-
语
言
学
概
论
练
习
测
试
题
库
及
参
考
答
< br>案
集团文件版本号：（
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）
《英语语言学》练习测试题及参考答案
本科
I. Tick off
the correct or the best possible answers:
1.
One of the properties of language is
that a language user can understand and
produce sentences he/she has never
heard before. This property of language is
called ________.
A. duality
Key:
B
2.
The ______ function refers to the fact
that language can be used for
B.
productivity
C.
displacement
D.
arbitrariness
establishing a
favorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact
rather than
for exchanging information
or ideas.
A. phatic
Key:
A
3.
From a functional approach, the _______
meaning of a language use consists of
B. directive
C. evocative
D.
performative
what is
communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the
speaker/writer.
A. affective
collocative
Key:
A
4.
When
–
ing
in
‘
gangling
’
is
removed to get a verb
‘
gangl
e
’
, we call this
B. associative
C. stylistic
D.
way of creating words
________.
A. suffixation
acronymy
Key: B
B. back-formation
C.
blending
D.
5.
______ refers to the process by which
words rise from humble beginnings to
positions of importance.
A. Degradation
B.
Specialization
Extension
Key: C
6.
As we know,
every speaker has his own pet words and
expressions and special
C.
Elevation
D.
way of expressing his ideas in
language. This language variety of individual
users is called ______.
A. idiolect
dialect
Key:
A
7.
When pitch, stress and length
variations are tied to the sentence rather than
B. regional dialect
C. temporal dialect
D.
social
to the word, they are
collectively known as ________.
A. intonation
stress
Key:
A
8.
_______ refers to the change of a sound
as a result of the influence of an
B. tone
C. phoneme
D. sentence
adjacent
sound.
A. Addition of sound
Assimilation
Key: D
9.
Basically, all
the languages in the world can be classified in
terms of
B. Loss of sound C.
Metathesis
D.
language family. Vietnamese and Korean
are two languages in the ______ family.
A. Indo-
European
Key:
B
B.
Sino-Tibetan
C. Hamito-Semitic
D. Malayo-Polynesian
10.
A _______ is
the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system
of a language.
A. morpheme
Key: C
B. phoneme
C.
grapheme
D.
letter
11.
All mono-morphemic words are
constituted by free morphemes, and those
poly-
morphemic words which consist
wholly of free morphemes are
called_________.
A. hyponyms
allomorphs
Key:
B
12.
The requirement that the forms of two
or more words of specific word classes
B. compounds
C. blends D.
which stand in
specific syntactic relationship with one another
shall also be
characterized by the same
paradigmatically marked category or categories is
called _______.
A. concord
B.
government
C. recursiveness
D.
cohesion
Key:
A
13. The formation of new
words by combining parts of two words or a word
plus a
part of another is called
_____.
A.
blending
Key: A
B. clipping
C. acronymy
D. compounding
1
4. The
distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual
linguistic
behavior’ is proposed by
_______.
A. N. Chomsky
D. J.
Austin
Key: C
15. The word meaning given in the
dictionary is called _____ meaning.
A. denotative
stylistic
Key:
A
16. When we consider the
variation relating to what a user is trying to do
with
language, we are dealing with
addressee
relationship
—
continually
categorized
as “______”.
A. tenor of
discourse
C. field of discourse
B. mode of discourse
D. idiolect
B. connotative C.
collective
D.
B. F. de Saussure
C. M.
A. Halliday
Key:
A
1
7. According
to words’ structures, Turkish is a typical ______
language.
A. isolating
agglutinative
Key: D
18. ______ refer to
the fact that one type of utterance is typically
followed by
a special type of
utterance.
B.
fusional C. analytic
D.
A. Minimal pairs
B. Illocutionary acts
C.
Social dialects
D. Adjacency
pairs
Key:
D
1
9. The
relation between “dead” and “alive” is labeled as
________.
A.
gradability
B.
complementarity
C
.
hyponymy
D.
homonymy
Key:
B
20. The
words
“encore” and “au pair
” are
loanwords from _______.
A. French
B. German
C. Italian
D.
Spanish
Key: A
21. The distinction of
langue
and
parole
is proposed
by______.
a. N. Chomsky b.
F. de Saussure
c. M. A. Halliday
d. J. Austin
Key:
b
22.
Which of the
following is the exception to the feature of
arbitrariness of
language
a. native English words
c.
echoic words
Key: c
23.
Which of the following
feature cannot be used to describe the phone
[s]
b.
borrowed words
d. one-syllable
words
a. voiceless
b. oral
Key:
d
c. alveolar
d. lateral
24.
