跨文化交际课件内容

Unit 1

An Introduction to Intercultural Communication

In today’s class, you’ll learn…

What is Intercultural Communication?

Intercultural Communication (ICC) is communication between members of different cultures.

ICC

What are the categories of ICC?

International Com.

Interregional Com.

Interracial Com.

Interethnic Com.

ICC as a Human Activity

Early history

Silk Road

Marco Polo’s stay in China

Monk Jian Zhen’s mission to Japan

Zheng He’s seven voyages to the Western Sea

What makes ICC pervasive?

Recent Development (four trends)

Convenient transportation systems

Innovative communication systems

Economic globalization

Widespread migrations

The Importance of Raising ICC Awareness

Can you describe the phenomenon by one word?

What competence is needed in successfully doing business internationally?

Stumbling Blocks in ICC

Language Differences

Assumption of Similarities

Nonverbal Misinterpretations

Preconceptions and Stereotypes

Tendency to Evaluate

Self- check List

What is ICC?

What are the categories of ICC?

How important is raising ICC awareness?

What are the stumbling blocks in ICC?

Unit 2

Understanding Communication

In this class, you’ll be able to

I.

know different definitions of communication

II.

identify various ingredients of communication

III. analyze a communication process and recognize

the components of communication

IV

. identify the characteristics of communication

What is Communication?

交际

intercourse

沟通

link up

Transmission

of

information

(a

message)

between

a

source

(sender)

and

a

receiver,

by

using

signaling system. (Oxford Dictionary)

Communication

is

the

process

of

exchanging

information

and

meaning

between

or

among

individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, and behavior.

Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in

human interaction with symbols.

Features of Communication

Interactive, systematic, symbolic

II. Basic Ingredients of Communication

Source (sender)

Encoding

Message

Channel

Receiver

Decoding

Self-check List

What is Communication?

What are the features of Communication?

What is the process of Communication?

Unit 3

Verbal Communication

—

Lexical Level

In today’s class, we will …

understand the cultural influences on the meanings of words

analyze denotative and connotative differences between English and Chinese words

I. Types of Lexical Meaning

Denotation: primary, explicit, conceptual

Connotation: supplementary, implicit

Cultural differences in denotative meaning

A. Absence of equivalents in the speaker or

listener's language

The absence of the object “Kang”

The absence of the word “Kang”

The absence of objects, events, concepts, etc.

The absence of the necessary vocabulary

II. Cultural Differences in Denotative Meanings

B. The overlapping of denotative meaning

Kinship vocabulary

uncle, aunt, grandpa, grandma, brother, sister, niece, nephew, cousin

III. Cultural differences in Connotative Meanings

Family

Korean Top 3: mother father:

children, brother, sister: relative

USA Top 3: mother father:

children, brother, love and friendship

Marriage

USA Top 3:

Love; respect; responsibilities

Japan Top 3:

Trust; family; understanding

France Top 3:

Love; passion; sex

Color Words

Animal words

Chinese Dragon

Western Dragon Image

Phonix

Dog

Owl

Bat

Self- check List

The cultural influences on the meanings of words

Denotation and connotation

The connotations of some color words and animal words

Unit 4

Verbal Communication

—

Pragmatic Level

In today’s class, we will…

look at cultural differences on pragmatic level

Addressing

Compliments and Compliment Responses

Apologizing

discuss on how these superficial behaviors are related to the cultural assumptions of the speakers

I. Addressing

A. Surnames and Given names

B. Addressing family members, relatives and neighbors

C. The Use of Titles

In Chinese :

宋局长，高经理，刘老师

In English:Dr., Mrs., Miss, Ms, Mr. Judge, Governor, Mayor, President

D. The ways of getting the attention of a stranger

In Chinese:

同志，师傅，大哥，叔叔，

??

In English: Excuse me, Pardon me

The root of these differences lies in…

Hierarchy & Formality

Equality

II. Compliments and Compliment Responses

Differences Between Chinese and English Compliments

Who and what to compliment

How to compliment

How often to compliment

How to respond a compliment

Members of one’s family

A woman’s appearance

The root of these differences lies in…

MODESTY

Equality

III. Apologizing

When to apologize

Who to apologize

How to apologize and how to respond

Self-check List

Cultural Differences on the Pragmatic Level

Addressing people

Compliments and Compliment Responses

Apologizing

Unit 5

Nonverbal Communication (I)

In today’s class, we will…

understand what nonverbal communication is;

know the function nonverbal communication serves;

find out the elements of nonverbal communication;

gain an awareness that successful ICC also depends on behaviors we display

I. Understanding Nonverbal Communication

NVC involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both

the

source

and

his

/

her

use

of

the

environment

and

that

have

potential

message

value

for

the

source or receiver. (Samovar, 2000: 149)

Which carries more of the meaning, verbal or nonverbal communication?

The importance of NVC

II. The Functions of NVC

When we say “The new library is south of that building”, we usually point in a certain direction.

You tell someone that you are pleased with his/her performance, and at the same time you pat the

person on the shoulder.

If people in a group are boisterous, you might place your index finger to your lips as an alternative

to saying, “Please calm down so that I can speak.”

