11年考研英语真题及答案

2011

年考研英 语

(

一

)

试题

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]

on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But

-

__1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does

__2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen

consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits

the way, say, walking or jogging does.

__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the

__7__, studies dating back to the 1930?s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to

45 minutes after the laugh dies down.

Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of

laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback,

that improve an individual?s emotional

state. __11____one classical theory

of

emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical

reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they

become sad when the tears begin to flow.

Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular

responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wü

rzburg in

Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile

–

or with

their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to

funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may

influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve

mood.

1.[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like

2.[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce

3.[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining

4.[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe

5.[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable

6.[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief

7.[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected

8.[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes

9.[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance

10.[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal

11.[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for

12.[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at

13.[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because

14.[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses

15.[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond

16.[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold

17.[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent

18.[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted

19.[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing

20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely

1-5 CDBBA

6-10 BADCA

11-15 BCDCB

16-20 DADAC

Section II Reading Comprehension

1

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D].

Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the

talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most

part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a

sober-sided classical-music critic.

One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively

little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert?s appointment in the

Times,

calls him “an

unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music

director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that

seems likely to have struck at least some

Times

readers as faint praise.

For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he

performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher

Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up

my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.

Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the

point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not

only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded

performances of the great classical musicians of the 20

th

century. There recordings are cheap, available

everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic qual

ity than today?s live performances; moreover, they can

be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener?s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings

has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.

One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available

on record. Gilbert?s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical

-music critic, has

described him as a man who is capable of

turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant

organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra?s repertoire will

not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between

America?s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.

21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert?s appointment has

[A]incurred criticism.

[B]raised suspicion.

[C]received acclaim.

[D]aroused curiosity.

22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is

[A]influential.

[B]modest.

[C]respectable.

[D]talented.

23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers

[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.

[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.

[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.

[D]overestimate the value of live performances.

24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?

[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.

2

[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.

[C]They help improve the quality of music.

[D]They have only covered masterpieces.

25. Regarding Gilbert?s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels

[A]doubtful.

[B]enthusiastic.

[C]confident.

[D]puzzled.

Text 2

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly

straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving

“to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee

says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group,

which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he

wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn?t alone. In

recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were

looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives

who don?t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers

cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump

without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with

the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for

aspiring leaders.

The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and

headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.

Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can?t think of a single search I?ve done where a board has not

instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”

Those who jumped without a

job haven?t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as

chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny

Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO.

He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.

Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more

acceptable to be between jobs or to le

ave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it?s safer to stay where you are,

but that?s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who?ve been hurt the worst are

those who?ve stayed too long.”

26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being

[A]arrogant.

[B]frank.

[C]self-centered.

[D]impulsive.

27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives? quitting may be spurred by

[A]their expectation of better financial status.

[B]their need to reflect on their private life.

[C]their strained relations with the boards.

[D]their pursuit of new career goals.

28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means

[A]approved of.

3

[B]attended to.

[C]hunted for.

[D]guarded against.

29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that

[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.

[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.

[C]top performers care more about reputations.

[D]it?s safer to stick to the traditional rules.

30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?

[A]CEOs: Where to Go?

[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?

[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net

[D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers

Text 3

The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While

traditional “paid” media –

such as television commercials and print advertisements

–

still play a major role,

companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may

create “owned” media by sending e

-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web

site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.

Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such

market

ers act as the initiator for users? responses. But in some cases, one marketer?s owned media become

another marketer?s paid media –

for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We

define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or

e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively

began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson &

Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and

even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem

objective, gi

ves companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies?

marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.

The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse)

communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in

quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media:

an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative

allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack

media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.

If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the

reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company?s response may not be sufficiently quick

or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage

from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response

campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the

social-news site Digg.

ers may create “earned” media when they are

[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.

[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.

[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.

[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.

32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature

[A] a safe business environment.

4

[B] random competition.

[C] strong user traffic.

[D] flexibility in organization.

33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media

[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.

[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.

[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.

[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.

34. Toyota Motor?s experience is cited as an example of

[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.

[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.

[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.

[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.

35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?

[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.

[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.

[C] Dominance of hijacked media.

[D] Popularity of owned media.

Text 4

It?s no surprise that Jennifer Senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I

Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –

nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is

anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make

parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as

something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense

condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that

“the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and

delight.”

The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only

Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive

–

and newly

single

–

mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week

features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.

In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having

children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-

killing ? It doesn?

t seem quite fair, then, to compare the

regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they

shouldn?t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single

most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby- size holes

in their lives.

Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely

unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies

concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock

there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and

Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round

-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.

It?s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina

make it

look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it?s interesting to wonder if

the images we see every week of stress- free, happiness-

enhancing parenthood aren?t in some small,

subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a

small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.

er Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring

5

[A]temporary delight

[B]enjoyment in progress

[C]happiness in retrospect

[D]lasting reward

learn from Paragraph 2 that

[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.

[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.

[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.

[D]having children is highly valued by the public.

is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks

[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.

[B]are largely ignored by the media.

[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.

[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.

ing to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is

[A]soothing.

[B]ambiguous.

[C]compensatory.

[D]misleading.

of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.

[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.

[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.

[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.

Part B

Directions:

The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize

these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes.

