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List of Headings
i
The reaction of the Inuit community to climate
change
ii Understanding of
climate change remains limited
iii Alternative sources of essential
supplies
iv Respect for
Inuit opinion grows
v A
healthier choice of food
vi
A difficult landscape
vii
Negative effects on well-being
viii Alarm caused by unprecedented
events in the Arctic
ix
The benefits of an easier existence
Example
Answer
Paragraph A
viii
27
Paragraph B
28
Paragraph C
29
Paragraph D
30
Paragraph E
31
Paragraph F
32
Paragraph G
A
Unusual
incidents
are
being
reported
across
the
Arctic.
Inuit
families
going
off
on
snowmobiles
to
prepare
their
summer
hunting
camps
have
found
themselves
cut
off from home by a sea of mud,
following early thaws. There are reports of igloos
losing
their
insulating
properties
as
the
snow
drips
and
refreezes,
of
lakes
draining
into
the
sea
as
permafrost
melts,
and
sea
ice
breaking
up
earlier
than
usual,
carrying
seals beyond the reach of hunters.
Climate change may still be a rather abstract
idea to most of us, but in the Arctic
it is already having dramatic effects - if
summertime
ice
continues
to
shrink
at
its
present
rate,
the
Arctic
Ocean
could
soon
become
virtually
ice-free
in
summer.
The
knock-on
effects
are
likely
to
include
more
warming,
cloudier
skies,
increased
precipitation
and
higher
sea
levels.
Scientists
are increasingly keen to find out
what's going
on because they consider
the Arctic
the 'canary in
the mine' for global warming - a warning of what's
in store for the
rest of the world.
B
For the Inuit the problem is urgent. They live in
precarious balance with
one
of
the
toughest
environments
on
earth.
Climate
change,
whatever
its
causes,
is
a
direct
threat
to
their
way
of
life.
Nobody
knows
the
Arctic
as
well
as
the
locals,
which
is
why
they
are
not
content
simply
to
stand
back
and
let
outside
experts
tell
them
what's
happening.
In
Canada,
where
the
Inuit
people
are
jealously
guarding
their
hard-won autonomy in
the country's newest territory, Nunavut, they
believe their
best
hope
of
survival
in
this
changing
environment
lies
in
combining
their
ancestral
knowledge with the best of modern
science. This is a challenge in itself.
C
The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar
desert that's covered with
snow for
most of the year. Venture into this terrain and
you get some idea of the
hardships
facing
anyone
who
calls
this
home.
Farming
is
out
of
the
question
and
nature
offers
meagre pickings.
Humans
first settled
in
the Arctic a
mere
4,500
years ago,
surviving by exploiting sea mammals and
fish. The environment tested them to the
limits:
sometimes
the
colonists
were
successful,
sometimes
they
failed
and
vanished.
But around a
thousand years ago, one group emerged that was
uniquely well adapted
to cope with the
Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in
from Alaska,
bringing kayaks, sleds,
dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the
ancestors of
today's Inuit people.
D
Life for the descendants of the Thule people is
still harsh. Nunavut is
million
square
kilometres
of
rock
and
ice,
and
a
handful
of
islands
around
the
North
Pole.
It's
currently
home
to
2,500
people,
all
but
a
handful
of
them
indigenous
Inuit.
Over the past 40
years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and
settled in the
territory's
28
isolated
communities,
but
they
still
rely
heavily
on
nature
to
provide
food
and clothing.
Provisions
available
in
local
shops
have
to
be
flown
into
Nunavut
on
one
of
the
most
costly air networks in the world, or brought by
supply ship during the few
ice-free
weeks of summer. It would cost a family around
f7,000 a year to replace
meat they
obtained themselves through hunting with imported
meat. Economic
opportunities
are
scarce,
and
for
many
people
state
benefits
are
their
only
income.
E
While
the
Inuit
may
not
actually
starve
if
hunting
and
trapping
are
curtailed
by
climate
change,
there
has
certainly
been
an
impact
on
people's
health.
Obesity,
heart disease and
diabetes are beginning to appear in a people for
whom these have
never before been
problems. There has been a crisis of identity as
the
traditional
skills
of
hunting,
trapping
and
preparing
skins
have
begun
to
disappear.
In
Nunavut's
'igloo and email'
society, where adults who were born in igloos have
children who
may never have been out on
the land, there's a high incidence of depression.
F
With
so
much
at
stake,
the
Inuit
are
determined
to
play
a
key
role
in
teasing
out the mysteries of climate change in
the Arctic. Having survived there for
centuries,
they
believe
their
wealth
of
traditional
knowledge
is
vital
to
the
task.
And
Western scientists are starting to draw on this
wisdom, increasingly referred
to as
‘lnuit Qaujimajatuqangit’, or IQ. ‘In the early
days scientists ignored
us when they
came up here to study anything. They just figured
these people don't
know very much so we
won't ask them,’ says John Amagoalik, an Inuit
leader and
politician. 'But in recent
years IQ has had much more credibility and
weight.' In
fact
it
is
now
a
requirement
for
anyone
hoping
to
get
permission
to
do
research
that
they
consult
the
communities,
who
are
helping
to
set
the
research
agenda
to
reflect
their
most
important
concerns.
They
can
turn
down
applications
from
scientists
they
believe will work
against their interests, or research projects that
will impinge
too much on their daily
lives and traditional activities.
