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AUSTRALIA'S SPORTING SUCCESS
A
They play hard, they play
often, and they play to win. Australian sports
teams win more than
their fair share of
titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How
do they do it? A big part of the
secret
is an extensive and expensive network of sporting
academies underpinned by science and
medicine. At the Australian Institute
of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros
live and train
under
the
eyes
of
coaches.
Another
body,
the
Australian
Sports
Commission
(ASC),
finances
programmes
of
excellence
in
a
total
of
96
sports
for
thousands of
sportsmen
and women.
Both
provide intensive coaching, training
facilities and nutritional advice.
B
Inside the
academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS
employs more than 100 sports
scientists
and doctors, and collaborates with scores of
others in universities and research centres.
AIS scientists work across a number of
sports, applying skills learned in one - such as
building
muscle
strength
in
golfers
-
to
others,
such
as
swimming
and
squash.
They
are
backed
up
by
technicians
who
design
instruments
to
collect
data
from
athletes.
They
all
focus
on
one
aim:
winning. ‘We can't waste our time
looking at ethereal scientific questions that
don't help the coach
work with an
athlete and improve performance,' says Peter
Fricker, chief of science at AIS.
C
A lot of
their work comes down to measurement - everything
from the exact angle of a
swimmer’s
dive
to
the
second
-by-second
power
output
of
a
cyclist.
This
data
is
used
to
wring
improvements out of athletes. The focus
is on individuals, tweaking performances to
squeeze an
extra hundredth of a second
here, an extra millimetre there. No gain is too
slight to bother with.
It’s the tiny,
gradual improvements that add up to
world
-beating results. To demonstrate
how the
system
works,
Bruce
Mason
at
AIS
shows
off
the
prototype
of
a
3D
analysis
tool
for
studying
swimmers.
A
wire-
frame
model
of
a
champion
swimmer
slices
through
the
water,
her
arms
moving
in
slow
motion.
Looking
side-on,
Mason
measures
the
distance
between
strokes.
From
above, he analyses how
her spine swivels. When fully developed, this
system will enable him to
build a
biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help
budding swimmers. Mason's contribution
to sport also includes the development
of the SWAN (SWimming ANalysis)system now used in
Australian national competitions. It
collects images from digital cameras running at 50
frames a
second and breaks down each
part of a swimmer's performance into factors that
can be analysed
individually - stroke
length, stroke frequency, average duration of each
stroke, velocity, start, lap
and finish
times, and so on. At the end of each race,
SW
AN spits out data on each swimmer
D
‘Take
a
look,'
says
Mason,
pulling
out
a
sheet
of
data.
He
po
ints
out
the
data
on
the
swimmers
in second and third place, which shows that the
one who finished third actually swam
faster. So why did he finish 35
hundredths of a second down? ‘His turn times were
44 hundredths
of a second behind the
other guy,' says M
ason. ‘If he can
improve on his turns, he can do much
better’ This is the kind of accuracy
that AIS scientists' research is bringing to a
range of sports.
With
the
Cooperative
Research
Centre
for
Micro
Technology
in
Melbourne,
they
are
developing unobtrusive
sensors that will be embedded in an athlete's
clothes or running shoes to
monitor
heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other
factor that might have an impact on an
athlete's ability to run. There's more
to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker
gives the
example of athletes who may
be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a
year. After years of
experimentation,
AlS and the University of Newcastle in New South
Wales developed a test that
measures
how much of the immune-system protein
immunoglobulin A is present in athletes' saliva.
If IgA levels suddenly fall below a
certain level, training is eased or dropped
altogether. Soon, IgA
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levels start
rising again, and the danger passes. Since the
tests were introduced, AIS athletes in all
sports have been remarkably successful
at staying healthy.
E
Using
data
is
a
complex
business.