In terms of place of
articulation, the two consonants [f], [v] are
________.
a. dental
labiodental
Key: d
b. alveolar
c. palatal
d.
25.
In terms of manner of
articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k],
[g]
are ________.
a. affricates
oral
stops
Key: d
26.
Which of the following
statements about allophone is
NOT
correct
b. fricatives
c. bilabial
d.
a. Allophones
are different forms of the same phoneme
b. Allophones of the same phoneme are
in complementary distribution.
c. Allophones distinguish meaning.
d. Allophones are language specific.
Key: c
27.
Which of the following
words is not a free morpheme
a. able
Key: d
b. pet
c. change
d.
dusty
28.
How many
morphemes are there in the word
discharged
a. 2
Key: b
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
29.
Which of the following
words is made up of bound morphemes
only
a. happiness
Key: c
b. television
c.
ecology
d.
teacher
30. Language is
passed on from one generation to the next by
teaching and
learning rather than by
instinct. This property of language is
called_____.
a.
interchangeability
b. productivity
d. arbitrariness
c. cultural transmission
Key:
c
31.
The famous
quotation from Shakespeare
’
s
play
Romeo and Juliet
‘
A rose by any
other name would smell as
sweet
’
well illustrates
_______.
A. the
conventional nature of language
B.
the creative nature of
language
C. the universality of
language
D. the big
difference between human language and animal
communication
Key:
A
32.
Of the
following sound combinations, only _______ is
permissible according to
the sequential
rules in English.
A. kibl
D.
ilbk
Key: A
33.
The sentence that has a
NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula
“
S
→
NP
B.
bkil
C. ilkb
VP
”
.
A. hierarchical
B. linear
C. tree
diagram
D.
vertical
Key:
B
34.
It is the
_______ on Case assignment that states that a Case
assignor and a
Case recipient should
stay adjacent to each other.
A. Case
Condition
D. Adjacent
Parameter
Key: C
B. Case Parameter
C. Adjacent
Condition
35.
Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______
meaning.
A.
phoneme
Key: D
36. According to Searle, those
illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the
speaker to some future course of action
are called _______.
A. commisives
B.
directives
C. expressives
D.
B. word
C. phrase
D.
sentence
declaratives
Key:
A
37. The term _______
linguistics may be defined as a way of referring
to the
approach which studies language
change over various periods of time and at
various historical stages.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. comparative
D. historical comparative
Key: B
38. The
way in which people address each other depends on
their age, sex, social
group, and
personal relationship. The English system of
address forms frequently
used includes
first name, last name, title+last name, _______,
and kin term.
A.
title+first name
B.
title+title
C. title alone
D.
first name+last
name+title
Key: C
39. Language and thought may be viewed
as two independent circles overlapping in
some parts. When language and thought
are identical or closely parallel to each
other, we may regard thought as
“
subvocal
speech,
”
and speech as
“
_______
”
.<
/p>
A. vocal thought
B. subvocal thought C. covert thought
D. overt thought
Key: D
of the
following best states the behaviorist view of
child language
acquisition
A. Language
acquisition is a process of habit
formation.
B. Language
acquisition is the species-specific property of
human beings.
C. Children
are born with an innate ability to acquire
language.
D.
Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites
for language and language
use.
Key:
A
41. The words
“
kowtow
” and “
tea
” are loanwords from
_______.
A.
Chinese
B. German
C. Italian
D. Spanish
Key:
A
42. The term _______
linguistics may be defined as a way of referring
to the
approach which studies
language change over various periods of time and
at
various historical
stages.
A. synchronic
Key: B
43. The
formation of new words by combining parts of two
words or a word plus a
part of another
is called _____.
A. blending
B. diachronic
C. comparative
D.
historical comparative
B.
clipping
C.
acronymy
D.
compounding
Key:
A
44.
According
to words’ structures,
Latin is a
typical ______ language.
A. isolating
agglutinative
Key: B
45. The
relation between “
animal
”
and “
lamb
” is labeled as
________.
A. gradability
homonymy
Key:
C
46. One of the property
of language is that there is no logical connection
between meaning and sounds. This
property of language is called________.
A. duality
Key:
D
47. The________ function
refers to the use of language to create certain
feelings in the hearer.
A. phatic
B. directive
C. evocative
B. productivity
C. displacement
D. arbitrariness
B. complementarity
C. hyponymy
D.
B. fusional
C. analytic
D.
D. performative
Key: A
48. The
_______ meaning of a word consists of the
associations it acquires on
account of
the meanings of words which tend to occur in its
environment.
