-
2016
年
12
月大学
英语四级试题（第一套）
。
Part
I
Writing
（
30m
inutes
）
（请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试）
Directions
：
For
this part
，
you
are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay .Suppose
you are two
options upon
graduation
：
one
is to find a job somewhere and the other to start
a business of your
own.
You
are to make a choice between the two. Write an
essay to explain the reasons for your
choice. You should write at least 120
words but no more than 180 words.
Part
II
Listening Comprehension
（
25
minutes
）
Section
A
Directions
：
In
this
section
，
you
will
hear
three
news
reports.
At
the
end
of
each
news
report
，
you will hear two or three questions.
Both the news report and the questions will be
spoken only once. After you hear a
question
，
you
must choose the best answer from the four
choices marked
A
）
，
B
）
，
C
）
. Then mark the
corresponding letter on the
Answer
sheet1
with
a single line
through the centre.
Questions 1and 2
are based on the news report you have just the
heard.
1.
A
）
It
was dangerous to live in.
C
）
He could no longer pay the rent.
B
）
It was going to be renovated.
D
）
He
had sold it to the royal family.
2.
A
）
A strike.
B
）
A
storm.
C
）
A forest fire.
D
）
A
Terrorist attack
.
Questions
3and 4 are based on the news report you have just
heard.
3.
A
）
They lost contact with the emergency
department.
B
）
They were
trapped in an underground elevator.
C
）
They were injured by suddenly falling
rocks.
D
）
They sent calls for help via a portable
radio.
4.
A
）
They tried hard to repair the accident.
B
）
They released the details of the
accident.
C
）
They sent supplies to keep the miners
warm.
D
）
They provided the miner with food and
water.
Question5 to7 are based on the
news report you have just heard.
5.
A
）
Raise postage rates.
C
）
Redesign delivery routes.
B
）
Improve its
services.
D
）
Close some of its post offices.
6.
A
）
Shortening business hours.
C
）
Stopping mail delivery on Saturdays.
B
）
Closing offices on holidays.
D
）
Computerizing mail sorting processes.
7.
A
）
Many post office staff will lose their
jobs
B
）
Many people will begin to complain
C
）
Taxpayers will be very pleased
D
）
A lot of
controversy will arise
Section B
Directions
：
In
this
section
，
you
will
hear
two
long
conversations.
At
the
end
of
each
conversation
，
you
will hear four questions. Both the conversation
and the questions will be
spoken only
once. After
you hear
a
question
，
you
must choose the best
answer from four <
/p>
2016
年
12
月大英四（第一套）
choice marked A
）
，
B
）
，
C
）
and D
）
.Then mark
the corresponding letter an
Answer
sheet1
with a single line
though the centre.
Question8 to 11 are
based on the conversation you have just heard.
8.
A
）
He will be kept
from promotion.
C
）
He will be
given a warning.
B
）
He will go
through retraining.
D
）
He will lose
part of his pay.
9.
A
）
He
is always on time.
C
）
He
is an experienced press operator.
B
）
He is
trustworthy guy.
D
）
He
is on good terms with his workmates.
10.
A
）
She is a trade
union representative.
C
）
She is a senior
manager of the shop.
B
）
She is in
charge of public relation.
D
）
She is better
at handing such matters.
11.
A
）
He
is skilled and experienced.
C
）
He is always
trying to stir up trouble.
B
）
He is very
close to the manager.
D
）
He is always
complaining about low wages.
Question12
to 15 are based on the conversation you have just
heard.
12.
A
）
Open.
B
）
Friendly.
C
）
Selfish.
D
）
Reserved.
13.
A
）
They stay
quiet.
C
）
They talk about
the weather
B
）
They read a
book.
D
）
They chat with
fellow passengers.
14.
A
）
She was always
treated as a foreigner.
B
）
She was eager
to visit an English castle.
C
）
She was never
invited to a colleague
’
s
home.
D
）
She was
unwilling to make friends with workmates.
15.
A
）
House are much more quiet.
C
）
They want to have more space.
B
）
Houses provide more privacy.
D
）
They want a garden of their own.