In a conversation we nod our head in agreement to indicate to our partners in communication that

we agree and that they should continue talking.

Just before the exam, you tell me you are relaxed and at ease, yet your voice quavers and your

hands shake.

III. Elements of Nonverbal Communication

参见课本图例

1. Making a Gesture

The ring gesture

Britain: _____

France: _____

Tunisia: ______

U.S.: _____

Latin America: _____

Japan: _____

The thumbs-up

Britain: _____ & _____

Sardinia: _____

Greece: _____

Beckoning

America: _____

Malaysia: _____

Yugoslavia: _____

Indonesia: _____

Australia: _____

China: _____

Pulling down the lower lid of the eye with one finger

France and Greece: _____

England: _____

Spain and Italy: _____

South America: _____

Ear-tug

Spain: _____

Greece: _____

Malta: _____

Italy: _____

V-sign

Britain: _____

Greece: _____

2. Posture

Japanese

—

bowing

Status and rank

Americans

—

slouching

Relaxed, informal attitude

3. Facial Expressions

Mediterranean cultures: exaggerate signs of grief and sadness.

U.S.: Men suppress the desire to show their emotions.

China: Men never shed tears unless in extremely strongly-struck occasions.

Japan: Men hide expressions by laughing or smiling.

Smile = friendship?

Far East: cover up embarrassment, dismay or fury

Japan: mask an emotion; to avoid answering a question; to hide embarrassment

France: a person who grins too much

＝

simple

Germany: smiles are reserved for family, friend and social situations, not in business settings.

4. Paralanguage

Self-check List

The definition of NVC

The functions of NVC

The elements of NVC

Gestures, postures, facial expressions

Unit 6

Nonverbal Communication (II)

—

SPACE & TIME

Elements of Nonverbal Communication

参见书上图例

In today’s class, we will…

appreciate how attitude toward use of space and time convey nonverbal messages in ICC

I. Space

Space speaks.

When you invade

my space, I will…

feel troubled

get defensive

become aggressive

retaliate

Proxemics

the study of personal space for the purpose of communication

近体学

“Body Bubbles”

American Interpersonal Distance (Hall, 1966)

Intimate distance

Personal distance

Social distance

Public distance

Zones of Space

Intimate distance

0-45 centimeters

Personal distance

45-80 centimeters

Social distance

1.3-3 meters

Public distance

farther than 2 or 3 meters

Northern American Zones of Space

Cultural styles also determine the amount of personal space.

Culture Variation of Body Distance

Small space -----------------------------------------Large space

Japanese

German

American

French

Arab

Latin American

Touch Culture vs. Non-touch Culture

Touch culture

Non-touch culture

Arabs

Southern and Western

Europeans

Jews

Latins

Touching times recorded in an hour

Americans

Northern Europeans

Orientals

London

Florida

Paris

Puerto Rico

0

2

10

18

Territoriality

the pattern behavior associated with the defense of a territory

领地性

The way people perceive territoriality is strongly influenced by culture.

Cultural influence on territoriality can be best illustrated from the following two aspects:

Attitudes towards crowding

Privacy

Crowding

—

how people feel when their personal space is limited

Chinese

?

tolerant of crowding

?

waiting patiently

English-speaking people

?

cannot stand it

?

try do avoid

Causes

Chinese

English- speaking people

Population Density

a sense of

“

togetherness

”

a sense of

“

apart ness

”

Concept of Body

Territory

body itself

body

+

territory

around

the body

Privacy

Westerners have a strong sense of privacy.

Oriental culture does not emphasize privacy.

Western View of Privacy

“A man’s home is his castle.”

Japanese View of Privacy

Shoji Screen Doors

Fusuma Sliding Doors

Tatami Floors

II. Time

Time talks

Chronemics

The study of the use and perception of time

Two ways to study the concept of time

(1) perceptions of past, present and future

(2) monochronic

vs. polychronic

Past- oriented cultures

emphasize tradition and history

discourage change and innovation

China, Saudi Arabia

Present-oriented cultures

consider the present as the only precious moment

“Seize the day!”

Mexico, the Bahamas

Future-oriented cultures

emphasize planning in order to achieve goals

encourage change and innovation

U.S.

Monochronic (

一元时间

) vs. polychronic(

多元时间）

M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness.

P-time is less rigid and clock-bound.

Monochronic

Polychronic

Preset schedules dominate interpersonal

Interpersonal

relations

relations.

present schedules.

supercede

Appointment times are rigid.

Appointment time is flexible.

People handle one task at a time.

People

handle

simultaneously.

many

tasks

Time is inflexible and tangible.

Time is flexible and fluid.

Monochronic

Polychronic

Personal time and work time are clearly

Personal

time

and

work

time

are

not

separated.

clearly separated

Organizational

tasks

are

measured

by

Organizational

tasks

are

measured

as

activities per hour or minute.

part of overall organizational goal.

Austria, Germany, Switzerland, U.S.

Africans,

Arabs,

Greeks,

Mexicans,

Portuguese,

Spanish,

most

Asian

cultures

Self-check List

NVC

space

Time

proxemics

territoriality

chronemics

crowding

past

monochronic

privacy

present

polychronic

future