Paragraphs E and G

have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can,

Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it

takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students

in English drop out before getting their degrees.

[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are

disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared

with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their

undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But

most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes,

“the great books are read because they have been read”

-they form a sort of social glue.

[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate

school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs.

But fewer

students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor?s degrees in

1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of

theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been

trained.

[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by

top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught

in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard

6

undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist

liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.

[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have

professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process:

federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research

took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful

academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind

professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization

are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a

monopoly not just over the production of

knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.

[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the

producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwis

e, academics will continue to think dangerously alike,

increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least

in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how th

at happens, Mr

Menand dose not say.

[G] The subtle and intelligent little book T

he Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the

American University

should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may

then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis

Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.

G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation

should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the

book

As a Man Thinking by James Allen

is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.

(46) Allen?s contribution was to take an assumption we all share

-that because we are not robots we

therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate

from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act

another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind,

and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we

are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”

Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen

concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person

embody the external achievement; you don?t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap b

etween mind and

matter.

Part of the fame of Allen?s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal

him.” (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the

superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.

This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however

bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of

people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out

the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to

escape from our situ

ation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person?s early life and its conditions are

often the greatest gift to an individual.

The sobering aspect of Allen?s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except

ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we

were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.

7

Section

Ⅲ

Writing

Part A

51.

Directions:

Write a letter to a friend of yours to

1) recommend one of your favorite movies and

2) give reasons for your recommendation

Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2

Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User

“LI

MING”

instead.

Do not writer the address.(10 points)

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain it?s intended meaning, and

3) give your comments.

Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

旅 程之

“

余

”

2011

年考研英语一真题答案及详解

Section I Use of English

1-5 CDBBA

6-10 BADCA

11-15 BCDCB

16-20 DADAC

1.C

解析：语义逻辑题。第一句含义是

“

古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是

“

有益于身体健康的宝贵锻

炼

”

，

第二句意思是

“

但是

一些人提出相反的意见，

轻笑可能对身体健康影响极小

”

，

两句之间是转折

关 系，

A

、

B

、

C

、

D

四个选 项中只有

C

选项表转折

“

尽管

”

，故是正确选项。

2.D

解析：语义辨析题。上下文语境是

“

笑确实能

短期的改变

”

。

A. reflect“

反映

”

，

B. deman d“

要求

”

，

C. indicate“

表明，暗示

”

，

D. produce“

产生

”< /p>

，只有

D

选项符合语境，所以是正确答案。

3.B

8

解析 ：语义搭配题。文中提到

“

笑能够

心律呼吸速率。

” A. stabilizing

意思是

“

安定，稳定

”

，

B.

boosting“

促进，推进

”

，

C. impairing“

损害，削弱

”

，

D. determining“

决定

”

，根据语境应该是

“

笑能够促进

心律呼吸速率

”

，

B

为正确答案。

4.B

解析：语义辨析题。这句话意思是

“

但 是因为大笑很难

，一次狂笑不可能

< br>……”

，四个选项的含

义分别是

A. transmit “

传播

”< /p>

，

B. sustain“

维持

”

，

C. evaluate“

评估

”

，

D. observ e“

观察

”

，根据语境，只有

B. sustain

符合语境。

5.A

解析：语义辨析题。这句话意思是

“

一次狂笑不可能像比如走路或者慢跑那样对心血管功能产

生

益处。

” A. measu rable“

重大的，重要的

”

，

B. manag

eable“

易控制的< /p>

”

，

C. affordable“

负担得起的

”

，

D . renewable“

可再生的

”

，四个选项中能和

“

益处

”

A. measurable

，故是正确答案。

6.B

解析：逻辑分析题。第二段第一句是说

“

其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确是起到了

……< /p>

作用

”

，对上文有承接还有转折的关系，

A. In turn

意思是

“

轮流

”

，

C. In addition

是

“

另外

”

，

D. In brief

思是

“

简而言之

”

，都不符合语境，只有

B. In fac t“

事实上

”

符合上下文语境，是正确 选项。

7.A

解析：语义逻辑题。第二段第二句的意思是说

“

笑可以放松肌肉 ，在狂笑平息之后

45

分钟内会降低

肌 肉张力

”

，跟上文中的

“

其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉

”

是相反的关系，所以

A. opposite

是正确选项。

8.D

解析：

语义搭配题。

空格前后面是

“

笑

肌肉

”

，

A. hardens“

使变硬

”

，

B. weakens“

减少

”

，

C. tightens“

是

变紧

”

，

D. relaxes“< /p>

放松

”

，因为上文提到了

“

其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确实起到了相反的

< br>作用

”

。

“

拉紧

”

的反义词只有

D. relaxes

，故正确。

9.C

解析：语义搭配题。这句话的意思是

“

这样的身体放松可能会帮助

心理紧张状态的影响。

” A.

ag gravate“

加剧，恶化

”

，

B. generate“

使形成，发生

”

，

C. moderate“

节制，减 轻

”

，

D. enhance“

增加

”

，根据

上下文 语境，只能是

“

减轻心理压力

”

，故

C

是正确选项。

10.A

解析：语义逻辑题。这句话的意思 是

“

笑的行为毕竟可能会产生其他形式的

反馈来提高个体的情

绪状态。

”

其中提到

“

笑的行为