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景德镇陶瓷学院科技
艺术学院
本科生毕业论文（设计）
题目：
Sexism in English
Vocabulary
学
号：
姓
名：
院（系）：
专
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完成时间：
指导老师：
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
…………………………………………
..
Abstract in
Chinese
……………………………………
.
Abstract in
English
……………………………………
.
tion
………………………………………………
in word-formation
methods
………………
..
2.1 Suffixes
…………………………………………
.
2.2 Sexism in compound
words
……………………
..
in Naming and
Addressing
…………………
..
3.1 Sexism and
Naming
………………………………
.
3.1.1 Sexism in the first
names
………………
..
3.1.1.1 Derivation of Female Names from
Male Names
……
..
3.1.1.2 Sexism in Semantic Naming of
First Names
………
.
3.1.2 Sexism in the family
names
……………
3.1.2.1 Patrilineal System of Family Names
3.1.2.2 Change of Female Family Names
upon marriage
3.2 Sexism and
Addressing
………
.
3.2.1 Sexism in Addressing
Terms
…
..
3.2.1.1
Female Social Titles upon
Relationship with
Mal
e
…
3.2.1.2 Derogation of Female Honorific
Titles
……………
.
3.2.1.3 Abusive Addressing
Patterns
………………
..
in Proverb and
Slang
……………………………
..
4.1 Sexism in
Proverb
……………………………………………
4.2 Sexism in
Slang
………………………………………
5. Conclusion
………………………………………
……………
..
6. Bibliography
……………………………………………………
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My deepest gratitude goes first and
foremost to Professor Hou Xiaohua,my
supervisor,for her constant and
inspiring guidance and has walked
me
through all the stages of writing of the t her
constant and
illuminating
instruction,this thesis could not have reached its
present form.
Second,i would like to
expree my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers
who
taught me when i have striving for
my Bachelor Degree for their excellent lectures
and inspiring ideas.
Last,
my thanks would go to my beloved family for their
loving considerations
and great
confidence in me all through these years.I also
owe my sincere gratitude to
my friends
and my fellow classmates who gave me their help
and time in listening to
me and helping
me work out my problems during the difficult
course of the thesis
摘要
英语不仅是一种语言工具，也是一种意识形态工具。性别歧视这一文化观念
反映在语言的
词汇学中。牛津高级字典是这样解释的：
“不平等的对待人，尤其
是对女性，因为她们的性别”。本篇论文将从英语词汇构词法、词义、称谓语及
谚语和
俚语分析英语词汇中的性别歧视。
所以对性别歧视了解的越多，
避免的困
难也就越多。这是很有实际意义的。
关键词
：语言；英语词汇；性别歧视
ABSTRACT
English is not
only a language tool, but also an ideological
tool. V
ocabulary of
the
language
can
faithfully
reflect
the
culture
it
serves
such
as
oxford
advanced
learner's
dictionary
explains
it
as
below:
the
unfair
treatment
of
people,
especially women,
because
of their article will discuss
sexism
that exists in
English lexicon in terms of
word
formation ,word meaning ,naming and addressing
terms ,as well as proverb and
slang
the more you know it, the better you will avoid
trouble. Therefore, the
present
research has important practical significances.
Key words
：
language
；
English
word;sexism
;
tion
Sexism
，
according
to Oxford Advanced Learner?s English
-Chinese Dictionary is defined as
prejudice or discrimination against people
()because of their sex and according
to Longman Dictionary of
Comtenporary
English ,sexism is defined as ideas and believe
that menbers of
one(usually man) sex
are more able and clever than theode of the other
sex .It is
manifest in all forms of
behavior from subtle gestures and especially
language to
exploitation and
oppression
，
and in all human
institutions from the family to the
multinational corporation(Paula
S
．
Rothenberg 1988
：
21)
．
It affirms the dominance
of
men over women
，
jnst as
Rosemary Radford
Ruether(1993
：
165)holds
that“sexism
is gender privilege of
males over females
．
It is
males primarily who have originated
this form of
oppression
，
benefited from
it
，
and perpetuated
it
，
legally and
ideologically
．
”In
this sense
，
it keeps women in
second
．
classstatus
，
denies them their
rights
to control their own
bodies
，
and denies personal
，
mental
，
and physical safety
；
it
reinforces the false notion that any man who is ge
ntle
，
flexible
，
compassionateor
gay
becomes“feminine”and thereby loses status and
respect
．
in word
formation
Word
formation
is
one
of
the
elements
in
language
from
which
we
can
find
many
examples
of
most
obvious
one
is
the
word
“history”,which
it
combines words “his”and “story”.It
claimed that the history belonged to man not the
general,it is divided in to two
categories,adding suffixes and compounding.
2.1 Adding suffixes
Adding
-tress
is
common
among
words
like
,actress,authoress,sculptress
and
gh it sometimes awarded
some outlanding achievements
of women,the
importance of
its role isn?t the same as instance,we usually
call a
man of a
general
manager,rather than a general highest rank of
poet in British
is Poet Laureate,which
it award to every distinguished poet including
both males and
ver,rarly
had
it
probably
honored
a
poet
of
Poetess
Laureate.
Word
like
hostess
is
widely
accepted
by
people
in
bar
,which
its
meaning
had
been
same as in the terms of JewessNegrss
and Quakeress
The suffix of
-ette includes three meanings .The first one aims
at small size,such
as
“cigarette(
香烟
)” and
“kitchenette(
小厨房）
”.The
second level is artifical ,such as
“Lea
therette(
人造皮）
”.The
third
level
derives
from
the
last
two
meanings
which
discloses the
oweakness of woman and subordinates to a result
,it discininates
against
woman
are
unfairly
the
turn
of
19
century
and
20
century
,“Suffragette”was
frequently
used
by
women
who
wanted
to
strive
rights for r,the
public and media used it with derogation.
