-
Hydraulic Excavators
液压挖掘机
7
.
1
Overview
概述
7.1.1 Basic Concept
.
基本概念
An excavator is an engineering vehicle
consisting of an articulated arm (boom, stick),
bucket
and
cab
mounted
on
a
pivot
(a
rotating
platform)
atop
an
undercarriage
with
tracks
or
wheels.
Their design is a natural progression
from the steam shovel.
挖掘机是一种由铰接臂杆(动臂和斗
杆)
、铲斗和安装于履带或轮式底盘上的转盘(一
种旋转平台)
所组成的工程机械(车辆)
。挖掘机是在蒸汽铲的基础上自然发展起来的。
The
history
of
heavy
excavating
machinery
began
in
1835
when
the
dipper
shovel
was
invented
to
excavate
hard
soil
and
rock
and
to
load
trucks.
Of
course,
with
the
invention
of
gasoline-and diesel-powered vehicles,
construction equipment became even more adaptable.
Most
construction equipment is powered
by diesel engines, although electric-power,
battery power, and
propane tanks are
used on specialized equipment.
重型挖掘机的历史
始于
1835
年,当时发明了拉铲式挖掘机用于开挖坚硬的土石
方及装
载卡车。当然,
随着汽油机和柴油机车辆的发明,
工程机械也变得越来越适用。虽然在一些
专用设备上使用了电力驱动、
蓄电池驱动和丙烷气罐,
然而大多数工程机械仍然依靠柴油机<
/p>
驱动。
Design
modifications
are
driven
by
customer
demand.
As
of
2000,
the
two
primary
areas
where
customers
would
like
to
see
more
improvements
are
in
the
ease
of
operation
and
the
operator's comfort. The need for simple
operation is forced by the fact that there are
fewer skilled
operators
in
the
marketplace.
And
operations
and
reliability
are
both
improving
because
of
the
continuing
integration
of
electronics,
automation,
better
engine
technology,
and
on-board
diagnostics. It is
now up to the manufacturers to cost-effectively
incorporate improvements.
客户要求推动着设计的改进。
自从
2000
年以来,客户所期望改进的两个主要方面为操
p>
作方便性和操作舒适性。
操作简单的要求迫于在市场中很难找到熟练
操作人员的事实。
由于
电子技术、
自动
化、
高性能发动机技术、
在线诊断技术的不断集成,操作性和可
靠性均得到
了不断的改进。目前,制造商在进行各种成本效益方面的改进。
7.1.2
Applications
应用
1
3
5
7
2
4
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1. digging and
loading
挖掘装载;
2.
p>
stonework
石方工程;
3.
mining engineering
采
掘工程;
4.
port
operation
港口作业;
5.
trench
excavation
开挖坑槽;
6.
t
ake down old buildings
建筑拆
p>
除;
7.
rock
breaking
岩石破碎;
8.
under water
operation
水下作业;
9.
pipe
laying
铺设管道;
10.
hoisting heavy
object
起吊重物;
11.
breaking
pavement
破碎路面;
12.
clear up side slope
整
< br>理边坡;
13.
watercourse
clearance
疏通水道;
14.
removal
treatment
清理作业
7.1.3 Types
类型
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1.
mini
type
excavator
微型挖掘机;
type
excavator
小型挖掘机;
type
excavator
中型挖掘机;
type
excavator
大型挖掘机;
5.
wheel
excavator
轮式挖掘机;
6.
large type
shovel
(
face excavator
)
大型正铲挖掘机;
7. Ultra high
demolition hydraulic excavator
超高层建筑物拆除液
压挖掘机;
8.
river
channel
dredging
excavator
河道疏浚挖掘机;
9.
telescopic
boom
e
xcavator
伸缩臂式挖掘机;
10.
wetlands
excav
ator
湿地挖掘机;
11.
wheel
backhoe
loader
轮式挖掘装载机;
12.
radio controlled
excavator
无线控制型挖掘机
7.2 Components
and Features
组成与特点
7.2.1
Overall
Structure
总体结构
1. diesel engine and hydraulic system
p>
柴油机及液压系统;
arriage
行走支
承机构;
3.