Well
before
a
championship,
sports
scientists
and
coaches
start
to
prepare
the
athlete
by
developing
a
‘competition
model',
based
on
what
they
expect will be
th
e winning times. ‘You design the
model to make that time,' says Mason. ‘A start
of this much, each free-swimming period
has to be this fast, with a certain stroke
frequency and
stroke length, with turns
done in these times.' All the training is then
geared towards making the
athlete hit
those targets, both overall and for each segment
of the race. Techniques like these have
transformed Australia into arguably the
world's most successful sporting nation.
F
Of
course,
there's
nothing
to
stop
other
countries
copying-and
many
have
tried.
Some
years ago, the AIS
unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance
athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic
Games
in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off
cyclists' and rowers' times. Now everyone
uses them. The same has
h
appened to the ‘altitude tent',
developed by AIS to replicate the effect of
altitude
training
at
sea
level.
But
Australia's
success
story
is
about
more
than
easily
copied
technological fixes, and up to now no
nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.
Questions 1-7
Reading Passage
1 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following
information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes
1-7 on your answer sheet.
NB
You may use any letter
more than once.
1
a reference to the
exchange of expertise between different sports
2
an explanation of how visual imaging is
employed in investigations
3
a reason for narrowing
the scope of research activity
4
how some AIS
ideas have been reproduced
5
how obstacles to optimum
achievement can be investigated
6
an overview
of the funded support of athletes
7
how
performance requirements are calculated before an
event
Questions
8-11
Classify
the following techniques according to whether the
writer states they
A
are currently
exclusively used by Australians
B
will be used
in the future by Australians
C
are
currently used by both Australians and their
rivals
Write
the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 8-11 on
your answer sheet.
8
cameras
9
sensors
10
protein tests
11
altitude tents
Questions 12
and 13
Answer
the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR
A NUMBER from the passage for
each
answer.
Write
your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer
sheet.
12
What is produced to help an athlete
plan their performance in an event?
13
By how much
did some cyclists' performance improve at the 1996
Olympic Games?
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篇章结构
体裁
说明文
主题
澳大利亚的体育成就
结构
A
段:澳大利亚体育成绩斐然
B
段:科技是第一生产力
C
段:精确测量和数据分析
D
段:精确测量和数据分析的实例
E
段:数据的实际应用
F
段:不可复制的成功
必背词汇
A
段
fair
adj.
合理的
pro
n.
职业运动员
demolish
v.
击败;破坏,毁坏
under the eye of
在
……
的注意下
rival
n.
竞争者,对手
body
n.
团体,机构
seeming adj.
表面上的
(
通常事实并非如此
)
finance v.
给
……
提供经费
ease n.
不费力,轻松
excellence n.
优秀,卓越
extensive
adj.
广泛的,涉及面广的
intensive
adj.
强化的
underpin v.
以
……
为稳固基础
nutritional
adj.
营养的
B
段
centre stage
中心地位
squash
n.
壁球
collaborate v.
合作
instrument n.
仪器,器械
golfer
n.
打高尔夫球的人
ethereal
adj.
飘渺的,引申为不切实际的
C
段
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come down
to(sth.)
可归结为
wire-frame
adj.
线框的
second-by-second
每秒的
slice
v.
划开;切开
output
n.
输出
slow motion
慢动作
wrin
g…out of
原义为扭,榨取,此处引申为从
……
中
(
经过努力
)
获得
p>
side-on
从侧面
stroke
n.
划动,划水
tweak
v.
扭,用力拉
spine
n.
脊柱
world-beating
adj.
举世瞩目的
swivel
v.
旋转
prototype n.
原型
biomechanical
adj.
生物力
(
学
)
的
< br>
profile
n.
原义为轮廓、外形,此处意为模型
velocity
n.
速度,速率
lap
n.
一圈
budding adj.
发展中的
spit out
原义是吐出,此处引申为显示出、分析出
frame
n.
帧,画面
D
段
turn time
转身时间
immunoglobulin
n.
免疫球蛋白
unobtrusive
adj.
不显眼的,不醒目的
present
adj.
存在的
sensor
n.
传感器
saliva
n.
唾液
embed v.
使插入;使嵌入
ease v.
减轻,减弱
sweat
v.
出汗,发汗
remarkably
adv.
显著地,引人注目地;非常地
experimentation
n.
