-
八年级上英语语法
1)
leave
的用法
< br>1.
“
leave+
地点”
p>
表示
“离开某地”
。例如:
When did
you leave Shanghai?
你什么时候离开上海的?
2.
“
leave for+
地点”
表示
“动身去某地”
。例如:
Next Friday, Alice is leaving for
London.
下周五,爱丽斯要去伦敦了。
3.<
/p>
“
leave+
地点
+for+
地点”
表示
“离开某地
去某地”
。例如:
Why are you leaving
Shanghai for Beijing?
你为什么要离开上海去北京?
2)
情态动词
should
“应该”
学会使用
p>
should
作为情态动词用,常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等,
有“竟会”
的意思
,例如:
How should I
know?
我怎么知道?
Why should you be so late
today?
你今天为什么来得这么晚?
should
有时表示应当做或发生的事,例如:
We should help each
other.
我们应当互相帮助。
我们在使用时要注意以下几点:
1.
用
于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。
例如:
You
should be here with clean hands.
你应该把手洗干净了再来。
2.
用于提出意见劝导别人。
例如:
You should go
to the doctor if you feel ill.
如果你感觉不舒服,你最好去看
医生。
3.
<
/p>
用于表示可能性。
should
的这一用
法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。
例
如:
We should
arrive by supper time.
我们在晚饭前就能到了。
She should be
here any moment.
她随时都可能来。
3
1.
what
与
which
都是疑问代词,
都可以指人或事物,
但是
< br>what
仅用来询问
职业。
如:
What is your father?
你父亲是干什么的?
该句相当于:
What does your father do?
What is your
father's job?
Which
指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。
如:
---Which is Peter?
哪个是皮特?
---The boy behind Mary.
玛丽背后的那个男孩。
2.
W
hat...?
是泛指,所指的事物没有范围的限制;而
p>
Which...?
是特指,所
指的事物有
范围的限制。
如:
What color do you like best?
(所有颜色)
你最喜爱什么颜色?
Which color do you like best, blue,
green or yellow?
(有特定的范围)
你最喜爱哪一种颜色?
3.
what
与
which
后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词
。如:
Which pictures are from China?
哪些图片来自中国?
4)
频度副词的位置
1.
常见的频度副词有以下这些:
always
(总是,一直)
usually
(通常)
often
(常常,经常)
sometimes
(有时候)
never
(从不)
2.
频度副词的位置:
a.<
/p>
放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。
如:
David is often arrives late for school.
大卫上学经常迟到。
b.
放在
行为动词前。
如:
We
usually go to school at 7:10 every day.
p>
我们每天经常在
7
:
10
去上学。
c.
有些
频度副词可放在句首或句尾,用来表示强调。
如:
Sometimes I walk home, sometime I rides
a bike.
有时我步行回家,有时我骑自行车。
放在句首
时,主语、谓语动词要倒装。
如:
Never have I
been there.
5) every day
与
everyday
1. every
day
作状语,译为“每一天”
。<
/p>
如:
We go to school
at 7:10 every day.
我们每天
7
:
10
去上学。
I decide to read English every day.
我决定每天读英语。
2. everyday
作定语,译为“日常的”
。
She watches everyday English on TV
after dinner.
她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。
What's your everyday activity?
你的日常活动是什么?
6)
什么是助动词
1.
协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组
的词叫助动词
(
Auxiliary Verb
)
。
被协助
的动词称作主要动
词(
Main
Verb
)
。
助动词
自身没有词义,不可单独使用,
例如:
He
doesn't like English.
他不喜欢英语。
(
doe
sn't
是助动词,无词义;
like
是主要动词,有词义)
2.
助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
a.
表示时态,
例如:
He is singing.
他在唱歌。
He
has got married.
他已结婚。
b.
表示语态,
例如:
He was sent to England.
他被派往英国。
c.
构成疑问句,
例如:
Do you like college life?
你喜欢大学生活吗?
Did
you
study
English
before
you
came <
/p>
here?
你来这儿之前学过英语
吗?<
/p>
d.
与否定副词
not
合用,构成否定句,
例如:
I don't like him.
我不喜欢他。
e.
加强语气,
例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening.
明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He
did know that.
他的确知道那件事。
3.
最常用的助动词有:
be,
have, do, shall, will, should, would
7)
forget doing/to
do
与
remember doing/to do
to
do
忘记要去做某事。
(
未做
)
forget doing
忘记做过某事。
(
已做
)
The light in the office is
still on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着,它忘记关了。
(
没有做关灯的动作
)
He forgot turning the light
off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了。
(
已做过关灯的动作
)
Don't forget to come
tomorrow.