swing
mech
anism
回转机构;
4.
work
equipment
as
sembly
工作装置总成;
5.
steering
and
operating
system
转向操纵系统
7.2.2 Major
Components
主要部件
7.2.2.1 Diesel Engine and Hydraulic
System
柴油机及液压系统
1. diesel
engine
柴油机;
2. hydraulic
pump
液压泵
7.2.2.2
Undercarriage
行走支承机构
1. main
frame
主机架;
2.
track
履带;
3. track
idler
导向轮;
4. track frame
履带台车架;
5. final drive(driving
motor and drive
sprocket)
最终传动装置(液压马达与驱动链轮)
7.2.2.3 Work Equipment
Assembly
工作装置总成
1. bucket
铲斗;
2.
bucket linkage
铲斗连接件;
3.
bucket cylinder
铲斗油缸;
4.
arm
斗杆;
5. arm
cylinder
斗杆油缸;
6.
boom
动臂;
7. hydraulic
pipeline
液压管路;
cylinder
动
臂油缸;
9.
bucket lip
斗齿
7.2.2.4 General Purpose
Bucket
通用铲斗
-torsion pipe fitted for increased
strength
抗扭增强钢管;
piece side
plates
两边
侧板;
3.
wear straps fitted to increase base
strength
斗底增强耐磨板条;
4. cutting
edge
切削刃
7.2.2.5
Steering and Operating
System
转向操纵系统
1.
driver’s
Seat
驾驶员座椅;
2.
arm
rest
扶手;
3.
joystick
control
操纵控制手柄;
4.
control
pedal
操纵踏板;
5.
travel
lever
行走操纵杆;
6.
monitor
工况监视器;
7.
console
仪表控制台
7.2.3 General Arrangement of Large Type
Excavator
大型挖掘机总体布置
1.
engines
发动机;
2.
PTO
分动箱;
3. hydraulic
pumps
液压泵;
4. hydraulic
tank
液压油箱;
5. oil
coolers
液压油冷却器;
6. control
valves
控制阀;
7. swing
motors
回转马达;
8. swivel
joint
旋转接头;
9. fuel
tank
燃油箱;
10.
radiators
散热器;
11. air
cleaners
空气滤清器;
12. hydraulic
filters
液压过滤器;
13.
operator cab
驾驶室;
14.
walkways
行走通道
7.2.4 Typical Hydraulic
System
典型液压系统
1.
hydraulic pump
液压泵;
2
、
4.
distributing
valve
group
分配阀组;<
/p>
3.
check valve
单向
p>
阀;
5.
speed limit
valve
速度限制阀;
6.
hydraulic cylinder
液压缸;
7
、
8.
traveling
hydraulic
< br>motor
行走液压马达;
9.
double
speed
valve
双速阀
10.
slewing hydraulic motor
回转液压马
达;
11.
boom
cylinder
动臂油缸;
12.
auxiliary
cylinder
辅助油缸;
13.
arm
cylinder
斗杆油缸;
14.
bucket
cylinder
铲斗油缸;
15.
back pressure
valve
背压阀;
16.
oil
cooler
冷却器;
17.
oil
filter
滤油器
7.2.5 APC
System
自动功率控制系统
1. engine
发动机;
2.
APC control valve
APC
控制阀;
3.
hydraulic
pump
液压泵;
4. APC &
accelerator
back
up
switch
APC
与加速器备用开关;
5.
pressure
sensor
压力传感器;
6.
APC
controller
APC
控制器;
7. accelerator
emergency circuit
加速器应急回路;
8.
APC emergency
circuit
APC
应急回路;
9.
accelerator
dial
加
速器调节刻度盘;
电子控制单元;
at
ion monitor
综合监视器;
switch
杠杆操纵开关;
13. high power
switch
大
功率开关;
accelerator switch
快速加速开关
7.2.6
Specifications
工作性能
7.2.6.1
Standard
Equipment
Specifications
标准装置规格类型与性能参数
1. Engine
发动机:
Mode
l
型号;
Type
:
< br>Water-cooled, 4 cycle
,
Direct injection
类型:水冷,
四冲程,直喷式;
Aspiratio
n
:
Turbocharged
充气形
式:涡轮增压;
Number of
cylinders
气缸
数;
Bore
x stroke
缸径
×
冲程;
Piston displacement
活塞排量;
Governor
:
Mechanical, all-speed
contro
l
调速器:机械式,全程调速;
Net Flywheel
horsepower
净飞轮功率;
To meet U.S.