A.
associative B. affective C. stylistic
D. collocative
Key:
D
49. When
–
or in
editor is removed to get a verb edit, we call this
way of
creating words
________.
A. suffixation
B. back-formation C. blending D.
acronymy
Key:
50. The relation between
“rose” and “flower” is labeled as
________.
A. gradability
D. homonymy
B.
complementarity C. hyponymy
Key: C
51. Language can be used to refer to
contexts removed from the immediate
situations of the speaker. This is what
we mean by __________.
A.
duality
Key: C
52. When language is used to get the
hearer to do something, then it serves a
_______ function.
A. directive B. informative
C. interrogative D. expressive
53. The description of a language at
some point in time is a ________ study.
A. diachronic B. synchronic
C. descriptive D. prescriptive
Key: B
54. The distinction between
“competence” and “performance” was made
by______ .
A. N.
Chomsky
D.
L. Bloomfield
Key:
A
B.
productivity
C.
displacement
D.
arbitrariness
B. F. de
Saussure
C. M. A. Halliday
55.
According to the places of articulation, sounds in
English such as [t], [l],
and[z] can be
labeled as _______ ones.
A. dental B. bilabial C. velar
D. alveolar
Key:
D
56. According to the
morphological analysis, the underlined part in the
word
“inter
nation
alism” should be regarded as a ___________
.
A. root B. stem
C. prefix D. suffix
Key: B
57. Words such as “telex” and
“workfare” are created through
___________.
A.
affixation B. compounding C. conversion
D. blending
Key:
D
58. According to the
syntactic construction analysis, simple sentence
such as
“John is a student.” belongs to
__________construction.
A. endocentric B. exocentric C. coordinate
D. subordinate
Key:
B
59. The
sense relationship between “male” and “female” is
_________.
A.
complementarity B. gradability C. relational
opposites D. hyponymy
Key: A
60. Componential
analysis is a method of analyzing________
meaning.
A. sentence
B. lexical C. grammatical D.
utterance
Key:
B
II. Are the following
statements true (T) or false (F)
1.
A sentence cannot be a word or a
fragment in strict sense, but an utterance
can be a word or a fragment of a
sentence. T/F
Key: T
2.
It
doesn’t make sense to ask what language a sentence
belongs to. T/F
Key:
F
3.
A
stem first of all refers to any morpheme or
combination of morphemes, but an
affix
can be added to it. T/F
Key: T
4.
Every word in
a language can find at least one referent in the
objective world.
T/F
Key: F
5.
In most cases,
lexicon means vocabulary and is related to the
analysis and
creation of words, idioms
and collocations. T/F
Key:
T
6.
The use of the term ‘implicature’ is
different from ‘implication’ in that
it
usually indicates a rather narrowly defined
logical relationship between
two
propositions. T/F
Key:
F
7.
A
phrase means two or more words in sequence,
intended to have meaning, that
form a
syntactic unit that is less than a complete
sentence. It is actually
synonymous
with word group. T/F
Key:
F
8.
Collocation is
a term in lexicology used by some linguists to
refer to the
habitual co-occurrences of
individual lexical items, or collocates. This
relation of co-occurrence usually
cannot be accounted for. T/F
Key: T
9.
In order to
understand how conversational principles work, we
may consider how
each maxim actually
works and how people observe these maxims in daily
communication. T/F
Key: T
10.
Syntax studies the rules
which govern the ways words, word groups and
phrases
are combined to make
grammatical sentences in a language, i.e. it deals
with
the relationships between elements
in sentence structures. T/F
Key: T
11.
Even in modern society,
the primary medium is sound for all languages, and
the fact that children acquire spoken
language first before they can read or
write also indicates that language is
primarily vocal.
Key:
T
12.
The defining properties of human
language that distinguish it from any
animal system of communication are
termed design features.
Key:
T
13.
There are other channels, besides
language, for communicating our
thoughts, so language is only one
aspect of semiotics.
Key:
T
14.
Modern
linguistics regards the spoken language as
primary, written
language as
secondary.
Key: T
15.
Descriptive
linguistics aims to lay down rule
s for
‘correct’ language
use, i.e., to tell
people what they should say and what should not
say.
Key: F
16.
Phonology is
the branch of linguistics which studies the
characteristics of speech sounds and
their patterns.
Key:
F
17.
The case category is used in the
analysis of word classes to identify
the syntactic relationship between
words in a sentence.
Key:
T
18.
Language is genetically
transmitted.
Key:
F
19.
The grammar taught today to language
learners is still basically
descriptive.
Key:
F
20.
All the sounds produced by human are
speech sounds.
Key:
F
21.
