英语二 手译本 可打印02

2019

Text 1

Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later,

in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms.

Children

aren’t

born

knowing

how

to

say

“I’m

sorry”

;

rather,

they

learn

over

time

that

such

statements appease parents and friends -- and their own consciences. 0

This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good

thing.

In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable-- it's

the

emotional

equivalent

of

wearing

a

jacket

weighted

with

stones.

Yet

this

understanding

is

outdated. “

There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and

what role guilt can serve,”

says Amrisha Vaish,

a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger

recognition that emotions aren’t binary

-- feelings that may be advantageous in one context may

be harmful in another.

Jealousy

and

anger,

for

example,

may

have

evolved

to

alert

us

to

important

inequalities.

Too

much happiness can be destructive.

And

quilt

,

by

prompting

us

to

think

more

deeply

about

our

goodness,

can

encourage

humans to make up for errors and fix relationships.

Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.

Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti , a psychology professor at the

University of Toronto ,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency

. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and

sympathy may represent

different pathways to cooperation and sharing

. Some Kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt,

which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa : High sympathy can substitute for low

guilt.

In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children

. Using caregiver

assessments and the children’s self

-

observations, she rated each child’s overall

sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions.

Then

the

kids

were

handed

chocolate

coins,

and

given

a

chance

to

share

them

with

an

anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how

inclined they were to feel guilty.

The guilt-

prone ones share more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic

to the other child’s deprivat

ion.

“That’s

good

news,”

Malti

says,

“We

can

be

prosocial

because

we

caused

harm

and

we

feel

regret.”

Text 2

Forests

give

us

shade,

quiet

and

one

of

the

harder

callenges

in

the

fight

against

climate

change.

Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce,

we are threatening their ability to do so.

The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon

than they absorb.

Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap - but it involves striking a subtle balance.

Helping forests flourish as valuable

capacity to absorb carbon now.

Califormia is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.

The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear

brush in parts of the forest

. This temporarily lowers carbon- carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share

of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon

from the air.

Healthy

trees

are

also

better

able

to

fend

off

insects.

The

landscape

is

rendered

less

easily

burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.

The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010,drought and insects have

killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned

hundreds of thousands of acres.

California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 - financed

from the proceeds of the state' s emissions- permit auctions

. That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all,

so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.

The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is

locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run

on fossil fuels

. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.

State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they've focused

on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation.

Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon.

Califormia's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a

model.

Text 3

American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now.

Given a multi-year decline in illegal immigration, and a similarly sustained pickup in the U.S. job

market,

the

complaints

are

unlikely

to

stop

without

an

overhaul

of

immigration

rules

for

farm

workers.

Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enable foreign

workers to stay longer in the U.S

. and change jobs within the industry have so far failed in Congress

. If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities and consumers will be the losers.

Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants

.

As

fewer

such

workers

enter

the

U.S.,

the

characteristics

of

the

agricultural

workforce

are

changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be

settled, rather than migrating, and more likely to be married than single.

They are also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the

age of 35. Now, more than half are

. And crop picking is hard on older oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as

implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the far

m.

Mechanization

is

not

the

answer

either

—

not

yet

at

least.

Production

of

corn,

cotton,

rice,

soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops,

such as strawberries, need labor

. Even dairy farms, where robots currently do only a small share of milking, have a long way to go

before they are automated.

As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A

visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce

. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas

issued more than doubled.

The H-2A

visa

has

no

numerical

cap,

unlike

the

H-2B

visa

for

nonagricultural

work,

which

is

limited to 66,000 annually

. Even so, employers frequently complain that they aren’t allotted all the workers they need. The

process is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable.

One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of

22 days late. And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some

workers and drive others underground.

In a 2012 survey

，

71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry

growers said they were short of labor.

Some western growers have responded by moving operations to Mexico.

From 1998-2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a

decade later, the share of imported fruit had increased to 25.8 percent.

Text 4

Amold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It's easy to

beat plastic.

They're

part

of

a

bunch

of

celebrities

starring

in

a

new

video

for

World

Environment

Day

—

encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery

to combat the plastics crisis.

The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call

for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics.

But the overarching message is directed at individuals.

My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs

to be achieved

. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example,

will accomplish little and require very little of us.

They

could

even

be

detrimental,

satisfying

a

need

to

have

our

bit

without

ever

progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions

—

a kind of

our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.

While

the

conversation

around

our

environment

and

our

responsibility

toward

it

remains

centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as

rather

than

as

hold

our

governments

and

industries

to

account

to

push

for

real

systemic change.

It's important to acknowledge that the environment isn't everyone's priority

–

or even most

people's.

We shouldn't expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things,

Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R.

DeSombre

argues

that

the

best

way

to

collectively

change

the

behavior

of

large

numbers

of

people is for the change to be structural.

This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally

problematic action, or banning single- use plastics altogether.

India has just announced it will

also

incentive-based

ways

of

making

better

environmental

choices

easier,

such

as

ensuring

recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.

DeSombre isn't saying people should stop caring about the environment. It's just that individual

actions

are

too

slow,

she

says,

for

that

to

be

the

only,

or

even

primary,

approach

to

changing

widespread behavior.

None of this is about writing off the individual. It's just about putting things into perspective.

We don't have time to wait.

We

need

progressive

policies

that

shape

collective

action

(and

rein

in

polluting

businesses),

alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.

翻译

It is easy to underestimate English writer James Heriot.

He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it.

How many times have I heard people say

I

just

haven't

the

time.

Easily

said.

Not

so

easily

done.

James

Herriot,

contrary

to

popular

opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it,“having a go at the writing game”

. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to

the world was the result of years of practising. re-writing and reading.