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论英语中的性别歧视

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2021-02-08 22:27
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2021年2月8日发(作者:变质)


景德镇陶瓷学院科技


艺术学院



本科生毕业论文(设计)



题目:


Sexism in English Vocabulary




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名:



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指导老师:




CONTENTS


Acknowledgements


…………………………………………


..


Abstract in Chinese


……………………………………


.


Abstract in English


……………………………………


.

< p>
tion


………………………………………………



in word-formation methods


………………


..


2.1 Suffixes


…………………………………………


.


2.2 Sexism in compound words


……………………


..


in Naming and Addressing


…………………


..


3.1 Sexism and Naming


………………………………


.


3.1.1 Sexism in the first names


………………


..


3.1.1.1 Derivation of Female Names from Male Names


……


..


3.1.1.2 Sexism in Semantic Naming of First Names


………


.


3.1.2 Sexism in the family names


……………



3.1.2.1 Patrilineal System of Family Names


3.1.2.2 Change of Female Family Names upon marriage


3.2 Sexism and Addressing


………


.


3.2.1 Sexism in Addressing Terms



..


3.2.1.1


Female Social Titles upon Relationship with Mal


e




3.2.1.2 Derogation of Female Honorific Titles


……………


.


3.2.1.3 Abusive Addressing Patterns


………………


..


in Proverb and Slang


……………………………


..


4.1 Sexism in Proverb


……………………………………………



4.2 Sexism in Slang


………………………………………



5. Conclusion


……………………………………… ……………


..


6. Bibliography

< p>
……………………………………………………









ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor Hou Xiaohua,my


supervisor,for her constant and inspiring guidance and has walked


me through all the stages of writing of the t her constant and


illuminating instruction,this thesis could not have reached its present form.


Second,i would like to expree my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers who


taught me when i have striving for my Bachelor Degree for their excellent lectures


and inspiring ideas.


Last, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations


and great confidence in me all through these years.I also owe my sincere gratitude to


my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to


me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis



摘要




英语不仅是一种语言工具,也是一种意识形态工具。性别歧视这一文化观念


反映在语言的 词汇学中。牛津高级字典是这样解释的:


“不平等的对待人,尤其


是对女性,因为她们的性别”。本篇论文将从英语词汇构词法、词义、称谓语及


谚语和 俚语分析英语词汇中的性别歧视。


所以对性别歧视了解的越多,


避免的困


难也就越多。这是很有实际意义的。



关键词


:语言;英语词汇;性别歧视




ABSTRACT





English is not only a language tool, but also an ideological tool. V


ocabulary of


the


language


can


faithfully


reflect


the


culture


it


serves


such


as



oxford


advanced


learner's


dictionary


explains


it


as


below:


the


unfair


treatment


of


people,


especially women, because


of their article will discuss sexism



that exists in English lexicon in terms of


word formation ,word meaning ,naming and addressing terms ,as well as proverb and


slang the more you know it, the better you will avoid trouble. Therefore, the


present research has important practical significances.


Key words




language



English word;sexism


;



tion







Sexism



according to Oxford Advanced Learner?s English



-Chinese Dictionary is defined as prejudice or discrimination against people


()because of their sex and according to Longman Dictionary of


Comtenporary English ,sexism is defined as ideas and believe that menbers of


one(usually man) sex are more able and clever than theode of the other sex .It is


manifest in all forms of behavior from subtle gestures and especially language to


exploitation and oppression



and in all human institutions from the family to the


multinational corporation(Paula S



Rothenberg 1988



21)




It affirms the dominance


of men over women



jnst as Rosemary Radford Ruether(1993



165)holds that“sexism


is gender privilege of males over females



It is males primarily who have originated


this form of oppression



benefited from it



and perpetuated it



legally and


ideologically



”In this sense



it keeps women in second



classstatus



denies them their


rights to control their own bodies



and denies personal



mental



and physical safety



it reinforces the false notion that any man who is ge ntle



flexible



compassionateor


gay becomes“feminine”and thereby loses status and respect




in word formation







Word


formation


is


one


of


the


elements


in


language


from


which


we


can


find


many


examples


of



most


obvious


one


is


the


word


“history”,which


it


combines words “his”and “story”.It claimed that the history belonged to man not the


general,it is divided in to two categories,adding suffixes and compounding.


2.1 Adding suffixes



Adding


-tress


is


common


among


words


like


,actress,authoress,sculptress


and


gh it sometimes awarded some outlanding achievements



of women,the


importance of its role isn?t the same as instance,we usually call a


man of a


general manager,rather than a general highest rank of poet in British


is Poet Laureate,which it award to every distinguished poet including both males and


ver,rarly


had


it


probably


honored


a


poet


of


Poetess


Laureate.


Word


like


hostess


is


widely


accepted


by


people


in


bar


,which


its


meaning


had


been


same as in the terms of JewessNegrss and Quakeress



The suffix of -ette includes three meanings .The first one aims at small size,such


as “cigarette(


香烟


)” and “kitchenette(


小厨房)


”.The second level is artifical ,such as


“Lea therette(


人造皮)


”.The


third


level


derives


from


the


last


two


meanings


which


discloses the oweakness of woman and subordinates to a result ,it discininates


against


woman



are


unfairly



the


turn


of


19


century



and


20


century


,“Suffragette”was


frequently


used


by


women


who


wanted


to


strive


rights for r,the public and media used it with derogation.


