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剑
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雅
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6
第
一
套
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:
R
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D
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G
P
A
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< br>E
3
You should spend about 20
minutes on Questions 27-40, which are
b
a
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d
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Q
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2
7
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a
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< br>a
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,
A
-
G.
Choose the correct heading
for paragraphs B-G from the list of
h
e
a
d
i
n
g
s
b
e
l
o
< br>w
.
Write the correct number, i-ix, in
boxes 27-32 on your answer
s
h
e
e
t
.<
/p>
List of Headings
i The reaction of the Inuit community
to climate change
ii
Understanding of climate change remains
limited
iii Alternative
sources of essential supplies
iv Respect for Inuit opinion
grows
v A healthier
choice of food
vi A
difficult landscape
vii
Negative effects on well-being
viii Alarm caused by unprecedented
events in the Arctic
ix
The benefits of an easier existence
Example
Answer
Paragraph A
viii
27?? Paragraph B
28?? Paragraph C
29?? Paragraph
D
30??
Paragraph E
31?? Paragraph F
32?? Paragraph G
A?
Unusual
incidents
are
being
reported
across
the
Arctic.
Inuit
families going off on snowmobiles to
prepare their summer hunting
camps
have
found
themselves
cut
off
from
home
by
a
sea
of
mud,
following
early thaws. There are reports of
igloos losing their insulating
properties as the snow drips and
refreezes, of lakes draining into
the
sea
as
permafrost
melts,
and
sea
ice
breaking
up
earlier
than
usual,
carrying
seals
beyond the
reach
of
hunters.
Climate change
may
still
be
a
rather
abstract
idea
to
most
of
us,
but
in
the
Arctic
it
is
already
having dramatic effects - if summertime
ice continues to shrink at
its present
rate, the Arctic Ocean could soon become virtually
ice-free in summer. The knock-on
effects are likely to include more
warming, cloudier skies, increased
precipitation and higher sea
levels.
Scientists
are
increasingly keen
to
find
out
what's
going on
because they consider the
Arctic the 'canary in the mine' for global
warming - a warning of what's in store
for the rest of the world.
B? For the Inuit the problem is urgent.
They live in precarious
balance
with
one
of
the
toughest
environments
on
earth.
Climate
change,
whatever its causes,
is a direct threat to their way of life. Nobody
knows the Arctic as well as the locals,
which is why they are not
content
simply
to
stand
back
and
let
outside
experts
tell
them
what's
happening. In Canada, where the Inuit
people are jealously guarding
their
hard-won autonomy in the country's newest
territory, Nunavut,
they
believe
their
best
hope
of
survival
in
this
changing
environment
lies in combining their ancestral
knowledge with the best of modern
science. This is a challenge in itself.
C? The Canadian
Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's
covered
with
snow
for
most
of
the
year.
Venture
into
this
terrain
and
you
get
some
idea
of
the
hardships
facing
anyone
who
calls
this
home.
Farming is out of the question and
nature offers meagre pickings.
Humans
first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years
ago, surviving
by exploiting sea
mammals and fish. The environment tested them to
the limits: sometimes the colonists
were successful, sometimes they
failed
and
vanished.
But
around
a
thousand
years
ago,
one
group
emerged
that was uniquely well adapted to cope
with the Arctic environment.
These
Thule
people
moved
in
from
Alaska,
bringing
kayaks,
sleds,
dogs,
pottery
and
iron
tools.
They
are
the
ancestors
of
today's
Inuit
people.
D? Life for the descendants of the
Thule people is still harsh.
Nunavut
is million
square
kilometres
of
rock
and ice,
and
a
handful
of
islands
around
the
North
Pole.
It's
currently
home
to
2,500
people,
all but a handful of
them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years,
most
have
abandoned
their
nomadic
ways
and
settled
in
the
territory's
28 isolated
communities, but they still rely heavily on nature
to
provide food and clothing.
Provisions
available
in
local
shops
have
to
be
flown
into
Nunavut
on
one of the most costly air networks in the world,
or brought by
supply ship during the
few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost
a
family
around
f7,000
a
year
to
replace
meat
they
obtained
themselves
through
hunting
with
imported
meat.
Economic
opportunities
are
scarce,
and
for many people state benefits are their only
income.
E?
While
the
Inuit
may
not
actually
starve
if
hunting
and
trapping
are
curtailed by climate change, there has certainly
been an impact
on
people's
health.
Obesity,
heart
disease
and
diabetes
are
beginning
to
appear
in
a
people
for
whom
these
have
never
before
been
problems.
There has been a
crisis of identity as the traditional skills of
hunting, trapping and preparing skins
have begun to disappear. In
Nunavut's
'igloo and email' society, where adults who were
born in
igloos
have
children
who
may
never
have
been
out
on
the
land,
there's
a
high incidence of depression.
F? With so much at stake,
the Inuit are determined to play a key
role in teasing out the mysteries of
climate change in the Arctic.
Having
survived there for centuries, they believe their
wealth of
traditional knowledge is
vital to the task. And Western scientists
are starting to draw on this wisdom,
increasingly referred to as
‘lnuit
Qaujimajatuqangit’, or IQ. ‘In the early days
scientists
ignored
us
when
they
came
up
here
to
study
anything.
They
just
figured
these people don't know very much
s
o we won't ask them,’ says John
Amagoalik, an Inuit leader and
politician. 'But in recent years IQ
has
had much more credibility and weight.' In fact it
is now a
requirement for anyone hoping
to get permission to do research that
they consult the communities, who are
helping to set the research
agenda to
reflect their most important concerns. They can
turn down
applications from scientists
they believe will work against their
interests, or research projects that
will impinge too much on their
daily
lives and traditional activities.
