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Unit 1
苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家，被誉为现代西方哲学的奠基人。他
是一个谜一般的人物，人
们主要通过后期的一些古典作家的叙述，
尤其是他最著名的学生柏拉图的作品去了解他。
苏格拉底以他对伦理学的贡献而闻名。
他的教学法亦称为苏格拉底法，即通过提问和回
答来激发批判性思维以及阐述观点。该方
法在各种讨论中仍被普遍使用。他还在认识论
和逻辑领域作出了重大而深远的贡献。他的
思想和方法所带来的影响一直是后来的西方
哲学的坚实基础。苏格拉底是古代哲学史上最
丰富多彩的人物。他在他那个时代已威名
远扬。虽然他未曾建立什么哲学体系，未曾设立
什么学派，也未曾创立什么宗派，但他
的名字很快就变得家喻户晓了。
< br>
Socrates was a
classical Greek philosopher who is credited with
laying the
fundamentals of modern
Western philosophy. He is a mysterious figure
known
chiefly
through
the
accounts
of
later
classical
writers,
especially
the
writings
of
his most famous student Plato. Socrates has become
well known for his
contribution
to
the
field
of
ethics.
His
method
of
teaching,
known
as
the
Socratic
Method,
by
asking
and
answering
questions
to
stimulate
critical
thinking
and
to
explain ideas remains a commonly used
tool in a wide range of discussions. He
also
made
important
and
lasting
contributions
to
the
field
of
epistemology and
logic, and the influence of his ideas
and approach remains a strong foundation
for Western philosophy that followed.
Socrates was the most colorful figure in
the history of ancient philosophy. His
fame was widespread in his own time, and
his name soon became a household word
although he constructed no philosophical
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system,
established no school, and founded no sect.
孔子是
中国历史上著名的思想家、教育家，是儒家学派（
Confucianism
）的创始人，被
尊称为古代的圣人（
sage
）
。他的言论和生平活动记录在《论语》
（
The Analects
）一书
中。
《论语》是中国古代文化的经典著作，对后来历代的思想家、文学家、政治家产生了
很大影响。不研究《论语》
，就不能真正把握中国几千年的传统文化
。孔子的很多思想，
尤其是其教育思想，
对中国社会产生了深远
的影响。
在
21
世纪的今天，
孔子的学说不仅
受到中国人的重视，而且也越来越受到整个国际社会的重
视。
Confucius
was
a
great
thinker
and
educator
in
Chinese
history.
He
was
the
founder
of Confucianism and
was respectfully referred to as an ancient sage.
His words
and life story were recorded
in
The Analects
. An enduring
classic of ancient
Chinese
culture,
The
Analects
has
had
a
great
influence
on
the
thinkers,
writers,
and statesmen that came after
Confucius. Without studying this book, one could
hardly truly understand the thousands-
of-years' traditional
Chinese
culture.
Much
of
Confucius'
thought,
especially
his
thought
on
education,
has had a
profound influence
on
Chinese
society.
In the
21st
century,
Confucian
thought not only retains the attention
of the Chinese, but it also wins an
increasing attention from the
international community.
Unit 2
圣诞节是一个被广泛庆祝的文化节日，全世界有许许多多的人在
1
2
月
2 5
日庆祝这一
节日。它是为了纪念耶稣基督的诞辰。该节日最早可追溯到公元
3 3 6
年。渐渐地，这
一节日演变为一个既是宗教又是非宗教的节日，越来
越多的非基督徒也庆祝圣诞节。如
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今，圣诞节在全球被作
为一个重大的节日和公共假日来庆祝。不同国家的圣诞节风俗也
各不相同。现代流行的圣
诞节风俗包括交换圣诞贺卡和圣诞礼物、唱圣诞歌曲、参加教
堂活动、摆放各种圣诞装饰
品和圣诞树、举行家庭聚会以及准备一顿特别的大餐。对小
孩子们来说，这个节日充满了
幻想和惊喜。据传说，圣诞老人会在圣诞夜从烟囱进入每
户人家，给乖巧听话的孩子带来
礼物。由于圣诞节送礼物以及许多其他方面推动了基督
徒和非基督徒的经济活动，圣诞节
也因此成为商家的一个重大活动和主要销售季。
Christmas is a widely observed cultural
holiday, celebrated on December 25 by
millions of people around the world. It
commemorates (
纪念
) the birth
of Jesus
Christ. The festival dated
from as early as 336 AD. Gradually it evolved into
a religious as well as secular
(
非宗教的
) celebration,
celebrated by an
increasing
number
of
non-
Christians.
Today
Christmas
is
observed
as
an
important
festival and public holiday around the
world. Christmas customs
differ in
different
countries.
Popular
modern
customs
of
the
holiday
include
an
exchange
of
Christmas
cards
and
gifts,
Christmas
singing,
church
attendance,
the
display of various
Christmas decorations and trees, family
gatherings, and a
special
meal
preparation.