别忘了明天来。
(to
come
动作未做
)
典型例题
---- The light
in the office is still on.
----
Oh
,
I forgot___.
A.
turning it off
B. turn it off
C. to turn it
off
D. having
turned it off
答
案:
C
。由
the light is
still on
可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因
此
用
forget to do
sth.
而
forget doing
sth
表示灯已经关上了,而自己忘记了这
< br>一事实。此处不符合题意。
2.
remember to do
记得去做某事
(
未做
)
remember
doing
记得做过某事
(
已做
)
Remember to go
to the post office after school.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you
remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗
?
8)
It's for sb.
和
It's of sb.
1.
for
sb.
常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如
easy,
hard, difficult,
interesting,
impossible
等:
It's very hard
for him to study two languages.
对他来说学两门外语是很
难的。
2.
of
sb
的句型一般用表示人物的性格,
品德,表示主观感情或态度的形
容词,如
good,
kind, nice, clever, foolish,
right
。
It's very nice
of you to help me.
你来帮助我,你真是太好了。
3.
for
与
of
的辨别方法:
用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个
句子。如果
道理上通顺用
of
,不通则
用
for
。
如:
You are nice.
(
p>
通顺,所以应用
of)
。
< br>
He is hard.
(
人是困难的,不通,因此应用
for
。
)
9)
对两个句子的提问
新目标英语在命题中有将对句子划线提问这一题型取消的趋势
,现在采取
的作法是对一个句子进行自由提问。例如:
句子:
The boy in blue has three
pens.
提问:
has three pens?
boy has three pens?
does the boy in blue have?
many pens does the boy in blue have?
很显然,学生多了更多的回答角度
,也体现了考试的灵活性。再如:
句子:
He usually goes to the
park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday.
提问:
usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00
on Sunday?
does he
usually go with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?
does he usually do with
his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?
whom does he usually go to the park at
8:00 on Sunday?
time
does
he
usually
go
to
the
park
with
his
friends
on
Sunday?
does he usually go to the park with his friends?
10)
so
、
such
与不定冠词的使用
与不定冠词
a
、
an
连用,结构为“
so+
形容词
+a/an+
名词”
。
如:
He
is so funny a boy.
Jim has so big a house.
与不定冠
词
a
、
an
连
用,结构为“
such+a/an+
形容词
+
名词”
。
如:
< br>
It is such a nice day.
That was such
an interesting story.
11)
使用
-ing
分词的几种情况
1.
在进
行时态中。
如:
He is watching
TV in the room.
They were dancing at nine
o'clock last night.
2.
在
there
be
结构中。
如:
There is a boy swimming in the river.
3.
在
have fun/probl
ems
结构中
。如:
We
have fun learning English this term.
They had
problems getting to the top of the mountain.
4.
在介
词后面。
如:
Thanks for
helping me.
Are you good at playing basketball.
5.
在以下结构中:
enjoy doing sth
finish doing sth
feel like doing sth
stop doing sth
forget doing
sth
go on doing sth
remember doing sth
like doing sth
keep sb doing sth
find sb doing
sth
see/hear/watch sb doing sth
try
doing sth
need doing sth
prefer doing sth
mind doing sth
乐于做某事
完成做某事
想要做某事
停止做某事
忘记做过某事
继续做某事
记得做过某事
喜欢做某事
使某人一直做某事
发现某人做某事
看到
/
听到
/
观看某人做某事
p>
试图做某事
需要做某事
宁愿做某事
介意做某事
practice doing sth
练习做某事
be busy doing
sth
忙于做某事
can't help
doing sth
禁不住做某事
miss doing sth
错过做某事
12)
英语中的“单数”
1.
主语的第三人称单数形式,
p>
即可用“
he,
she,
it
”代替的。如:
he,
she, it
my friend,
his
teacher,
our classroom,
Tom,
Mary's uncle
2.
名词
有单数名词和复数名词。
如:
man
(
单数)
---men
(复数)
banana
(单数)
---bananas
(复数)
< br>
3.
动词有原形,第三人称单数形式,
-ing
分词,过去式,
过去分词。
如:
go---goes---
going---went---gone
work---works---working---worked---
worked
watch---watches---watching---watched---
watched
当主语为第三人
称单数的时候,
谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式。
如:
The
boy wants to be a sales assistant.
Our English
teacher is from the US.
Their daughter makes her
breakfast all by herself.