G? Some scientists doubt
the value of traditional knowledge
because
the
occupation
of
the
Arctic
doesn't
go
back
far
enough.
Others,
however, point out
that the first weather stations in the far north
date
back
just
50
years.
There
are
still
huge
gaps
in
our
environmental
knowledge,
and
despite
the
scientific
onslaught,
many
predictions
are
no
more
than
best
guesses.
IQ
could
help
to
bridge
the
gap
and
resolve
the tremendous
uncertainty about how much of what we're seeing is
natural capriciousness and how much is
the consequence of human
activity.
Questions 33-40
Complete the
summary of paragraphs C and D below.
Choose
NO MORE
THAN TWO WORDS
from paragraphs C and D
for each
answer.
Write your answers in boxes
33-40 on your answer sheet.
If
you
visit
the
Canadian
Arctic,
you
immediately
appreciate
the
problems faced by people for whom this
is home. It would clearly be
impossible
for the people to engage in 33....................
as a
means
of
supporting
themselves.
For
thousands of years they
have
had
to
rely
on
catching
34....................
and
35....................
as a
means of sustenance.
The
harsh
surroundings
saw many
who tried to
settle
there
pushed
to
their limits, although some were successful. The
36.................... people were an
example of the latter and for
them the
environment did not prove unmanageable. For the
present
inhabitants,
life
continues
to
be
a
struggle.
The
territory
of
Nunavut
consists
of
little
more
than
ice,
rock
and
a
few
37....................
In
recent years, many of them have been obliged to
give up their
38....................
lifestyle,
but
they
continue
to
depend
mainly
on
39.................... for their food and clothes.
40.................... produce is
particularly expensive.
体裁
?
议论文
主题
?
气候变化与因纽特人
结构
?
A
段：概述北极罕见事件敲响警钟
??? B
< br>段：因纽特人对于环境
变化做出的反应
C
段：艰苦恶劣的自然条件
???
D
段：生活必需品来源的替代品
E
段：安逸生活的负面影响
??? F
段：因纽特人对于环境的建议逐渐被
考虑和重视
G
段：人们对于环境的认识十分有限
A
段
?
incident?n.
事件
?abstract?adj.
抽象的
snowm
obile?n.
雪地汽车
?shrink?v.
收缩
thaw?n.
融雪
?ice-
free?adj.
不冻的
igloo?n.
圆顶建筑
?knock-on?adj.
连锁的
insulating?adj.
绝缘的
?precipitation?n.
< br>降水
permafrost?n.
永久冰冻
(
永久冻土，永久冻地
)?canary?n.
金丝雀
B
段
?
urgent?adj.
急迫的，紧要的，紧急的
?hard-
won?adj.
难得的，来之不
易的
precarious?a.
不确定的；危险的
?autonomy?n.
自治
.
自治权
threat?n.
威胁
?lie
in?
在于
content?adj.
满足的<
/p>
?combine?v.
结合
stand back?
退后
(
靠后站，不介入
)?ancestral?a.
祖先的，祖传的
C
段
?
vast?adj.
广阔的
?vanish?v.
消失
< br>
polar?adj.<
/p>
两极的，极地的
?adapt
to?
适应
venture?v.
冒险
?cope
with?
对付
(
应付，克服
)
terrai
n?n.
地带
Thule?n.
古人相
信存在于世界北端的国家，极北之地
meagre?adj.
瘦的，不足的
exploit?v.
开发，开拓
?kayak?n.(
爱斯基摩人用的
)
皮船
mammal?n.
哺乳动物
?sled?n.
雪撬
D
段
?
descendant?n.
子孙，后代
?rely
on?
依赖，依靠
harsh?adj.
艰苦的；苛刻
的
?provision?n.
供应品，必需品
indigenous
?adj.
本土的
?replace
with?
取代，以……代替
abandon?v.
放弃
?scarce?adj.
缺乏的，不足的
nomadic?adj.
游牧的
E
段
?
curtail?v.
缩减，减少
?identity?n.
身份；特性
obe
sity?n.
肥胖，肥大
?depression?n.
沮丧，情绪低落；忧郁症
diabetes?n.
糖尿病
F
段
?
at stake?
在危险中
(
处于成败关头
)
?credibility?n.
可信性
tease out?
梳理，挑出
?consult?v.
商议；请教<
/p>
vita
l?adj.
至关重要的；所必需的
?agenda?n.
议程
wisdom?n.
明智的行为：智慧
?im
pinge?v.
侵犯
G
段
?
occupation?n.
占有
?tremendous?adj.
巨
大的，惊人的
< br>onslaught?n.
冲击
?capricious
ness?n.
任性；善变
prediction?n.
预言，
预报
难句解析
1.
While
the
Inuit
may
not
actually
starve
if
hunting
and
trapping
are curtailed by
climate change, there has certainly been an impact
on people’s health.
参考译文：即使气候变化阻碍了狩
猎和诱捕，因纽特人或许也不会真的
挨饿受冻，但气候变化的确影响了人们的健康。
语言点：
(1)starve
：使饿死，饿得要死
a. to suffer
or die because you do not have enough to eat
①
Thousands
of
people
will
starve
if
food
doesn't
reach
the
city.
如果食物到不了城市，成千上万的人将饿死。
②
They'll
either
die
from
the
cold
or
starve
to
death
(=die
from
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