Section C
Directions
：
In
this section
，
you will hear
three passages. At the end of each
passage
，
you will
hear three or four questions. Both the
passage and the questions will be spoken only
once.
After you hear a
question
，
you must choose the
best answer from the four choices marked A
< br>）
，
B
）
，
C
）
and D
）
.Then mark
the corresponding letter on
Answer
Sheet 1
with a single line
through the centre.
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the
passage you have just heard.
16.
A
）
They don
’
t have
much choice of jobs.
B
）
They are likely to get much higher pay.
C
）
They don
’
t have
to go through job interviews.
D
）
They will automatically be given hiring
priority.
17.
A
）
Ask
their professors for help.
C
）
Visit the school careers services.
B
）
Look at school bulletin boards.
D
）
Go
through campus newspapers.
18.
A
）
Helping students find the books and
journals they need.
B
）
Supervising study spaces to ensure a
quiet atmosphere.
C
）
Helping students arrange appointments
with librarians.
D
）
Providing students with information
about the library.
Questions 19 to 21
are based on the passage you have just heard.
19.
A
）
It tastes better.
C
）
It
may be sold at a higher price .
B
）
It
is easier to grow.
D
）
It
can better survive extreme weathers.
20.
A
）
It is healthier than green tea.
C
）
It
will replace green tea one day.
B
）
It
can grow in drier soil.
D
）
It is immune to various diseases.
21.
A
）
It
has been well received by many tea drinkers.
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B
）
It
does not bring the promised health benefits.
C
）
It has made tea farmers’ life
easier.
D
）
It
does not have a stable market.
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the
passage you have just heard.
22.
A
）
They need
decorations to show their status.
B
）
They prefer unique objects of high
quality.
C
）
They decorate their homes themselves.
D
）
They care more about environment.
23.
A
）
They were proud of their creations.
B
）
They could only try to create at night.
C
）
They made great contributions to
society.
D
）
They focused on the quality of their
products.
24.
A
）
Make wise choices.
C
）
Design handicrafts themselves.
B
）
Identify fake crafts.
D
）
Learn the importance of creation.
25.
A
）
To boost the local economy.
C
）
To
arouse public interest in crafts.
B
）
To
attract foreign investments.
D
）
To
preserve the traditional culture.
PART
Ⅲ
Reading Comprehension
（
40
minutes
）
Section
A
Directions
：
In this section
，
there is a passage with ten blanks. You
are required to select one
word for
each blank from a list of choices given in a word
bank following the passage. Read
the
passage
through
carefully
before
making
your
choices.
Each
choice
in
the
bank
is
identified by a letter. Please mark the
corresponding letter for each item on
Answer Sheet 2
with a single line through the centre.
You may not use any of the words in the bank more
than
once.
When someone
commits a criminal act, we always hope the
punishment will match the
offense.
But
when
it
comes
to
one
of
the
cruelest
crimes
—
animal
fighting
—
things
26
work
out
that
way.
Dog
fighting
victims
are
27
and
killed
for
profit
and
“sport,”
yet
their
criminal abusers often
receive a
28
sentence for
causing a lifetime of pain. Roughly half of all
federally-convicted animal fighters
only get probation(
缓刑
).
Some progress has been made in the
prosecution(
起诉
) of animal
fighters. But federal
judges
often rely heavily on the U.S. Sentencing
Guidelines when they
29
penalties, and in the
case of animal fighting, those
guidelines are outdated and
extremely
30
.
The
U.S.
Sentencing
Commission,
which
31
these
sentencing
guidelines,
is
revisiting
them, proposing to raise the minimum
sentence from 6-12 to 21-27 months. This is a step
in
the right
32
,
but we’d like to see the U.S. Sentencing
Commission make further guidelines.
Simultaneous to this effort, we’re
working with animal advocates and state and
federal
lawmakers to
33
anti-cruelty laws across
the country, as well as supporting laws and
policies
that
assist
overburdened
animal
34
that
care
for
animal
fighting
victims.
This
help
is
35
important
because
the
high
cost
of
caring
for
animal
victims
is
a
major
deterrent
to
intervening in cruelty
cases in the first place.