12)
英语中的“单数”
1.
主语的第三人称单数形式,即可
用“
he,
she,
it
”代替的。
如:
he, she, it
my
friend,
his teacher,
our classroom,
Tom,
Mary's
uncle
2.
名词有单数名词和复数名词。如:
man
(单数)
---men
(复数)
ban
ana
(单数)
---bananas
(复数)
3.
动词有原形,第三人称单数形式,
-ing
分词,过去式,过去分词
。如:
go
---goes---going---went---gone
work---works---working---worked---
worked
watch---watches---watching---watched---
watched
当主语为第三人
称单数的时候,
谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式。
如:
The
boy wants to be a sales assistant.
Our English
teacher is from the US.
Their daughter makes her
breakfast all by herself.
13)
名词的复数构成的几种形式
名词复数的构成可分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。
I
名词复数的规则变化
1.<
/p>
一般在名词词尾加
-s
。如:
pear---pears
hamburger---
hamburgers
desk---
desks
tree---trees
2.
以字母
-s, -sh,
-ch, -x
结尾的名词,词尾加
-es
。如:
class---classes
dish---dishes
watch---watches
box---boxes
3.<
/p>
以字母
-o
结尾的某些名词,词尾加
p>
-es
。如:
potato---potatoes
tomato---tomatoes
Negro---Negroes
hero---heroes
4.<
/p>
以辅音字母加
-y
结尾的名词,将
-y
变为
-i,
再加
-es
。如:
family---families
dictionary---dictionaries
city---cities
country---countries
5.<
/p>
以字母
-f
或
-
fe
结尾的名词,将
-f
或
-fe
变为
-v
,再加<
/p>
-es
。如:
half---halves
leaf---leaves
thief---thieves
knife---knives
self---selves
wife---wives
life---lives
wolf---wolves
shelf---shelves
loaf---loaves
但是:
scarf---scarves(fes)
roof---roofs
serf---serfs
gulf---gulfs
chief---chiefs
proof---proofs
belief---beliefs
II
名词复数的不规则变化
1.<
/p>
将
-oo
改为
-
-ee
。如:
foot---feet
tooth---teeth
2.<
/p>
将
-man
改为
-men
。如:
man---men
woman---women
policeman---policemen
postman---postmen
3.
添加词尾。如:
child---children
4.
单复数同形。如:
sheep---sheep
deer---deer
fish---fish
people---people
5.<
/p>
表示“某国人”的单、复数变化。即“中日瑞不变英法变,其它国把
-s
加后面”
。如:
Chinese---Chinese
Japanese---Japanese
Swiss---Swiss
Englishman---Englishmen
Frenchman---
Frenchmen
American---Americans
Australian---
Australians
Canadian---
Canadians
Korean---Koreans
Russian---Russians
Indian---Indians
6.
其它。如:
mouse---mice
apple tree---apple trees
man teacher---men teachers
14)
双写最后一个字母的
-ing
分词
初中阶段常见的有以下这些:
→
lett
ing
让
hit
→
h
itting
打、撞
cut
→
c
utting
切、割
get
→
g
etting
取、得到
sit
→
s
itting
坐
forget
→
forgetting
put
→
putting
set
→
setting
p>
babysit
→
babysitting
p>
→
shopping
trip
→
tripping
stop
→
stopping
drop
→
dropping
→
travel(l)ing
swim
→
swimming
run
→
running
dig
→
digging
beg
in
→
beginning
prefer
→
preferring
plan
→
planning
忘记
放
设置
临时受雇照顾婴儿
购物
绊
停止
放弃
旅游
游泳
跑步
挖、掘
开始
宁愿
计划
15)
肯定句变否定句及疑问句要变化的一些词
变为
p>
any
。如:
There are some
birds in the tree.
→
There
aren't any birds in the tree.
但是,若在表示请邀请、请求的句
子中,
some
可以不变。如:
Would you like some orange juice?
与此相关的一些不定代词如
something,
somebody
等也要进行相应变化。
变为
p>
or
。如:
I have a knife
and a ruler.
→
I don't have a knife or a
ruler.
3.a lot
of (=lots of)
变为
many
或
much
。如:
They have a lot of
friends.
(可数名词)
→
They don't have many
friends.
There is lots of orange in the
bottle.
(不可数名词)
→
There isn't much orange in
the bottle.
y
p>
变为
yet
。如:
I
have been there already.
→
I haven't been
there yet.