EPA
Tier 3 emissions requirements
符合美国
3
类环保排放标准;
Net flywheel power advertised is the
power available at the flywheel when
the engine is equipped with fan, air cleaner,
muffler and
alternator.
所标示的净
飞轮功率是指发动机配备风扇、空气滤清器、消声器和发电机时飞轮
所能输出的功率。<
/p>
2. Hydraulic
System
液压系统:
Max. pressure
–
Travel
行走系统最大压力;
Max. pressure
–
Swing
回转系统最大压力;
HydrauMind
system.
,
Closed-center system
with load-sensing valves
and pressure-
compensated valves
智能液压系统,负荷感应阀与压力补偿阀中心闭
锁系统;
selectable working
modes
可选工作模式;
Main
pump
:
Variable-displacement
piston pump
液压
主泵:变量柱塞泵;
Maximum flow
最大流量;
Sub-
pump for control circuit
控制回路辅助液压
泵;
Travel motors with parking
brake
驻车制动型行走液压马达;
Swing motor
with swing
holding
brake
制动型回转液压马达;
Axial piston
motor
轴向柱塞马达;
Relief valve set
ting
安全
阀设定;
Impleme
nt circuits
执行回路;
Travel
circuit
行走回路;
Swing
circuit
回转回路;
Pilot
circuit
控制回路;
Service
valve
操纵阀;
Number of cylinders
–
bore x stroke
液压
缸数量—缸径
×行程;
Service valves
maximum flow
操纵阀最大流量
3. Drives &
Brakes
驱动和制动装置:
Steering
control
:
Two levers with peda
ls
转向控制:
两组操纵杆和踏板;
D
rive method
:
Fully
hydrostatic
驱动方式:全静液驱动;
Travel
motor
:
Axial piston
motor
,
in-shoe design
< br>行走马达:轴向柱塞马达,滑靴设计;
Reduction
system
:
Planetary
gear
,
double
–
reduction
减速系统:行星减速,双级减速;
< br>Max. drawbar pull
最大牵
引力;
Max.
travel speed
最大行驶速度;
Service
brake
:
Hydraulic
lock
行车制动:液压锁止;
Parking brake
:
Oil disc
brake
驻车制动:湿式盘式制动
4. Swing
System
回转系统:
Driven by
Hydraulic motor
液压马达驱动;
Swing
reduction
回
转减速;
Pla
netary double
reduction
行星双级减速;
Swing circle
lubrication
:
Grease-bathed
回
转圈润滑:油脂润滑;
Swing
lock
回转锁定;
Swing
speed
回转速度;
Swing
torque
回转力矩
5. Und
ercarriage
下部支承
(
行走
机构
)
:
Center frame
:
X-f
rame
中心机架:
X
型机架;
Track frame
:
Box-
section type
履带台车架:
箱型截面;
Sealed track
密封型履带;
Track
adjuster
:
Hydraulic
type
张紧装置:液压型;
No. of
shoes
履带板数量;
No. of carrier
rollers
托链轮数量;
No. of track
rollers
支重轮数量
7.2.6.2
Dimensions
尺寸规格
1. Shipping
Height
海运高度;
2. Shipping
Length
海运长度;
3. Tail Swing
Radius
尾部摆动
半径;
4.
Length to Center of
Rollers
滚轮中心距离;
5. Track
Length
履带长度;
6. Ground
Clearance
离地间隙;
7.
Track Gauge
轨距;
8. Transport
Width
运输宽度;
9. Cab
Height
驾驶室
高度;
10.
Counterweight
Clearance
配重离地间隙
7.2.6.3
Working
Ranges
工作范围
1. Maximum Digging
Depth
最大挖掘深度;
2. Maximum Reach
at Ground
Level
最大水平
移动距离;
3.
