年
383
< br>天或
384
天。根据太阳的位置，人们把一个太阳年分成
24
个节气，
便于农事。
纪年用于天干地支搭配，
60
年周而复始。
这种历法相传创始于夏代，
所以又称夏历。现通称阴历或农历。
2
、
A
hundred schools of thought contend
P18
The Spring and Autumn and the Warring
States Period (770-221 BC) were a time
of great social change, stimulating
various schools of thought, such as Confucianism,
Legalism,
Taolism,
and
Mohism;
and
scholars
wrote,
lectured
and
debated
vigorously,
creating
a
lively
academic
environment
later
described
as
“
a
hundred
schools of thought
contend
”
.
百家争鸣，春秋
战国时代，社会处于大变革时期，产生了各种思想流派，如儒、法、
道、墨等，他们著书
立说，互相论战，出现了学术上的繁荣景象，后世称为百家争鸣。
3
、
campaign
of
”
banning
all
schools
of
thought
except
Confucianism
”
P19
In
the
Han
Dynasty,
Emperor
Wudi
instituted
the
campaign
of
”
banning
all
schools of thought except Confucianism
”
. He ruled out various
schools of thought
and
chose
officials
from
those
who
were
steeped(
专心于
)
in
Confucianism
only.
Consequently,
Confucianism
became
an
orthodox
school
that
served
as
the
ideological foundation of the feudal
rule throughout the dynasties in China.
在汉朝，汉武帝实行了“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”的政策。他废除了其他各种思想流
派而
只从儒家中选拔官员。结果，儒家思想成为中国封建朝代统治的正统思想。
4
、
Poetry of the
South
P32
Poetry of the
South
follows
The Book of
Songs
as an important poem collection
from
ancient
China
with
a
far-
reaching
influence.
Chu
Ci
(
楚辞
)
，
as
the
book
’
s
Chinese
name
indicates,
is
derived
from
the
songs
of
the
southern
state
of
Chu
during
the
Warring
States
Period.
It
pioneered
romanticism
in
Chinese
poetry.
Liu
Xiang
and
Wang Yi, of the Eastern
Dynasty, collected and compiled the works of the
noted poet
Qu Yuan and his
disciples(
弟子
) as
Poetry of the South
. The
verses of
Poetry of the South
are freer than those of
The
Book of Songs
. It is not fixed to four
characters per line, and
the character
“
xi
”
(<
/p>
兮
) is often put in the middle
or the end of some lines.
《楚辞》是继《诗经》之后的
古代中国的另一重要的诗歌总集，有着深远的影响。
楚辞，它的中文名称指出本书的诗歌
是源于战国时期的楚国，是中国浪漫主义的源头。
《楚辞》是由西汉的刘向和王义收集屈
原及其弟子的名作并编辑而成。
5
、
The Book of
Songs
P31
The
Book
of
Songs
is
a
collection
of
China's
305
oldest
poems
from
the
early
Western
Zhou Dynasty to the middle Spring and Autumn
Period, and is regarded as
the
earliest
realistic
literature
in
China.
The
Book
of
Songs
enjoys
a
reputation
of
artistic
value
and
has
a
great
influence
on
the
literary
works
that
followed.
In
the
light of rhythms, the works can be
divided into three sections: Feng ,Ya and Song.
《诗经》是中国最早的诗歌总集，收录了西周早期至春秋中期的
30
5
首最古老的诗歌，
亦被看做
是中国最
早的现实主义文学。作为中国文学的开端，
《诗经》具有极大的艺术价值并对后世的文学
作
品产生了极大的影响。根据其节奏，
《诗经》可分为风、雅、
颂三部分。
6
、
Beijing
Opera
P56
Originally
Beijing
Opera
was
a
form
of
local
theatre.
It
then
spread
across
the
country and became the national opera
of s the end of the 18
th
century,
folk singers of Anhui
and Hubei
Provinces,
who
were performing in
Beijing at the
time, created Beijing
Opera by borrowing some of the plays, tunes, and
acting skills
and by absorbing some of
their folk music and tunes from Kunqu
Opera(
昆曲
) and
Shaanxi
Opera(
秦腔
).
Over
the
time,
it
developed
its
own
artistic
style
and
a
complete
repertoire(
表演体系
).
It
is
now
regarded
as
the
crown
of
Chinese
opera.
Singing, recitation,
acting, and acrobatic
fighting(
唱、念、做、打
) are the
four artistic
means and the four basic
skills of Beijing Opera.