Generally speaking, pragmatics can be
understood as a branch of
linguistic
study that deals with the factors that govern our
choice of
language in social
interaction and the effects of our choice on
others.
Key: T
22.
[f], [v], [s], [z], [?] and [?] are all
fricative in English, but [?]
and [?]
are alveolar while [f] and [v] are
dental.
Key: F
23.
In most
cases, sentence is synonymous with
utterance.
Key: F
24.
Syntax
exclusively deals with the study of the
interrelationships
between elements in
sentence structure, and it has nothing to do with
exploring the syntactic relation beyond
sentence boundary.
Key:
F
25.
The London School proposed a functional
approach towards the concept of
phoneme, and N. Trubetzkoy made the
greatest contribution to the related
study.
Key:
F
26.
A phoneme in a language is a
distinctive sound which is capable of
distinguishing one word or one shape of
a word from another.
Key:
T
27.
Every language is part of a culture,
and it cannot but serve and
reflect
cultural needs.
Key:
T
28.
Sentence can be extended either by
conjoining or embedding, and a
construction where constituents have
been linked through the use of
conjunction indicates a paratactic
relation.
Key: F
29.
Both Chinese and English are tone
languages.
Key: F
30.
Words are the
smallest meaningful units of language.
Key: F
31.
Derivation
changes always result in change of the word class
of the
original words.
Key: T
32.
Pitch
variations may be distinctive like phonemes, and
in this function
they are called tones.
Languages using tones, like Chinese, are called
tone
language.
Key: T
33.
The notion of
inflection just indicates the manifestation of
grammatical relationships, rather than
lexical ones, through the addition of
inflectional affixes.
Key: T
34.
The same
morpheme always takes different forms in different
contexts.
Key: T
35. According to P. Grice, whether a
speaker follows or violates the Maxims of
the Cooperative Principle, he produces
some implicature, i.e. a kind of extra
meaning that is not contained in the
utterance.
Key:
T
36.
In the history of any language the
writing system always came into being
before the spoken form.
T/F
Key: F
English,
long vowels are also tense vowels because when we
pronounce a long
vowel such as/i:/, the
larynx is in a state of tension.
T/F
Key:
T
38.A compound is the
combination of only two words.
T/F
Key:
F
39.“
The
student
”
in the sentence
“
The student liked the
linguistic lecture
”
,
and
“
The
linguistic lecture
”
in the
sentence
“
The linguistic
lecture liked
the
student.
”
belong to the same
syntactic category.
T/F
Key: T
stic forms
having the same sense may have different
references in
different situations
while linguistic forms with the same reference
always have
the same sense.
T/F
Key:
F
important difference
between presupposition and entailment is that
presupposition, unlike entailment, is
not vulnerable to negation. That is to
say, if a sentence is negated, the
original presupposition is still true.
T/F
Key:
T
division of English into
Old English, Middle English, and Modern English
is non-conventional and not arbitrary.
T/F
Key:
F
ge
reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not
sexist, just as it
is not obscene; but
it can connote sexist attitudes as well as
attitudes about
social taboos or
racism.
T/F
Key:
T
a child is deprived of
linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to
learn a language successfully later on.
T/F
Key:
T
children learn to
distinguish between the sounds of their language
and
the sounds that are not part of the
language, they can acquire any sounds in
their native language once their
parents teach them.
T/F
Key: F
46. Leonard Bloomfield
maintained that linguistics should describe
instead of
prescribe what people
actually say and should take a deductive approach
in
analyzing data.
Key: F
47. Chomsky believes that linguistic
study and research can help explain what
happens in the mind, and linguistics
should be regarded as a branch of
psychology.
Key: F
48.
Halliday claims that if we are given an adequate
specification of the
semantic
properties of the context in terms of field, tenor
and mode, we should
be able to predict
the syntactic properties of texts.
Key: F
49.
Onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary
relationship between form and meaning.
Key: F
50.
Traffic light system has the feature of
duality.
Key: F
51. The distinction of ‘linguistic
potential’ and ‘actual linguistic
behavior’ is proposed by N.
Chomsky.
Key:
F
52. In English there are
three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and
[l].
Key: T
53. A morpheme is the minimal
contrastive unit in the writing system of a
language.
Key:
F
54. According to the
functions of affixes, we can put them into groups:
inflectional affixes and derivational
affixes.
Key: T
55. Compounding is the formation of
new words by joining two or more stems.
Key: T
56.
Metathesis
refers to the change of a
sound as a result of the influence of an
adjacent sound.
Key: F
57. The requirement
that the forms of two or more words of specific
word classes
which stand in specific
syntactic relationship with one another shall also
be