G
Some
scientists doubt the value of traditional
knowledge because the
occupation
of
the
Arctic
doesn't
go
back
far
enough.
Others,
however,
point
out
that
the
first
weather
stations
in
the
far
north
date
back
just
50
years.
There
are
still
huge
gaps
in
our
environmental
knowledge,
and
despite
the
scientific
onslaught,
many
predictions
are
no
more
than
best
guesses.
IQ
could
help
to
bridge
the
gap
and
resolve
the tremendous
uncertainty about how much of what we're seeing is
natural
capriciousness and how much is
the consequence of human activity.
Questions 33-40
Complete the summary of
paragraphs C and D below.
Choose
NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS
from paragraphs C and D for each
answer.
Write
your answers in boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet.
If
you
visit
the
Canadian
Arctic,
you
immediately
appreciate
the
problems
faced
by
people for whom this is home. It would clearly be
impossible for the people to
engage
in
33....................
as
a
means
of
supporting
themselves.
For
thousands
of years they have
had to rely on catching 34.................... and
35.................... as a means of
sustenance.
The
harsh
surroundings
saw
many
who
tried
to
settle
there
pushed
to
their
limits,
although some were successful. The
36.................... people were an example
of
the
latter
and
for
them
the
environment
did
not
prove
unmanageable.
For
the
present
inhabitants,
life
continues
to
be
a
struggle.
The
territory
of
Nunavut
consists
of
little more than ice,
rock and a few 37.................... In recent
years, many
of them have been obliged
to give up their 38.................... lifestyle,
but
they
continue
to
depend
mainly
on
39....................
for
their
food
and
clothes.
40.................... produce is
particularly expensive.
体裁
议论文
主题
气候变化与因纽特人
结构
A
段：概述北极罕见事件敲响警钟
B
段：因纽特人对于环境变化做出
的
反应
C
段：艰苦恶劣的自然条件
D
段：生活必需品来源的替代品
E
段：安逸生活的负面影响
F
段：因纽特人对于环境的建议逐渐被考虑和重视
G
段：人们对于环境的认识十分有限
A
段
incident
n.
事件
abstract
adj.
抽象的
snowmobile
n.
雪地汽车
shrink
v.
收缩
thaw
n.
融雪
ice-free
adj.
不冻的
igloo
n.
圆顶建筑
knock-on
adj.
连锁的
insulating
adj.
绝缘的
precipitation
n.
降水
permafrost
n.
永久冰冻
(
永久冻土，永久冻地
)
canary
n.
金丝雀
B
段
urgent
adj.
急迫的，紧要的，紧急的
hard-won
adj.
难得的，来之不易的
precarious
a.
不确定的；危险的
autonomy
n.
自治
.
自治权
threat
n.
威胁
lie in
在于
content
adj.
满足的
combine
v.
结合
stand back
退后
(
靠后站，不介入
)
ancestral
a.
祖先的，祖传的
C
段
vast
adj.
广阔的
vanish
v.
消失
polar
adj.
两极的，极地的
adapt to
适应
venture
v.
冒险
cope with
对付
(
应付，克服
)
terrain
n.
地带
Thule
n.
古人相信存在于世界北端的国家，极北之地
meagre
adj.
瘦的，不足的
exploit
v.
开发，开拓
kayak
n.(
爱斯基摩人用的<
/p>
)
皮船
mammal
n.
哺乳动物
sled
n.
雪撬
D
段
descendant
n.
子孙，后代
rely on
依赖，依靠
harsh
adj.
艰苦的；苛刻的
provision
n.
供应品，必需品
indigenous
adj.
本土的
replace with
取代，以……代替
abandon
v.
放弃
scarce
adj.
缺乏的，不足的
nomadic
adj.
游牧的
E
段
curtail
v.
缩减，减少
identity
n.
身份；特性
obesity
n.
肥胖，肥大
depression
n.
沮丧，情绪低落；忧郁症
diabetes
n.
糖尿病
F
段
at stake
在危险中
(
处于成败关头
)
credibility
n.
可信性
tease out
梳理，挑出
consult
v.
商议；请教
vital
adj.
至关重要的；所必需的
agenda
n.
议程
wisdom
n.
明智的行为：智慧
impinge
v.
侵犯
G
段
occupation
n.
占有
tremendous
adj.
巨大的，惊人的
onslaught
n.
冲击
capriciousness
n.
任性；善变
prediction
n.
预言，预报
难句解析
1.
While
the
Inuit
may
not
actually
starve
if
hunting
and
trapping
are
curtailed
by climate change,
there has certainly bee
n an impact on
people’s health.
参考译文：
即使气候变化阻碍了狩猎
和诱捕，
因纽特人或许也不会真的挨饿受冻，
但气
候变化的确影响了人们的健康。
语言点：
(1)starve
：使饿死，饿得
要死
a. to suffer or die because you do not
have enough to eat
①
Thousands of people will
starve if food doesn't reach the city.
如
果食物到
不了城市，成千上万的人将饿死。
②
They'll
either
die
from
the
cold
or
starve
to
death
(=die
from
lack
of
food).
他们不是冻死就是饿死。
b. be starving:
to be very hungry
You must be
starving!
你肯定饿了。
c.
starve
somebody/something
of
something:
to
not
give
something
that
is
needed
The schools are
starved of funding.
学校需要资金。
(2)curtail
：缩减
to reduce or
limit something
①
The new law will curtail
police powers.
新法律将减弱警察的势力。
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