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A)
convenient
B) creates
C) critically
D)
determine
E) direction
F) hesitate
G) inadequate
H)inspired
I) method
J) minimal
K) rarely
L) shelters
M) strengthen
N) sufferings
O) tortured
Section B
Directions
：
In
this section
，
you
are gonging to read a passage with ten statements
attached to
it.
Each
statement
contains
information
given
in
one
of
the
paragraphs.
Identify
the
paragraph
from
which
the
information
is
derived.
You
may
choose
a
paragraph
more
than
once.
Each
paragraph
is
marked
with
a
letter.
Answer
the
questions
by
marking
the
corresponding letter on
Answer sheet 2.
When Work Becomes a
Game
[A]
What motivates
employees to do their jobs well? Competition with
coworkers, for some.
The promise of
rewards, for others. Pure enjoyment of problem-
solving, for a lucky few.
[B]
Increasingly, companies
are tapping into these desires directly through
what’s come to be
known
as
“gamification:”
essentially,
turning
work
into
a
game.
“Gamification
is
about
understanding what it
is that makes games engaging and what game
designers do to create a
great
experience
in
games,
and
taking
those
learnings
and
applying
them
to
other
contexts
such as the workplace
and
education,”
explains Kevin
Werbach,
a
gamification expe
rt who
teaches
at
the
Wharton
School
of Business
at
the University of Pennsylvania in
the United
States..
[C]
It
might
mean
monitoring
employee
productivity
on
a
digital
leaderboard
and
offering
prizes
to
the
winners,
or
giving
employees
digital
badges
or
stars
for
completing
certain
activities.
It
could
also
mean
training
employees
how
to
do
their
jobs
through
video
game
platforms. Companies
from Google to IBM to Wells Fargo are known to use
some degree of
gamification in their
workplaces. And more and more companies are
joining them. A recent
report suggests
that the global gamification market will grow from
$$1.65 billion in 2015 to
$$11.1 billion
by 2020.
[D]
The concept of
gamification is not entirely new, Werbach says.
Companies, marketers and
teachers
hav
e
long
looked
for
fun
ways
to
engage
people’s
reward
-seeking
or
competitive
spirits. Cracker
Jacks has been “gamifying” its snack food by
putting a small prize inside for
more
than 100
years, he adds, and the turn-
of-the-century steel magnate Charles Schwab is
said to have often come into his
factory and written the number of tons of steel
produced on
the
past
shift
on
the
factory
floor,
thus
motivating
the
next
shift
of
workers
to
beat
the
previous
one.
[E
]But
the
word
“gamification”
and
the
widespread,
co
nscious
application
of
the
concept
only
began in earnest about five years ago, Werbach
says. Thanks in part to video games, the
generation
now
entering
the
workforce
is
especially
open
to
the
idea
of
having
their
work
gamified. “We’re at a
point where in m
uch of the developed
world the vast majority of young
people
grew
up
playing
[video]
games,
and
an
increasingly
high
percentage
of
adults
play
these
video games too,” Werbach says.
[F
]A
number
of
companies
have
sprung
up
—
GamEffective,
Bunchball
and
Badgeville,
to
name
a
few
—
in
recent
years
offering
gamification
platforms
for
businesses.
The
platforms
that
are
most
effective
turn
employees’
ordinary
job
tasks
into
part
of
a
rich
adventure
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narrative. “What makes a game
game
-like is that the player actually
ca
res about the outcome,”
Werbach
says.
“The
principle
is
understanding
what
is
motivating
to
this
group
of
players,
which requires some
understanding of psychology.”
[
G]
Some people,
Werbach says, are motivated by competition. Sales
people often fall into this
category.
For them, the right kind of gamification might be
turning their sales pitches into a
competition
with
other
team
members,
complete
with
a
digital
leaderboard
showing
who’s
winning at all are
more motivated by collaboration and social
experiences. One
company Werbach has
studied uses gamification to
create a sense of community
and boost
employee morale.
When employees log in to their computers, they’re
shown a picture of one
of their
coworkers and asked to guess that person’s
name.