Maximum Cutting
Height
最大挖掘高度;
4. Maximum
Loading
Height
最大装载
高度;
5.
Minimum Loading
Height
最小装载高度;
6. Maximum
Depth Cut for Level
Bottom
最
大水平切削深度;
7.
Maximum Vertical Wall Digging
Depth
最大垂直挖掘深度
7.2.7
Small Excavator
Features
小型挖掘机特点
1.
Mustang
introduces a new bucket series with innovative
design improvements that achieve
greater bucket volumes, higher breakout
forces and improved vertical digging.
新
型铲斗系列进行了改进设计,具有更大的斗容量、更强的破碎力和更好的垂直挖掘。
2.
Standard
headlights mounted on the boom and at the front of
the cab provide excellent
nighttime
visibility.
安装于动臂上和驾驶室前方的标准照明灯提供了最佳的夜间视
觉。
3.
To help avoid damage and downtime,
Mustang securely routes bucket cylinder hoses
through the dipper stick. For faster
attachment management and parts replacement, we
connect
boom and arm hoses on the
outside of the machine.
为避免损坏和停机,
沿杆臂安全布置液压缸软管。
为快速处理附件和更换零件,
< br>在机器
外部连接动臂和斗杆软管。
4. Independent right and left boom
swing, for offset digging.
动臂左、右独立摆动,以适应侧向挖掘。
5.
Special
digging situations call for specialized digging
machines, which allow vertical
digging
even on slopes up to 15 degrees.
特殊的挖掘环
境需要专业的挖掘机械,即使在
15
°的坡道上也可进行垂直挖
掘作业。
6.
Mustang’s chassis includes edges
reinforced with cast iron —
nearly
indestructible. This
heavy-duty
reinforced bumper protects components against
accidental collisions.
底盘进行了铸铁棱边强化,
几乎不可损坏。
这种重型保险装置可在碰撞事故中保护机械
部件。
7.3
Attachments
工作附件
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
11
13
8
10
12
14
15
16
e
抓斗;
Bucket
拇指型铲斗;
bucket
抓斗;
tor
ripper
松土
齿;
digging
石料铲斗;
ng
bucket
挖沟铲斗;
g bucket
斜挖铲斗;
ell
bucket
蚌壳式抓斗;
bucket
挖泥斗;
up
bucket
清扫铲斗;
11. eliminator
manual
quick
coupler
< br>分离式手动快速连接器;
12.
hydraulic
crusher
液压破碎器;
13.
universal
compaction
wheel
万能压实轮;
14. vibro
hammer
振动锤;
15. hydraulic
breaker
液压破碎锤;
16. skeleton
bucket
格栅铲斗
7.4
New Technology of Typical
Hydraulic
Excavator
典型液压挖掘机新技术
7.4.1
Introduction
简介
The Hitachi ZAXIS-3 series new-
generation hydraulic excavators are packed with a
host of
technological features
–
clean engine, Hitachi
advanced hydraulic technologies, with strong
undercarriage and front attachment,
plus well matching of power and speed. The ZAXIS-3
series
can get the job done with proven
productivity, durability, and reliability,
especially in heavy-duty
excavation and
quarry operations.
日立
ZAXIS-3
系列新一代液压挖掘机具有一系列技术特点:清洁发动机,先
进的日立液
压技术,坚固耐用的行走底盘和工作装置附件,以及功率与速度的良好匹配。
ZAXIS-3
系列
挖掘机所具有的生
产率、
寿命和可靠性得到了检验证实,
特别是在重型挖掘和采石
场作业更
加适用。
To yield
high production yet maintain low fuel consumption,
such was the objective of the
development of a new engine and
hydraulic system .
以较低的燃料消耗获得更大的生产能力是新型
发动机和液压系统研究的目标。
7.4.2 New-
Generation Clean
Engine
新一代清洁发动机
1.
High Power Yet Low Fuel
Consumption
高功率输出低燃料消耗
4% Increase in output (vs. Conventional
model). The new clean engine, complying with the
emission regulations Tier 3 in US(EPA)
and EU Stage III, can reduce fuel costs by
electronic
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