土木专业英语英译汉第二章.doc

Building and Architecture

The

purpose

of

a

building

is

to

provide

a

shelter

for

the

performance

of human activities. From the time of the cave dwellers to the present,

one of the first needs of man bas been a shelter from the elements. In

a

more

general

sense,

the

art

of

building

encompasses

all

of

man's

efforts

to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs.

This art includes, in addition to buildings, all the civil engineering

structures such as dams, canals, tunnels, aqueducts, and bridges

建筑物的目的是 给人类的活动提供一个遮风挡雨的地方。

从穴居时代到现在，

人 类的第

一需要最基本的就是有一个可以遮风避雨之所。

在一个比 较一般的感觉中，

建筑物的艺术包

含人类试图控制环境和直接自 然力以满足需要所取得的所有成就。

除建筑物外，

这种艺术还< /p>

包括大坝，运河，隧道，沟渠和桥。

. The scientific basis for the design of buildings as shelters and for the design of civil engineering

structures for other purposes is identical.

It is only as a result of the specialized requirements of

our modern society that these two fields have developed along separate paths. In a similar manner,

the master builder concerned with the building as a shelter is no longer an individual; instead, his

work

is

done

by

a

team

of

several

specialists:

the

planner,

the

architect,

the

engineer,

and

the

builder. The execution of a modern building depends on the collective talents of this team

遮风避雨的建筑物的设计和其他功用的土木工程结构的设计的科学基础原理是 相同的。

而只是因为现代社会特定的需要，

这两个领域才沿着不 同的路径发展。

相似的，

关注作为遮

风 避雨的建筑物的主要营造者也不再是一个单独的个体；相反的是由多个专家组成的小组：

规划师，建筑师，工程师和建造者。一个现代建筑物的实现依赖这个小组集体的智慧。

.

The

form

of

a

building

is

an

outgrowth

of

its

function,

its

environment,

and

various

socioeconomic

factors.

An

apartment

building,

an

office

building,

and

a

school

differ

in

form

because of the difference in the functions they fulfill.

In an apartment building every habitable

space, such as living rooms and bedrooms, must have natural light from windows while bathrooms

and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building. This set of

requirements places a natural limit on the depth of an apartment building. In office buildings, on

the other hand, artificial light is accepted for more uniform illumination, and therefore the depth of

such buildings is not limited by a need for natural light.

建筑物的结构是建筑物的功能、

环境及各种社会经济因素共同作用的产物。

公寓，

办 公

大楼和学校的不同在于它们实现的功能不同。

公寓的每一个可 居住空间如起居室和卧室必须

有来自窗户的自然光，

而浴室和厨 房可以采用人造光源因而可以安排在建筑物内部。

这种必

要的设 置对公寓的进深必然有限制

。

另一方面，

对办公大楼而言，

人造光源更能达到均匀照

明的要求，因此， 对自然光的需求不再有建筑物进深的限制。

Environment may affect both the shape and appearance of a building. An urban school may

create

its

own

environment

by

using

blank

walls

to

seal

out

the

city

completely,

and

a

country

school may develop as an integral part of the landscape, even though both schools fulfill the same

function.

环境可能影响到建筑物的形状和外观。

城市里的学校通过使用空 白的围墙完全的封闭于城市

之外，而乡村的学校可能发展成为景观的一个主要部分，即使 两者实现同样的功能

Finally, the form of a building is affected by a variety of socioeconomic factors, including

land costs, tenancy, building budget, and zoning restrictions. High land costs in urban areas result

in high buildings, while low land costs in the country result in low buildings. A housing project for

the rich will take a different form than a low-cost housing project. A prestige office building will

be more generously budgeted for than other office buildings. The bulk of a building and its outline

may be limited by zoning all these examples, buildings with similar functions take

on different forms.

最后，

建筑物的结构被各种社会经济因素影响，

包括

地价，< /p>

租赁，

工程预算，

分区限制

。

城市的高地价造成高层建筑物，

而乡村的低地价造 成低的建筑物。

富人的住房建筑计划不同

于廉价的住房建筑计划 。

有威望的办公大楼的预算将大大地超过其他的办公大楼。

建筑 物的

大小和外形可能受到分区的限制。

在所有这些例子中，

有着相似功能的建筑物常常采用不同

的结构。

Architecture

is

the

art

of

building.

Virtually

all

architecture

is

concerned

with

the

enclosure

of

space for human use. The precise activities to be housed in any specific building-- ranging from an

assembly line

in a factory

to a living room

in a home--should dictate the size and shape of the

several areas within. These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other.

Furthermore,

the

movement

of

human

beings

within

the

building

in

architectural

parlance-- requires halls, stairs, or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic.

The

plan

of

a

structure,

always

the

first

consideration

of

an

architect,

is

the

resolution

of

these

different purposes into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building. Good

planning

guides

the

visitor

to

his

destination

in

the

structure

and

impresses

him,

perhaps

subconsciously, by visibly relating the several units of the edifice. Conversely, a bad plan results

in inconvenience, waste, and visual confusion.

建筑学是建筑物的艺术。事实上所有的 建筑学都是关于为了人类的使用而围住的空间。

在任何特殊的建筑物中所覆盖的精确活动 ——广泛到从工厂的一条装配线到一个家庭的起

居室——应该规定几个内部区域的大小和 形状

。

这些空间也必须被安排在彼此合乎一定逻辑

的关系中。此外，在建筑物中的人类活动——建筑学中的说法是“流通”——需要大厅，楼

它们的尺寸受到预期荷载的支配。

建筑 物的结构平面图，

总是建筑师的第一考虑，

是深入实现建筑物意 图的空间组织中的这些不同目的的决定

。

好的平面组织可以指引 访客到

达他们的在建筑物中的目的地并且使他们留下印象。

他们 也许是下意识地被大厦很显然的各

个单元的关联所指引

。相反地 ，不好的平面组织将带来不便，浪费和视觉混乱。

Furthermore, a structure must be well built; it should have such permanence as the purpose

for

which

it

is

intended

demands

and

as

the

materials

chosen

may

allow.

The

raw

materials

of

architecture--stone, brick, wood, steel, or glass--in part govern the forms of the building and are

expressed

by

them.

Stone

can

resist

compression,

the

force

that

squeezes

together,

almost

indefinitely.

While

it

is

possible

to

crush

stone

in

a

laboratory,

for

practical

purposes

its

compressive strength is unlimited. On the other hand, stone is weak in withstanding tension, the

force that pulls apart. Any beam spanning a void tends to bend downward between the supports,

putting the lower half of the beam under tension. It follows from the tensile weakness of stone that

beams of this material must be comparatively short and supported at frequent intervals. Moreover,

stone

columns

must

be

sturdy,

rarely

more

than

10

times

as

high

as

they

are

wide.

In

stone

buildings, windows, doors, and the spaces between columns are almost compelled to be taller than

they

are

wide--the

vertical

rectangle

of

the

stone

aesthetic.

Stone

has

been

so

dominant

in

the

architecture

of

the

Western

world

that

forms

appropriate

to

it

have

been

preserved

even

in

buildings constructed of wood, as in the American Georgian period.

Stone, then, lends itself to