[
H
]Gamification
does not have to be digital. Monica Cornetti runs
a company that gamifies
employee
trainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but
often it does not. She recently
designed
a
gamification
strategy
for
a
sales
training
company
with
a
storm-
chasing
theme.
Employees
formed
“storm
chaser
teams”
and
competed
in
storm
-themed
educational
exercises to
earn various rewards.“Rewards don’t have to be
stuff,” Cornetti says. “Rewards
can be
flextime. Rewards can be extension time.”Another
training, thi
s one for pay roll law,
used
a
Snow
White
and
the
Seven
Dwarfs
theme.
Snow
White
is
public
domain,
but
the
dwarfs
are
still
under
copyright,
so
Cornetti
invented
sound-alike
characters
(Grumpy
Gus,
Dopey Dan) to illustrate specific pay
roll law principles.
[I
]Some
people don’t take as naturally to gamified work
environments, Cornetti says. In her
experience, people in positions of
power or people in finance or engineering don’t
tend to like
the
sound
of
the
word.“If
we’re
designing
for
engineers,
I’m
not
talking
about
a
‘game’
at
all,” Cornetti says. “I’m
talking about a ‘simulation,’ I’m talking about
‘be
ing able to solve
this
problem.
”
[J
]Gamification is “not a
magic bullet,” Werbach cautions. A gamification
strategy that’s not
sufficiently
thought through or tailored to its players may
engage people for a little while, but
it
won’t
motivate
in
the
long
term.
It
can
also
be
exploitative,
especially
when
used
with
vulnerable populations. For workers,
especially low-paid workers, who desperately need
their
jobs yet know they can be easily
replaced, gamification may feel more like the
Hunger Games.
Werbach gives the example
of several Disneyland hotels in Anaheim,
California, which used
large digital
leaderboards to display how efficiently laundry
workers were working compared
to one
another. Some employees found the board
motivating. To others, it was the opposite of
fun. Some began to skip bathroom
breaks, worried that if their productivity fell
they would be
fired. Pregnant employees
struggled to keep up. In a Los Angeles Times
article, one employee
referred to the
board as a “digital whip.”“It actually had a very
negative effect on morale and
performance,” Werbach says.
[K]
Still,
gamification
only
stands
to
become
more
popular,
he
says,
“as
more
and
more
people
come
into
the
workforce
who
are
intuitively
familiar
with
the
structures
and
expressions
of
digital
games.”
“We
are
way
ahead
of
the
tipping
point,”
Cornetti
agrees.
“There’s no reason this will go
away.”
36.
some
famous
companies
are
already
using
gamification
and
more
are
trying
to
do
the
same.
37
.Gamification is not a
miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have
negative results.
38.
To
enhance morale, one company asks its employees to
identify their fellow works when
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starting their computers.
39
.The idea of gamification
was practiced by some businesses more than a
century ago.
40
.There is a
reason to believe that gamification will be here
to stay.
41
.Video games
contributed in some ways to the wide application
of gamification.
42
.When
turning
work
into
a
game,
it
is
necessary
to
understand
what
makes
games
interesting.
43
.Gamification in employee
training does not always need technology.
44
.The
most
successful
gamification
platforms
transform
daily
work
assignments
into
fun
experiences.
45
.It is necessary to use
terms other than
“gamification”
for some
professions.
Section C
Directions
：
There
are 2 passages in this section .Each passage is
followed by some questions
or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are
four choices maked A
）
，
B
）
，
C
< br>）
and
D
）
.You should
decide on the best choice and mark the
corresponding letter on
Answer Sheet2
with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to
50 are based on the following passage.
Recently I attended several meetings
where we talked about ways to retain students and
keep younger faculty members from going
elsewhere.
It seems higher education
has become an industry of meeting-holders whose
task it is to
solve
problems-
real
or
imagined.
And
in
my
position
as
a
professor
at
three
different
colleges, the actual problems in
educating our young people and older students have
deepened,
while the number of people
hired-not to teach but to hold meetings-has
increased significantly.