实验,试验
immune-system
免疫系统的
E
段
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complex adj.
复杂的
transform v.
转换,转变,改变
championship
n.
冠军赛
arguably adv.
可论证地
(
可辩论地
)
,有理由说地
gear v.
调整,
(
使
)
适合
segment
n.
部分
F
段
unveil v.
展示
(
新产品
)
;揭开
altitude tent
高原帐篷
coolant-lined
流线型散热
replicate
v.
复制
endurance
n.
耐力;忍耐力
encompass
v.
包含或包括某事物
slice
v.
减少,降低
难句解析
1. A lot of their work
comes down to
measurement
—
everything from
the
exact angle of a swimmer's dive to
the second-by-second power output of a
cyclist.
参考译文:
许多工作都涉及具体测量,
测量内容包括
从游泳运动员潜水的精确角度到自
行车运动员每秒功率输出的所有数据。
语言点:
come down to
:
归结为;
涉及
If a complicated situation
or problem comes down
to something,
that is the single most important thing
It all comes
down to money in the
end.
归根到底,一切都是因为钱。
2. No gain is
too slight to bother with.
参考译文:无论多么微小的收获都值得为之努力。
语言点:
(1)too…to
的用法:表示否定的含义,译为
“
太
……
以致于不能
”
。本句话虽
然短,却因
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为有
no
否定词和
too…to
句型而出
现了肯定的意思,因此要格外注意。可以根据
“
负负得
正
”
的原则直接将原句翻译成肯定的意思,便于
理解。
(2)gain n.
获得
①
[C] an advantage or improvement,
especially one achieved by planning
or
effort
②
[U&C] an
increase in the amount or level of something
③
[U] financial profit, especially when
this seems to be the only thing
someone
is interested in The party made considerable gains
at local
elections.
该党派在地方选举中获得许多利益。
(3) bother v.
努力做
: to make the effort to
do something
①
(not) bother to
do something
He
didn't bother to answer the question.
②
(not) bother about/with
He didn't bother with a
reply.
③
(not) bother
doing something
Many young people didn't bother voting.
don't/didn't/won't etc. bother
‘ Do you want
me to wait for you?’ ‘No, don't
bother.’
Why bother to go abroad when there are
so many nice places here?
3. You design the model to make that
time
A start of this much, each
free-swimming period has to be this
fast, with a certain stroke frequency and
stroke length, with turns done in these
times.
参考译文:
人们设计一种模式以达到预期的速度,
该模式规定了出发时间的长短、
每次
划水的速率、一定的划频和划距、转身所需的时间等等。<
/p>
注意:代
词
this
和
that
,
these
等所指代的东西,需要通过上下文理解掌
握。本句话
中代词指的是
“
竞赛模式<
/p>
”
下所预期的时间、速度等。
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语言点:
(1)stroke(
划船,游泳等
)
一划
butterfly stroke
蝶泳
sidestroke
侧泳
breaststroke
蛙泳
backstroke
仰泳
(2)
frequency
频
率
the number of
times that something happens within a
particular period of time or within a
particular group of people
①
frequency of
the frequency
of serious road
accidents
重大道路交通事故的发生频率
②
the high/low frequency (of something)
p>
高
/
低频率
the higher
frequency of diabetes in older
people
老年人中的糖尿病高发频率
Side effects
from prescribed drugs are being reported with
increasing
frequency.
处方药的副作用
遭到越来越多的报道。
试题解析
Questions 1-7
●
题目类型:
MATCHING
●
题目解析:
题号
定位词
exchange of
expertise, between
different
sports/collaborate,
1
across a number
of
sports
文中对应点
B
段:
…and
collaborates with scores of others in
universities and research
centres
.
AIS scientists work
across a number of sports…
题干中讲到不同体育领域的专业知识交流正好跟原
文中跨不同体育专家之间的合作相对应,理解意思
即可容易找到正确答案。
题号
定位词
文中对应点
visual
imaging/3D,
2
image
C
段
:…shows off the
prototype of a 3D analysis tool for
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