Words like aviatrix(


女飞行员)



executrix(


女执行官)


and dominatrix(


母夜叉


)


added


the


suffix


of


-trix,which


all


present


an


insular


prejudice


towards


are so weak and fragile that they need obey to men.


2.2 Sexism in compound words






In


addition


to


sex


discrimination


in


suffixes,compounding


is


a


good


example



word-


formationof


common


words


made


by


“man”


and


“woman”for


example


.on


one


hand,there


are


a


great


many


words


with


“man”,like


h uman,policeman,chairman,businessman,sportsman,supe rman,mankind,postman,Engl


ishman,airman, salesman,clergyman,kinsman,countryman,


the


word


“woman”is made up of “man. All these words should refer only to the male,while in


fact,the meanings of these words also cover woman,which is obviously unfair to the


ly,this


kind


of


words


are


regarded


as


masculine


words


in


ing to the point of view in English history,it inherits word-formation


principle


of


Latin


and


old


English


in


grammar



such


kinds


of


words


empasize masculine in word the sametime,it also stresses that all things


are done by the mmale, not the female in practical use.






That is quite unfair to the the other hand,in social life,pepole always


regard women with a woman is engaged in noble cases,she will face


much more difficulties than the following meaning of words also show that


the words made up of”woman”mainly


emphasize the characteristics


of women who


are engaged in some kind of profession or belong to a certain of example,


(1)Womankind: female human beings


(2)Chairwoman:


a


woman


presiding


officer


of


an


assembly


meeting,committee


or


board


(3)Womanpower:the power of woman physcial strength


(4)Policewoman: a woman who is in a member of a police force


(5)Womanhood:the state of being a woman;woman


(6)Horsewoman:a woman horseback rider





in Naming and Addressing


Spender(1985:24) notes:



one of the features of English language practices which are


inherently sexist is the use of naming and addressing terms.”Naming and addressing


terms


play


an important role in interpersonal



are


continuously


used


in


our


daily


life


hence


the


social


and


cultualfactors


encoded


in


them


are


very


valuable for us to explore.


3.1 Sexism and Naming







Naming system usually includes first name,middle name and family nam,such


as


“William


Jefferson


Clinton”.First


name


such


as”William”in


the


example,is


otherwise


known


as


Chtistian


name,forename


or


given



name


like”Jefferson”in the example occurs betwwen the first name and family name as the


second forename,and is usually represented by its capitalized initial letter and is often


used in formal name is known as Surname,or last name,which is a


name


shared


in


common


to


identify


the


mumbers


of


a


family,which


is


usuallyinheritedfrom the ascending generation on the paternal side,such as


?Clinton”in


the part will discuss the sexist phenomena in the first and family name


on the basis of the analysis of their semantic features.


3.1.1



Sexism in the first names








Giving first name to the infant is one of the most important name is


truly a lifetime gift from parents;it helps define the children within the family,school


and the outside an analysis of sexism in first names is very significant.


3.1.1.1 Derivation of Female Names from Male Names





In English lots of female names derivate from male names by adding affixes


for example,Stephen-Stephanie, play an important role in the


formation of female researching affixes used to refer to female in


English,Mills(1995:93)claims that those affixes lead to a view of women as a


derivation from a male universal norm and the female form is seen as the marked term


and the male as the unmarked ore,it is not a surprise that female names


would have some consistent marker female names derive of male ones by


addingthe suffixes



-


a”



(or “


-


ia” due to phonetic



reason), “e” and “


-


line” to them.


like



Albert and Alberta




Alex and Alexa



Daniel and Danielle



Gabriel and Gabriell and


Paul and Pauline



etc.


First corresponding with the above, research has shown that male names differ


fromfemale ones in two major aspects. Firstly, male names are shorter in spelling than


female names according to the research, There are many male names are formed with


one syllable such as Jim, Fred, John, Bob and Jack, while only few female names are


one syllable. Furthermore, fewer female names have three or more than three syllables,


such as Roberta, Victoria and Amand. Part of the explanation of this study lies in the


fact that many female names are originated from male names by adding one or more


syllables.


Secondly, male names are phonologically different from female ones. This thesis


finds that majority of male names are ended with consonant phonetic symbol in which


some male names end with the stops [d], [t], [k] such as Robert, Richard, Jack; while


only two femalenames do, namely, Brooke and Jade. However, most of female names


analyzed endedwith a vowel [i], [i:], [


?


], such as Mary and Anna, but only a few male


names do argues (1990: 476), “Small vocal tracts such as [i], [i:], [?


], which


producehigh-pitched sounds, are typically possessed by smaller, weaker, less


threateningbeings.” Therefore, the frequent


use of [i] in such female names as Tracey,


Mary andBonnie, and [


?] in Rita, Selina and Lisa, reflects “smallness and lack of


threat are heldto be desirable attributes of females”.







Theoretically, the practice of deriving female names from male ones forms the


contrast in which men are dominant and women are subordinate in society and


meanwhile it is in accordance with the belief in


Bible


that woman was created from a


rib of man.

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