To
small
children,
the
festival
is
full
of
fantasy
and
surprise. Legend
(
传说
) has it that Santa Claus
will enter each house through
the
chimney and bring gifts to well-behaved children
on Christmas Eve. Because
gift-giving
and many other aspects of the Christmas festival
heighten economic
activity among both
Christians and non-Christians, the holiday has
also become
a significant event and a
key sales period for businesses.
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每
年
农
历（
Chinese lunar
calendar
）八
月
十
五
是我
国
的
传
统
节
日
——
中
秋
节
（
the
Mid-Autumn
Festival
）
。
这时是一年秋季的中期，
所以
被称为中秋。
中秋节的一项重要活动是赏月。夜晚，人们赏明月、吃月饼，共庆中秋佳节
。中秋节也
是家庭团圆的时刻，远在他乡的游子，会借此寄托自己对故乡和亲人的思念之
情。中秋
节的习俗很多，
都寄托着人们对美好生活的热爱和向往
。
自
2008
年起，
< br>中秋节成为中国
的法定节假日。
According
to
the
Chinese
lunar
calendar,
August
15
of
every
year
is
a
traditional
Chinese festival
—
the Mid-Autumn Festival.
This day is the middle of autumn,
so
it is
called
Mid-
Autumn.
One
of
the
important
Mid-Autumn
Festival
activities
is to enjoy the
moon. On that night, people gather together to
celebrate the
Mid-Autumn Festival,
looking up at the bright moon and eating
moon cakes. The festival is also a time
for family reunion. People living far
away
from
home
will
express
their
feelings
of
missing
their
hometowns
and
families
at
this
festival.
There
are
many
customs
to
celebrate
the
festival,
all
expressing
people's
love
and
hope
for
a
happy
life.
Since
2008,
the
Mid-Autumn
Festival
has
become an official national holiday in
China.
Unit 3
伦敦地铁是英国的一个快速交通运输系统，服
务于大伦敦的大部分地区。地铁系统因其
地铁隧道的典型形状也被称为地下管道。伦敦地
铁始建于
19
世纪中期，是世界上最早
的地下铁路系统。它的第一段地铁于
1863
年开始运营。
自此，伦敦地铁不断延伸，发
展成为一个包括
12
条线路、
275
个车站、铁轨总长超过
250
英里的地铁杰作，其中有
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45
％在地下运行。就路线长度而言，它是世界上第四大地铁系统，也是车
站数量最多的
地铁系统之一。作为一个走遍伦敦的经济便捷的途径，伦敦地铁一向是每天
数百万通勤
者以及在节假日游历伦敦的游客的首选。
伦敦地铁已
成为伦敦的一个国际标志。
2013
年
伦敦举办了各种各样的活动，庆祝地铁运营
150
周年，纪念这一里程碑。
The
London Underground is a rapid transit
(
交通运输系统
) system in the
United
Kingdom, serving
a
large part
of Greater
London.
The
underground
system
is
also
known
as
the
Tube,
due
to
the
characteristic
shape
of
the
subway
tunnels.
It
all
started
in
the
mid-1800s.
The
Tube
was
the
world's
first
underground
train
system,
with the first
section opening in 1863. Since then it
has grown to an underground masterpiece
(
杰作
) of 12 lines, 275
stations, and
over
250
miles
of
rail
track,
45%
of
which
is
underground.
It
is
the
fourth
largest
metro
system
in
the
world
in
terms
of
route
miles.
It
also
has
one
of
the
largest
numbers
of
stations.
As
an
affordable
and
easy
way
to
get
around
London,
the
Tube
remains
the
first
choice
for
millions
of
commuters
each
day,
as
well
as
tourists
visiting
the
city
on
holidays.
The
Tube
has
been
an
international
icon
for
London.
The
London
Underground
celebrated
its
150
years
of
operation
in
2013,
with
various
events marking the
milestone (
里程碑
).
中国航天业开创于
1956
年。几十年来，中国航天事业创造了一个又一个奇迹。
1970
年，
中国成功发射了第一颗人造地球卫星，成为世界上第五个独立自主研
制和发射人造地球
卫星的国家。
1992
年，
中国开始实施载人航天飞行工程
（
manned
spaceflight
program<
/p>
）
。
2003
年
，中国成功发射了神舟五号载人飞船，使中国成为第三个发射载人飞船的国家。
2007
年发射了嫦娥一号，即第一颗绕月球飞行（
lunar-orb
iting
）的人造卫星。
2013
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年，第五艘载人飞船神舟十号发射成功，为中国空间站的建设打下了基础。
China's
space
industry
was
launched
in
1956.
Over
the
past
decades,
China's
space
industry
has
created
one
miracle
after
another.
In
1970
China
launched
its
first
man-
made earth satellite, ranking China the fifth
country in the world to
independently
develop
and
launch
man-made
earth
satellites.
In
1992
China
began
to
carry
out
the
manned
spaceflight
program.
In
2003
China
launched
Shenzhou-5,
a manned spaceship. The successful
launch made China the
third country to
launch manned spaceships. In 2007 Chang'e-1, the
first
lunar-orbiting man-made
satellite, was sent to space. In 2013 Shenzhou-10,
the
fifth manned spaceship, was
launched successfully, laying the foundation for
building the Chinese Space Station.
