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英语中的否定
一、
否定概念
1
．否定的基本特征：含有否定词（语）
。例如：
⑴
not,
never, seldom, hardly, nor,
⑵
no, few, ,
neither,
⑶
none, nothing,
nobody,
⑷
without, but, except
含有否定词缀的
词，也是一种否定意义的表达手段。但不属于否定结构或否定句。
2
．
否定范围
否定范围指否定意义在句中涉及的范围。一般讲，从否定词开始到句末，或到表示停
顿的标点为止。在口语中，句末用升调，表示修饰形状语在否定范围之内，反之则在范围
之外。下列句子的划线部分是否定范围：
（
1
）
I
didn
’t
see Jack in the
cinema yesterday.
（
2
< br>）
None of them passed the exam.
（
3
）
I
didn’t
go there because I was afraid of
him.
（
4
）
I
didn’t
go there, because I was afraid
of him.
（我没去那儿，因为我怕他。
）
句（
3
）在书面语中意义不明确：可能是“
我没去那儿，因为我怕他”
；
也可能
是“我
去那儿并不是因为怕他”
。所以最好避免，或改写成句（
4
）和句（
5
）两个意思不同但明确
的句子。
（
5
）
I
did go there not because I was afraid of him.
3.
否定转移
从结构上看，
not
通常用于否定动词。但实际意义上讲，
not
真正要否
定的焦点可能是否
定范围中的其他成分。这种情况称为否定转移。例如：
（
6
）
Shut up. I didn’t come
to
listen to your stupid excuse.
=
(7)
I came here not to listen
to your excuse.
(8) I don’t think it will rain
tomorrow.
=
(9) I think it will not
rain tomorrow.
(10) I do not go to school by bike
everyday.
=
(11)
I go to school by bike at times, but not everyday.
二、常见的否定手法
1
．
全句否定和局部否定
（也称“一般否定和特指否定”
）
1
．
1
全句否定
(g
eneral
negation)
：结构上
not, never
否定谓语或
no
否定名词。
（
12
）
They are not interested in these subject.
(13)
You can’t take these books out of the
reading
-room.
(14)
There is no
time to be lost.
1
．
2
局部否定
(special
negation)
：
not
置于某个特定对象之前。
（
15
）
You must always
remember not to become conceited.
1
(16)
The moon gives no light of
its own.
局部否定用得很少，通常采用全句否定形式。但可以通过否定转移来
达到局部否定的
目的。例如，句（
17
）比句（
18
）更自然：
（
17
）
I
won’t stay here for long.
：
（
18
）
I
will stay here but not for long.
但有时用全句否定会产生歧义：
（
19
）
It
didn’t rain all the month.
句末用升调，表示否定转移至状语：是下雨了，但没有整整下一个月。
句末用降调时，
not
否定
r
ain
：整整一个月没下雨。
如果将状语置于句首，
原句改为
All
the month it didn’t
rain
，
则
all the
month
处于否定范围之
外，
not
只能否定
rain
，意思也就明确了。
采用局部否定也可避免类似的歧义。例如：
（
20
）
It
rained
not
all the month but
for part of the month.
有时全句否定和局部否定意义全然不同：
（
21
）
He
didn’t try to mention it to Tom.
他不想对
Tom
提起这件事情。
(22)
He tried not to mention it to Tom.
他尽量不对
Tom
< br>提这件事。
△
否定的前缀、后缀也是一种局部否定，但从结构上讲，不属于否定句结构。因此，在含
有这类词的句子后，附加疑问句中用否定。如：
It is
unimportant, isn
’t it?
2
．全体否定和部分否定
2
．
1
全体否定
(absolute
negation)
含有
no,
none
以及
neither,
never
等否定词，或
every, all
与带有否定词缀的词连用时，均
为全体否定：
(23) No one can do it.
(24) Neither of the sisters
is good-looking.
(25) All
these stars are invisible to naked eyes.
(26) Every plan he has made
in impossible to carry out.
（
27
）
I
looked everywhere for the cell phone, but it could
be found nowhere.
2
．
2
部分否定
(partial negation)
not
与
下列词语连用时，具有部分否定意义：
both, all, every,
every-, always, entirely,
wholly
等。例如：
(28) I don’t wholly agree with
you.
_(29) All that glitters
is not gold.
(30) Both of
his parents are at home.
(31) Not everything he says is right.
但这些词语否定的前缀连用时，意为全部否定。如：
（
32
）
All
this is unnecessary.
3
．
双重否定和重复否定
3
．
1
双重否定
（
double negation
）
双重否
定时止，同一结构中用一个否定词否定另一个否定词（也包括否定前缀词）
。两
个否定词互相抵消。双重否定通常强调一个肯定的意思。
2
（
33
）
He
doesn’
t lend his books to nobody.
(34)
I did’t do it for no reason.
(35)
We are not unprepared for the outcome
of the conference.
(36)
He never came without
asking for money.
(37)
I can not but admire his
courage.
(38) They couldn’t
help laughing at the
joke.
3
．
2
重复否定
(repeated negation)
重复否定是指用两个（以上）的否定词连续
否定一个意思，所以就加强了否定的意义。
其一般形式是：否定的谓语
< br>+
否定的宾语；否定的主语
+
否
定的谓语：
（
39
）
I
don’t know nothing about the matter.
(
=
I don’t know anything
about it.)
(40)
We won’t lose nothing by it.
(
=
We won’t lose
anything)
(41)
Nobody hardly took notice of him. (=Nobody took
notice of him)
重复否定在早期英语里很普遍，因为词的重复是正常的
修辞手段。在现代英语里，不
是标准语言。但在口语中仍不少。尤其是教育程度不高的人
群中。
4
．延续否定（
resumptive
negation
）
△
用
not…not /neither / nor
(42) I’ll not do such a
thing, not I. (
同一主语
)
(43) You cannot do it, nor can I, nor
can anyone else.
（不同主语）
(44)
But
Oliver
did
not
come
that
day;
nor
the
next
day,;
nor
the
next
after
that;
nor
for
many ,many days after.
（连续否定多个状语）
(45)
It was not surprise, nor disappointment, nor
anger, not any of the expressions that Della had
been prepared for.
△
用
to say nothing
of, not to mention, not to speak of, let alone,
still less, much less +
名词
(
后
三个短语也可接动词
)
< br>，
表示“
（连
…
都不
…
，
< br>）更别说
…
了。
”
(46) He doesn’t like music, still
less dancing.
(47) He does
not speak English well, to say nothing of German
or French.
(48) She can't afford to buy
a bicycle, let alone a car.
（
CIDE
）
(49)
alone buy a new
car!
(50) At the age of fourteen I had
never even been on a train, much/still less an
aircraft.
5
．半否定
(semi-
negation)
用
hardly, seldom, rarely,
scarcely, few, little, almost not / no;
(51) He seldom went out on
Sundays.
(52) It is hardly possible, is
it?
(53) Few believed it, did they?
(54) He is interested in almost nothing
except computer games.
6.
排除否定
(excluded
negation)
用
all…but, every…but,
anything but
等。
(55) All the people at the meeting
agreed but Jack.
3
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