学术英语写作(杨新亮,熊艳)introduction P203~205

Introduction

203 -208

页

In recent years there has been considerable interest in exploring the nature of expert performa

nce across domains ( e.g .,Ericsson,Hoffman,Charness,&Feltovich.2006;Ericss on & Williams,

2007).For example,scientists with an interest in sports have analyzed the perceptual

cognitive skills underpinning anticipation in this domain and

identified how these processes are acquired through prolonged

engagement in practice (for reviews, see Hodges, Huys, &Starkes, 2O07: Williams Ford. 2008 : Wi

lliams Ward, 2007 ).The

scientific study of skill acquisition has a

long history in experimental psychology,dating back to the early studies of Bryan and Harter (1899)

.In more recent times, Poulton (1957) was the first

to systematically discriminate between different types of anticipation judgements using experimetal

methods common to

this discipline. The scientific study of anticipation as a field of inquiry in its

own right in sport psychologyhas a much shorter

history, emerging primarily in 1970s ( far a hist

orical overview, see Williams. Davids. & Williams, 1999).The majority of sport psychologists wor

k in multi_disciplinary departments where research in traditional discipline areas,such as physiolog

y. psychology. and biomechanics, often

develops somewhat independently of academic endeavour within

the main disciplines themselves.

The empirical findings that have been reported on anticipation in the field of

sport psychology could therefore contribute to the generation of

new knowledge on this topic in th

e parent discipline area, and particularly in applied cognitive psychology.

近年来，在探索专家性能的跨域的性质 得到了相当大的兴趣（例如，爱立信，霍夫曼，

& feltovich

查尼斯，

200 6

；爱立信

&

威廉姆斯，

2007

）。例如，对体育感兴趣的科学家分

析了感 性认知技能支撑预期在本域和确定这些过程是如何在实践中通过长期参与收购的

（评

论，见霍奇，

huys

，

< br>& Starkes

，

2o07

：威廉姆斯福特，

2008

：威廉姆斯福特，

< br>2007

）。技能

习得科学研究实验心理学历史悠久，< /p>

可以追溯到布莱恩和哈特的早期研究（

1899

< br>）。

在更近

的时候，

波尔顿

（

1957

）

第一 次系统区分不同类型的预期判断的实验方法普遍对这门学科之

间的影响。期待一场体育中 自己的权利探究心理更短的科学史研究，主要出现在上世纪

70

年代（历史回顾，见威廉姆斯，戴维斯，

&

威廉姆斯，

1999

）。在研究传统多种学科范围的

学科领 域中的大多数运动心理学家的工作，如生理学，心理学，和生物力学，

往往在发展主

要的学科本身的独立的方面作出学术努力。

已经报道了在运动心理学 领域的实证研究结果的

预期，可能因此有助于母体地区对这一课题的新知识的产生，特别 是在应用认知心理学。

Sport offers a relatively unique environment where the

limits of human achievement are ch

allenged continually. This environment provides a fertile context to identify the

essential skills and attributes for performance as well as

the underlying processes that discriminat

e individuals with varying levels of knowledge provides a basis

for determining what types of practice activities are likely to lead to the acquisition of skill across

domains and,

potentially

，

why some individuals improve at different rates to others or achieve

much higher performance levels (Ericsson. 2006). This information may subsequently be used to e

valuate the applicability of general theories of expertise and skill acquisition,to design appropriate

interventions for performance enhancement, and to identify factors that contribute

to

enhancing

the processes of talent search and talent

development across different fields of human endeavor

(Ericsson Ward. 2007: Williams Ericsson, 2005, Williams, Ericsson. Ward &Eccles. 2008).

运动提供了一个相对独特的环境的人类成就极限挑战 不断。

这个环境提供了一个丰富的

上下文识别性能的基本技能和 属性以及基本过程，

区分个人不同程度的表现。

这样的知识提< /p>

供了用于确定什么类型的实践活动的基础，

都有可能潜在的导致技 能领域的掌握，

为什么有

些人提高速度不同于别人或达到较高水 平

（爱立信，

2006

）。该信息随后 可用于评价一般理

论的专业知识和技能的获得，

为增强性能，< /p>

确定适当的干预措施的设计，

有助于提高人才招

< br>聘和人才在不同领域的人类发展过程的因素（爱立信沃德，

2007

：威廉姆斯爱立信，

2005

，

威廉姆斯，爱立信。沃德

&

埃克 尔斯。

2008

）。

In this review paper, we synthesise recent research on

perceptual_cognitive expertise in sport and consider potential implications for those working withi

n the field of applied cognitive psychology. We focus exclusively on research that

has attempted to identify the perceptual and cognitive processes underpinning anticipation.

The ability to anticipate is crucial to performance in sport as well as

in many other domains such as military combat,law enforcement,and everyday tasks such as drivi

ng a situations

require performers to determine the intentions of others and to formulat

e an appropriate response often under severe

temporal fast ball sports such as ten

nis,the

time taken for theball to travel from one opponent to the other is often

shorter than the

combined sum of an athlete's reaction time

and movement time, implying the need to initiate a response

ahead of the opponent actually striking the ball (Williams et al., 1999).

在本文，

我们将最近的感性认知运动专长研究和考虑这些应用认知心理学领域内 工作的

潜在影响。

我们专注于研究，

试 图找出支撑预期的感知和认知过程。

预测的能力是体育运动

中的 关键性能以及在许多其他领域，如军事，执法，和日常任务，如驾驶一辆车。这些都要

求 演员去了解其他人的意图和制定相应的反应常常是严重的时序约束下。快速球运动如网

球 ，

采取球从一个对手，

其他的时间通常短于组合和一个运动员的 反应时间和运动时间，

这

意味着需要启动响应的对手其实击球（ 威廉姆斯等人，

1999

）。

Since most sports, and in particular racket sports and team ball games,

require athletes to process information in a time_constrained

environment,it is necessarry for performers to adapt to the unique constraints of the task by acquiri

ng knowledge structures and cognitive processes that allow them to

ability to anticipate allows athletes additionaltime to formulate and execute an appr

opriate response We document attempts to ascertain how anticipation and the processes underlying

it are acquired in sport. Moreover

we outline efforts to facilitate the acquisition of such processes using simulation_based training.O

ur aim is to illustrate using specific examples how research on

perceptual-cognitive expertise in

sport can help identify some of the general mechanisms and adaptations that

facilitate anticipation in other domains

，

thereby contributing

more broadly to the field of applied cognitive psychology.

由于大多数的体育运动，

特别是球类运动和团队球类运动，

要求运动员在时间约束的环

境中的信息，

它是必要的演员获得的知识结构和认知过程，

让他们提前适应任务的唯一约束。

预测的能力让运动员更多的时间来制定和执行适当 的响应我们文档试图确定如何期待和它

背后的过程中获得的运动。

此外，

我们努力规划使用仿真训练过程进行采集。

我们的目的 是

要说明使用具体的例子，如何在感性认知运动专长研究可以帮助确定一些的一般机制和 适

应，促进其他领域的预期结果，从而有助于更广泛的应用认知心理学领域。