Words like aviatrix(
女飞行员）
，
executrix(
女执行官）
and dominatrix(
母夜叉
)
added
the
suffix
of
-trix,which
all
present
an
insular
prejudice
towards
are so weak and
fragile that they need obey to men.
2.2
Sexism in compound words
In
addition
to
sex
discrimination
in
suffixes,compounding
is
a
good
example
word-
formationof
common
words
made
by
“man”
and
“woman”for
example
.on
one
hand,there
are
a
great
many
words
with
“man”,like
h
uman,policeman,chairman,businessman,sportsman,supe
rman,mankind,postman,Engl
ishman,airman,
salesman,clergyman,kinsman,countryman,
the
word
“woman”is made up of “man. All these
words should refer only to the male,while in
fact,the meanings of these words also
cover woman,which is obviously unfair to the
ly,this
kind
of
words
are
regarded
as
masculine
words
in
ing to the point of view
in English history,it inherits word-formation
principle
of
Latin
and
old
English
in
grammar
such
kinds
of
words
empasize masculine in word the
sametime,it also stresses that all things
are done by the mmale, not the female
in practical use.
That is quite
unfair to the the other hand,in social
life,pepole always
regard women with a
woman is engaged in noble cases,she will face
much more difficulties than the
following meaning of words also show that
the words made up of”woman”mainly
emphasize the characteristics
of women who
are engaged in
some kind of profession or belong to a certain of
example,
(1)Womankind: female human
beings
(2)Chairwoman:
a
woman
presiding
officer
of
an
assembly
meeting,committee
or
board
(3)Womanpower:the power of woman
physcial strength
(4)Policewoman: a
woman who is in a member of a police force
(5)Womanhood:the state of being a
woman;woman
(6)Horsewoman:a woman
horseback rider
in Naming and Addressing
Spender(1985:24) notes:
one of the features of English language
practices which are
inherently sexist
is the use of naming and addressing terms.”Naming
and addressing
terms
play
an important role in interpersonal
are
continuously
used
in
our
daily
life
hence
the
social
and
cultualfactors
encoded
in
them
are
very
valuable for us to
explore.
3.1 Sexism and Naming
Naming system usually
includes first name,middle name and family
nam,such
as
“William
Jefferson
Clinton”.First
name
such
as”William”in
the
example,is
otherwise
known
as
Chtistian
name,forename
or
given
name
like”Jefferson”in the
example occurs betwwen the first name and family
name as the
second forename,and is
usually represented by its capitalized initial
letter and is often
used in formal
name is known as Surname,or last name,which is a
name
shared
in
common
to
identify
the
mumbers
of
a
family,which
is
usuallyinheritedfrom the ascending
generation on the paternal side,such
as
?Clinton”in
the part will
discuss the sexist phenomena in the first and
family name
on the basis of the
analysis of their semantic features.
3.1.1
Sexism in
the first names
Giving first name to the infant is one
of the most important name is
truly a
lifetime gift from parents;it helps define the
children within the family,school
and
the outside an analysis of sexism in first names
is very significant.
3.1.1.1 Derivation
of Female Names from Male Names
In English lots
of female names derivate from male names by adding
affixes
for example,Stephen-Stephanie,
play an important role in the
formation
of female researching affixes used to refer to
female in
English,Mills(1995:93)claims
that those affixes lead to a view of women as a
derivation from a male universal norm
and the female form is seen as the marked term
and the male as the unmarked ore,it is
not a surprise that female names
would
have some consistent marker female names derive
of male ones by
addingthe suffixes
“
-
a”
(or “
-
ia” due to
phonetic
reason), “e” and
“
-
line” to
them.
like
Albert
and Alberta
、
、
Alex and
Alexa
、
Daniel and
Danielle
、
Gabriel and
Gabriell and
Paul and
Pauline
etc.
First corresponding with the above,
research has shown that male names differ
fromfemale ones in two major aspects.
Firstly, male names are shorter in spelling than
female names according to the research,
There are many male names are formed with
one syllable such as Jim, Fred, John,
Bob and Jack, while only few female names are
one syllable. Furthermore, fewer female
names have three or more than three syllables,
such as Roberta, Victoria and Amand.
Part of the explanation of this study lies in the
fact that many female names are
originated from male names by adding one or more
syllables.
Secondly, male
names are phonologically different from female
ones. This thesis
finds that majority
of male names are ended with consonant phonetic
symbol in which
some male names end
with the stops [d], [t], [k] such as Robert,
Richard, Jack; while
only two
femalenames do, namely, Brooke and Jade. However,
most of female names
analyzed endedwith
a vowel [i], [i:], [
?
], such
as Mary and Anna, but only a few male
names do argues (1990: 476), “Small
vocal tracts such as [i], [i:], [?
],
which
producehigh-pitched sounds, are
typically possessed by smaller, weaker, less
threateningbeings.” Therefore, the
frequent
use of [i] in such female
names as Tracey,
Mary andBonnie, and
[
?] in Rita, Selina and Lisa, reflects
“smallness and lack of
threat are
heldto be desirable attributes of
females”.
Theoretically,
the practice of deriving female names from male
ones forms the
contrast in which men
are dominant and women are subordinate in society
and
meanwhile it is in accordance with
the belief in
Bible
that
woman was created from a
rib of man.
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