16)
in
与
after
in
与
after
都可以表示时间,但二者有所区别。
1.
in
经常用于将来时的句子中,以现在为起点,表示将来一段时间。
如:
He will leave for Beijing in a week.
一周后他会动身去北京。
2.
after
< br>经常用于过去时的句子中,
以过去为起点,
表示过去一段
时间。
如:
He left for
Beijing after a week.
一周后他动身去了北京。
不过,
如果
after
后跟的是具体的时刻,它也可用于将来时。
p>
如:
We will finish the work
after ten o'clock.
十点后我们会完成工作的。
3.
注意
区分以下的
in
的用法。
I'll visit him in a week.
一周后我会去拜访他。
I'll
visit him twice in a week.
一周内我会去拜访他两次。
17)
不定冠词
a
< br>与
an
的使用
1
.a
用在以辅音音素开头的单词前。
如:
There is a
单词
book
中有个字母
b
。
类似的字母还有:
c, d, g, j, k, p, q,
t, u, v, w, y, z
。
She
has a small knife.
她有一把小刀。
2.
an
用于以元音音素开头的单词前。
如:
There is an
单词
onion
中有个字母
i
。
类似的字母还有:
a, e, f, h, l, m, n,
o, r, s, x
。
Do you have an
umbrella?
你有一把雨伞吗?
3.
以元音字母开头的单词前面不一
定都用
an
;以辅音字母开头的单词前面
也不一定都用
a
。
如:
a useful book
a universe
a one-letter
word
an hour
an uncle
an umbrella
an
honest person
18)
如何表达英语中的“穿、戴”?
英语中表示“穿、戴”的表达方法有好几种,常见的有以下这
些:
1
、
put on
主要表达“穿”的动作。
如:
He put on his
coat.
他穿上了他的外套。
You'd better
put on your shoes.
你最好穿上你的鞋子。
2
、
wear
主要表示“穿、戴”的状态。
如:
The old man wears a pair of
glasses.
老人戴着一副眼镜。
The girl is wearing a red
skirt.
那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。
3
、
dress
可作及物动词,有“给
......
穿衣”的意思,后接“
人”
,而不是“衣
服”
。
如:
Please dress
the children right
now.
请立即给孩子们穿上衣服。
dress
也可作不及物动词,表示衣着的习惯。如:
The woman always dresses in
green.
那位妇女总是穿绿色的衣服。
4
、
be in
表示穿着的状态。
如:
John is in white
today.
约翰今天穿白色的衣服。
The man in black is a football coach.
19) a little, a few
与
a bit (of)
a
little, a few
与
a
bit (of)
都有“一些、少量”的意义。他们的区别在哪里
呢?
1.
a
little
意为“一些、少量”
,
后接不可数名词。
如:
There is a little water in the bottle.
瓶子里有一点水。
还可以接形容词。如:
He is a little shy.
他有些害羞。
2.
a
few
意为“一些、少数”
,后接复数的可数名词。
如:
There are a few people in the room.
房间里有一些人。
3.
a bit
意为“一点儿”
,后接形
容词。
如:
It's a bit cold.
有点冷。
a
bit of
后接不可数名词。
如:
He has a bit of money.
他有一点儿钱。
4.
a little
表肯定意义,
little
表否定意义;
a few
表肯定意义,
few
表否定
意义。
如:
There is a little soda in the glass.
杯子里有一点儿汽水。
There is little soda in the
glass.
杯子里几乎没有汽水了。
I have a few Chinese friends.
我有一些中国朋友。
Few people like him.
几乎没有人喜欢他。
5.
a little = a bit of,
后接不可数名词;
a little = a bit = a little bit = kind
of,
后接形容词,意为“有点儿”
。
20)
关于
like
的用法
like
可以作动词,也可以作介词。
1
、
like
作动词,表示一般性的“爱好、喜欢”
,有泛指的含义。
如:
Do you like the
color?
你喜爱这种颜色吗?
like
后可接不定式(
like
to do sth
)
,也可接动词的
-ing
分词(
like doing
sth
)
,有时意思不尽相同。
如:
She likes eating apples.
她喜爱吃苹果。
(习惯)
She likes to eat an apple.
她喜
爱吃一粒苹果。
(平常不喜欢吃)
like
与
would
连用,后接不定式,表示愿望或客气的请求。如:
Would you like a cup of
tea?
您愿意喝杯茶吗?
“喜欢某人做某事”可以用结构“
like sb to do
sth/doing sth
”
。
如:
They all like me to
sing/singing English
songs.
他们都喜欢我唱英文歌。
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