Unit 4
作为通过中国游
历亚洲的首批欧洲人之一，马可波罗可能是中国人最熟知的外国商人和
航海家。从
1271
年到
1295
< br>年，他和他的家人游历广泛，遍及欧洲和亚洲。期间，他在
中国留居了
17
年。他的著作《马可波罗游记》描述了他游历亚洲的旅程，让欧洲人
首
次全面领略了包括中国、印度和日本在内的远东地区的情况。从他的文字叙述中，西方
人第一次了解到瓷器、煤炭、火药、印刷术、纸币以及丝绸。在
15
世纪末和
16
世纪欧
洲发现与征服的大航海时代，马可波罗所记录的大量新的地理信息得到了广泛使用。在
他去世后的这几个世纪里，马可波罗获得了他在有生之年未曾获得的赞誉。马可波罗的
故事鼓舞了其他无数的探险者去踏上征程，发现世界。
As one of the first Europeans to travel
across Asia through China, Marco Polo
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is
perhaps
the
most
well-known
foreign
merchant
and
voyager
to
the
Chinese
people.
He
traveled
extensively
(
广泛地
)
with
his
family,
journeying
from
Europe
to
Asia
from
1271
to
1295.
He
remained
in
China
for
17
of
those
years.
His
book
The
Travels
of
Marco
Polo
depicts
his
journeys
throughout
Asia,
giving
Europeans
their
first
comprehensive look
into the Far East, including
China,
India, and Japan. From his written accounts the
Westerners learned of
porcelain,
coal,
gunpowder,
printing,
paper
money,
and
silk
for
the
first
time.
The
wealth
of
new
geographic
information
recorded
by
Polo
was
widely
used
in
the
late 15th and the 16th
centuries during the age of the European voyages
of
discovery and
conquest
(
征服
).
In
the centuries since his
death, Marco Polo has
received the
recognition
that
failed
to
come
his
way
during
his
lifetime.
Marco
Polo's story has inspired countless
other adventurers to set off and see the
world.
郑和是中国历史上最著名的航海家（
maritime
explorer
）
。公元
1405
年，明朝的统治
者为了稳固边防
（
border
defense
）
和开展海上贸易，
派郑和下西洋
（
the
Western
Seas
）
。
在此后的
28
年里，
郑和带领船队七下西洋，
前后出海的人员
有
10
多万人，
访问了
30
多
个国家和地区。船队纵横南亚、西亚，一直到非洲大陆。郑和下西洋是世界航
海
（
navigation
）史上的壮
举，它展现了郑和卓越的航海和组织才能，同时展现了明朝的
国力和国威（
national strength and prestige
）
，加强了明朝和海外各国之间的关系。
Zheng He was the most famous maritime
explorer in Chinese history. In 1405 AD,
the ruler of the Ming Dynasty sent
Zheng He on a voyage to the Western Seas in
order to strengthen border defense and
develop trade by sea. In the following
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28 years,
Zheng He led his fleet, made seven voyages to the
Western Seas with
over
100,000
crew
members
in
total,
and
visited
more
than
30
countries
and
regions.
The
fleet traveled far into South Asia and West Asia,
and
made
all
the
way
to
the
continent
of
Africa.
Zheng
He's
voyages
to
the
Western
Seas
were a great feat in the world's navigation
history. It showed Zheng He's
outstanding navigation and organization
talents; meanwhile, it exhibited the
national strength and prestige of the
Ming Dynasty, and strengthened the
relationships between the Ming Dynasty
and the overseas countries.
Unit 5
有关古代奥林匹克
运动会的最早文字记载可追溯至公元前
776
年。古代奥运会每
4
年举
办一次，
在
8
月
6
日
与
9
月
19
日
之间的一个纪念宙斯的宗教节日期间举行。
第一届现代
奥运会于
1896
年在希腊雅典举办。
奥运会的
标志由五个大小相同的套环组成，
代表着五
大洲的联合和来自世
界各地运动员的大聚会。奥运会真正腾飞、成为一项国际体育盛会
是在
< br>1924
年之后，即第
8
届奥运
会在巴黎举办之后。这一年，来自
44
个国家约
3,000
名运动员同场竞技，并且第一次在奥运会上增加了闭幕式这一仪式。
同年，冬季奥运会
首次亮相，比赛项目包括花样滑冰、冰球、雪橇和冬季两项运动。
80
年后，
2004
年夏季
奥运会在相隔一个多世纪后再次在雅典举办，
来自
201
个国家的近
11,000
名运动员展开
竞技，创下参赛国数量之最。
The
first
written
records
of
the
ancient
Olympic
Games
date
to
776
BC.
The
ancient
Olympics were held
every four years between August 6 and September 19
during a
religious
festival
honoring
Zeus
(
宙斯
).
The
first
modern
Olympics
were
held
in
Athens,
Greece, in 1896. The Olympic symbol
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