最初
，京剧是一种地方的戏曲形式，后来它不断传播而成为中国的国粹。到了
18
世
纪后期，来自安徽和河北的民间艺人在当时的北京表演，借助和吸收了昆
曲和秦腔的一
些表演、曲调、表演技能和一些民间音乐而创造的京剧。随着世纪的流逝，
京剧逐渐形
成了其独有的艺术形式及完整的表演体系。现在它已是中国戏曲的代表。唱、
念、做、
打是京剧最基本的四种方法及技能。
7
、
Kunqu Opera
P59
Kunqu Opera is one of the oldest
operatic forms in China and is considered the
mother
of
many
other
types
of
traditional
operas.
It
originated
from
early
folks
operas popular in Kunshan, Jiangsu
Province and had reached its peak of popularity
by
the
late
Ming
Dynasty
and
early
Qing
Dynasty.
It
influenced
Beijing
Opera
amongst others. Kunqu
Opera is known for its gentle and clear vocals,
beautiful and
refined
tunes,
and
dance-like
stage
performance.
However,
towards
the
end
of
the
Qing Dynasty, it lost
its appeal and was on the verge of extinction. The
fate of Kunqu
Opera has also attracted
worldwide attention. In 2001, it was listed in the
Oral and
Intangible
Cultural
Heritage
(
人类口头非物质文化遗产
)
by
the
United
Nations
Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO:
联合国教科文组织
)
。
昆曲是中国最古老的戏曲形式之一，并被看做是很多其他传统戏曲的鼻祖。它源于
江苏昆山早期的民间戏曲，
并在明末清初达到顶峰，
< br>对京剧及其它戏曲都有很大的影响。
昆曲以其优雅清新的唱腔、
< br>美好精妙的曲调及精湛的舞台表演而著称。
然而，
到了清
末，
它逐渐衰落并濒临灭绝。昆曲的命运引起了国际的注意，在
2001
年，被联合国教科文
组织列为“人类口头非物质文化遗
产”
。
8
、
The academy of
classic learning
P69
Academy
of
classic
learning
came
into
being
during
the
Tang
Dynasty
and
continued
until
the
end
of
the
Qing
Dynasty.
They
were
established
in
various
localities
for
studies
and
lectures.
Academy
of
classic
learning
and
the
books
collection
mansions(
藏经阁
) existed
thousands of years ago and were more like the
present higher education institutions
and libraries. They became the gathering places
for scholars, celebrities, and
intellectuals. There are four famous academies in
ancient
China:
Yuelu
Academy
in
Changsha,
Hunan
Province;
Bailugong
Academy
on
Mount
Lushan, Jiangxi Province; Songyang Academy in
Dengfeng, Henan Province,
and Yingtian
Academy in Shangqiu, Henan Province.
书院始于唐代并持续到清末，它们
建造在不同的地方以供于学习和讲学。书院与藏
经阁已存在上千年，它们类似于现在的高
等教育机构和图书馆。它们成为聚集学者、名
人和知识分子的地方。中国有著名的四大书
院：湖南长沙岳麓书院、江西庐山白鹿洞书
院、河南登封嵩阳书院与河南商丘应天府书院
。
9
、
Imperial
Examination System
P69
The
imperial
examination
system,
or
keju
in
Chinese,
dominated
education
in
China
’
s
feudal
society.
It
became
the
method,
by
which
talented
people
were
recognized
and
selected
as
government
officials.
The
practice
began
in
the
Sui
Dynasty and lasted more
than 1,300 years until the last examination was
held during
the Qing Dynasty. The
examination was conducted at two levels: xiangshi
and huishi.
In
the
Tang
Dynasty,
there
were
civil
categories
in
the
annual
exams
than
before.
During
the
Ming
and
Qing
dynasties,
they
were
held
once
every
three
years.
The
civil
examination featured writing, which involved the
writing of an Eight-part Essay,
and
was
designed
to
select
jinshi.
The
military
examination
featured
martial
arts:
including
horsemanship,
archery,
and
weightlifting.
The
imperial
examination
system was introduced, children from
poor families had opportunities to attend the
government exams, and this enabled them
to bring honour to their families.
科举制度在中国封建社会占统治地
位的教育，它成为了一种确认能人、选拔政府官
员的方式。它开始于隋朝，延续了
1300
多年，最终绝于清末。这种考试方式主要分为
两个部分：乡试和会试。在唐代，每年科举考试之前都有很多的民间考试。而在明清两
< br>代，科举每三年举行一次。文试主要是制定写作，包括八股文，从而选出进士。武试主
要考军事，包括骑术、箭术和举重。自从科举制度产生，它给贫困家庭的孩子提供了参
加政府考试的机会，使之能够光宗耀祖。
10
、
Traditional
Chinese Medicine
P81
Traditional
Chinese
Medicine
is
very
different
from
Western
medicine
in
its
means
of
diagnosis,
treatment
and
its
composition
of
drugs
and
prescriptions.
Chinese
practitioners
of
traditional
medicine
take
a
holistic
approach
to
diagnosis.
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