Every
new
problem
creates
a
new
job
for
an
administrative
fixer.
Take
our
Center
for
Teaching Excellence.
Contrary to its title, the center is a clearing
house (
信息交流中心
)for
using technology in classrooms and in
online courses. It's an administrative sham
(
欺诈
) of
the kind
that has multiplied over the last 30 years.
I
offer
a
simple
proposition
in
response:
Many
of
our
problems-class
attendance,
educational
success,
student
happiness
and
well-being-might
be
improved
by
cutting
down
the
bureaucratic
(
官僚的
) mechanisms and
meetings and instead hiring an army of good
teachers.
lf we replaced half of our
administrative staff with classroom teachers, we
might actually get
a
majority
of
our
classes
back
to
20
or
fewer
students
per
teacher
This
would
be
an
environment in which teachers and
students actually knew each other.
The
teachers must be free to teach in their own way-
the curriculum should be flexible
enough
so
that
they
can
use
their
individual
talents
to
achieve
the
goals
of
the
course.
Additionally; they should be allowed to
teach, and be rewarded for doing it well. Teachers
are
not people who are great at and
consumed by research and happen to appear in a
classroom.
Good teaching and research
are not
exclusive,
but
they are also
not
automatic companions.
Teaching is an art and a craft, talent
and practice; it is not something that just anyone
can be
good at. It is utterly confusing
to me that people do not recognize this, despite
the fact that
pretty
much
anyone
who
has
been
a
student
can
tell
the
difference
between
their
best
and
worst teachers.
does the
author say about present-day universities?
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A)They are effectively tackling real or
imagined problems.
B)They often fail to
combine teaching with research.
C)They are over-burdened with
administrative staff.
D)They lack
talent to fix their deepening problems.
ing to the author, what kind of people
do universities lack most?
A)Good classroom teachers.
C) Talented
researchers.
B)Efficient
administrators.
D)
Motivated students.
does the author
imply about the classes at present?
A)They facilitate students independent
learning.
B)They help
students form closer relationships.
C)They have more older students
than before.
D)They are much bigger than is
desirable.
does the author think of
teaching ability?
A)It
requires talent and practice.
B)It is closely related to research.
C)It is a chief factor
affecting students 'learning.
D)It can be acquired through persistent
practice.
is the
author
’
s suggestion for
improving university teaching?
A)Creating an environment for teachers
to share 'their teaching experiences.
B)Hiring more classroom teachers and
allowing them to teach in their own way.
C)Using high technology in
classrooms and promoting exchange of information.
D)Cutting down meetings and
encouraging administrative staff to go to
classrooms.
Passage Two
Questions 51to 55 are based on the
following passage.
The secret to eating
less and being happy about it may have been
cracked years ago-by
McDonald's.
According to a new study from Cornell University's
Food and Brand Lab, small
non-food
rewards-like
the
toys
in
McDonald's
Happy
Meals-stimulate
the
same
reward
centers in the brain as food does.
The
researchers,
led
by
Martin
Reimann,
carried
out
a
series
of
experiments
to
see
if
people
would choose a smaller meal if it was paired with
a non-food items.
They found that the
majority of both kids and adults opted for a half-
sized portion when
combined with a
prize. Both options were priced the same.
Even more interesting is
that the promise of a future reward was enough to
make adults
choose the smaller of the
prizes used was a lottery
ticket
（彩票）
, with a $$ 10,
$$ 50 or $$ 100 payout, and this was as
effective as a tangible gift in persuading people
to eat
less.
fact
that
participants
were
willing
to
substitute
part
of
a
food
item
for
the
mere
prospect of a
relatively small monetary award is
interesting.
”
says Reimann.
He theorizes that it is the emotional
component of these intangible prizes that make
them
effective.
In
fact,
vaguely-stated
possibilities
of
winning
a
prize
were
more
effective
than
options with hard odds included.
“
One
explanation
for
this
finding
is
that
possible
awards
may
be
more
emotionally
provoking than certainty
awards,
attraction
and
desirability
through
emotional
‘
thrills.'
The
possibility
of
receiving
an
award
第
7
页
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15
页）
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